I'm a software engineer, get me out of here

From Rosetta Code
Task
I'm a software engineer, get me out of here
You are encouraged to solve this task according to the task description, using any language you may know.

Your latest contract has hit a snag. You came to update the army payroll system, but awoke this morning to the sound of mortars landing not far away and panicked generals banging on you door. The President has loaded his gold on trucks and needs to find the shortest route to safety. You are given the following map. The top left hand corner is (0,0). You and The President are located at HQ in the centre of the country (11,11). Cells marked 0 indicate safety. Numbers other than 0 indicate the number of cells that his party will travel in a day in any direction up, down, left, right, or diagonally.

         00000         
      00003130000      
    000321322221000    
   00231222432132200   
  0041433223233211100  
  0232231612142618530  
 003152122326114121200 
 031252235216111132210 
 022211246332311115210 
00113232262121317213200
03152118212313211411110
03231234121132221411410
03513213411311414112320
00427534125412213211400
 013322444412122123210 
 015132331312411123120 
 003333612214233913300 
  0219126511415312570  
  0021321524341325100  
   00211415413523200   
    000122111322000    
      00001120000      
         00000         

Part 1 Use Dijkstra's algorithm to find a list of the shortest routes from HQ to safety.
Part 2
Six days later and you are called to another briefing. The good news is The President and his gold are safe, so your invoice may be paid if you can get out of here. To do this a number of troop repositions will be required. It is concluded that you need to know the shortest route from each cell to every other cell. You decide to use Floyd's algorithm. Print the shortest route from (21,11) to (1,11) and from (1,11) to (21,11), and the longest shortest route between any two points.
Extra Credit

  1. Is there any cell in the country that can not be reached from HQ?
  2. Which cells will it take longest to send reinforcements to from HQ?


Related tasks:

  1. Dijkstra's algorithm
  2. Floyd-Warshall algorithm
See also

F#

This task uses Dijkstra's algorithm (F#)

This task uses readCSV (F#)

Part 1

let safety=readCSV '\t' "gmooh.dat"|>Seq.choose(fun n->if n.value="0" then Some (n.row,n.col) else None)
let board=readCSV '\t' "gmooh.dat"|>Seq.choose(fun n->match n.value with |"0"|"1"|"2"|"3"|"4"|"5"|"6"|"7"|"8"|"9" as g->Some((n.row,n.col),int g)|_->None)|>Map.ofSeq
let adjacent((n,g),v)=List.choose(fun y->if y=(n,g) then None else match Map.tryFind y board with |None->None|_->Some ((y),1)) [(n+v,g);(n-v,g);(n,g+v);(n,g-v);(n+v,g+v);(n+v,g-v);(n-v,g+v);(n-v,g-v);]
let adjacencyList=new System.Collections.Generic.Dictionary<(int*int),list<(int*int)*int>>()
let rec mkAdj start=
  let n=((start),Map.find start board)
  let g=adjacent n
  adjacencyList.Add((fst n),g)
  List.iter(fun ((n),_)->if (not (adjacencyList.ContainsKey n )) then mkAdj n) g
mkAdj (11,11)
let nodes=adjacencyList.Keys |> List.ofSeq
let G=nodes |>List.collect(fun n->List.map(fun (n',g)->(((n),(n')),g))(adjacencyList.Item n))|>Map.ofList
let paths=Dijkstra nodes G (11,11)
let _,res=safety|>Seq.choose(fun n->paths n) |> Seq.groupBy(fun n->List.length n)|>Seq.minBy fst
res |> Seq.iter (printfn "%A")
Output:
[(11, 11); (10, 11); (7, 11); (6, 12); (0, 12)]
[(11, 11); (10, 11); (7, 11); (7, 12); (1, 6)]
[(11, 11); (10, 10); (8, 8); (4, 8); (1, 8)]
[(11, 11); (11, 12); (8, 9); (2, 9); (1, 9)]
[(11, 11); (10, 10); (8, 10); (5, 13); (1, 13)]
[(11, 11); (10, 11); (7, 8); (4, 11); (1, 14)]
[(11, 11); (11, 12); (8, 9); (2, 15); (1, 15)]
[(11, 11); (11, 12); (8, 9); (2, 15); (1, 16)]
[(11, 11); (10, 10); (8, 10); (5, 7); (2, 4)]
[(11, 11); (10, 11); (7, 8); (7, 5); (2, 5)]
[(11, 11); (11, 12); (8, 15); (9, 16); (2, 16)]
[(11, 11); (12, 10); (11, 9); (9, 9); (3, 3)]
[(11, 11); (10, 11); (7, 8); (4, 5); (3, 4)]
[(11, 11); (12, 11); (12, 14); (8, 18); (3, 18)]
[(11, 11); (12, 11); (9, 14); (6, 17); (4, 19)]
[(11, 11); (11, 12); (8, 9); (8, 3); (6, 1)]
[(11, 11); (12, 11); (12, 8); (8, 4); (6, 2)]
[(11, 11); (11, 12); (11, 15); (11, 17); (7, 21)]
[(11, 11); (11, 12); (8, 9); (8, 3); (8, 1)]
[(11, 11); (12, 11); (12, 8); (12, 4); (9, 1)]
[(11, 11); (11, 12); (8, 9); (14, 3); (11, 0)]
[(11, 11); (10, 11); (7, 8); (7, 5); (12, 0)]
[(11, 11); (12, 10); (13, 10); (13, 5); (13, 0)]
[(11, 11); (12, 11); (12, 8); (16, 4); (13, 1)]
[(11, 11); (12, 11); (12, 14); (16, 18); (13, 21)]
[(11, 11); (12, 11); (12, 8); (12, 4); (15, 1)]
[(11, 11); (11, 12); (11, 15); (11, 17); (15, 21)]
[(11, 11); (12, 11); (12, 8); (16, 4); (16, 1)]
[(11, 11); (10, 11); (10, 14); (12, 16); (16, 20)]
[(11, 11); (12, 11); (12, 14); (16, 18); (16, 21)]
[(11, 11); (12, 11); (15, 8); (15, 5); (18, 2)]
[(11, 11); (10, 11); (13, 8); (14, 7); (18, 3)]
[(11, 11); (12, 11); (15, 8); (18, 5); (19, 4)]
[(11, 11); (11, 12); (14, 15); (16, 15); (19, 18)]
[(11, 11); (12, 11); (15, 11); (16, 12); (20, 16)]
[(11, 11); (10, 11); (13, 11); (17, 15); (20, 18)]
[(11, 11); (12, 10); (13, 10); (18, 15); (21, 15)]
[(11, 11); (11, 12); (14, 9); (18, 13); (22, 9)]
[(11, 11); (12, 11); (15, 8); (18, 11); (22, 11)]
[(11, 11); (11, 12); (14, 9); (18, 13); (22, 13)]

Part 2

This task uses Floyd-Warshall algorithm#F.23

let board=readCSV '\t' "gmooh.dat"|>Seq.choose(fun n->match n.value with |"0"|"1"|"2"|"3"|"4"|"5"|"6"|"7"|"8"|"9" as g->Some((n.row,n.col),int g)|_->None)|>Map.ofSeq
let nodes=board|>Seq.map(fun n->n.Key)|>Set.ofSeq
let adjacent (n,g) v=List.choose(fun y->if y=(n,g) then None else match Set.contains y nodes with |true->Some ((y),1)|_->None) [(n+v,g);(n-v,g);(n,g+v);(n,g-v);(n+v,g+v);(n+v,g-v);(n-v,g+v);(n-v,g-v);]
let adjacencyList=board |>Seq.collect (fun n->Seq.map(fun ((n'),g')->((n.Key,n'),g'))(adjacent n.Key n.Value))|> Map.ofSeq
let _,paths=Floyd (nodes|>Set.toArray) adjacencyList
paths (21,11) (1,11) |>Seq.iteri(fun n g->if n>0 then printf "->"; printf "%A" g else printf "%A" g) ; printfn ""
paths (1,11) (21,11) |>Seq.iteri(fun n g->if n>0 then printf "->"; printf "%A" g else printf "%A" g) ; printfn ""
Output:
(20, 10)->(19, 9)->(18, 9)->(13, 4)->(6, 11)->(4, 11)->(1, 11)
(2, 10)->(5, 13)->(9, 9)->(15, 3)->(20, 8)->(20, 10)->(21, 11)

Go

Translation of: Phix


A more or less faithful translation though adjusted to Go's 0-based indices and the cell coordinates are therefore 1 less than the Phix results.

Initially, using a simple breadth-first search. Parts 1 and 2 and extra credit.

package main

import (
    "fmt"
    "strings"
)

var gmooh = strings.Split(
    `.........00000.........
......00003130000......
....000321322221000....
...00231222432132200...
..0041433223233211100..
..0232231612142618530..
.003152122326114121200.
.031252235216111132210.
.022211246332311115210.
00113232262121317213200
03152118212313211411110
03231234121132221411410
03513213411311414112320
00427534125412213211400
.013322444412122123210.
.015132331312411123120.
.003333612214233913300.
..0219126511415312570..
..0021321524341325100..
...00211415413523200...
....000122111322000....
......00001120000......
.........00000.........`, "\n")

var width, height = len(gmooh[0]), len(gmooh)

type pyx [2]int // {y, x}

var d = []pyx{{-1, -1}, {0, -1}, {1, -1}, {-1, 0}, {1, 0}, {-1, 1}, {0, 1}, {1, 1}}

type route [3]int // {cost, fromy, fromx}

var zeroRoute = route{0, 0, 0}
var routes [][]route // route for each gmooh[][]

func (p pyx) destruct() (int, int) {
    return p[0], p[1]
}

func (r route) destruct() (int, int, int) {
    return r[0], r[1], r[2]
}

func search(y, x int) {
    // Simple breadth-first search, populates routes.
    // This isn't strictly Dijkstra because graph edges are not weighted.
    cost := 0
    routes = make([][]route, height)
    for i := 0; i < width; i++ {
        routes[i] = make([]route, width)
    }
    routes[y][x] = route{0, y, x} // zero-cost, the starting point
    var next []route
    for {
        n := int(gmooh[y][x] - '0')
        for di := 0; di < len(d); di++ {
            dx, dy := d[di].destruct()
            rx, ry := x+n*dx, y+n*dy
            if rx >= 0 && rx < width && ry >= 0 && ry < height && gmooh[rx][ry] >= '0' {
                ryx := routes[ry][rx]
                if ryx == zeroRoute || ryx[0] > cost+1 {
                    routes[ry][rx] = route{cost + 1, y, x}
                    if gmooh[ry][rx] > '0' {
                        next = append(next, route{cost + 1, ry, rx})
                        // If the graph was weighted, at this point
                        // that would get shuffled up into place.
                    }
                }
            }
        }
        if len(next) == 0 {
            break
        }
        cost, y, x = next[0].destruct()
        next = next[1:]
    }
}

func getRoute(y, x int) []pyx {
    cost := 0
    res := []pyx{{y, x}}
    for {
        cost, y, x = routes[y][x].destruct()
        if cost == 0 {
            break
        }
        res = append(res, pyx{0, 0})
        copy(res[1:], res[0:])
        res[0] = pyx{y, x}
    }
    return res
}

func showShortest() {
    shortest := 9999
    var res []pyx
    for x := 0; x < width; x++ {
        for y := 0; y < height; y++ {
            if gmooh[y][x] == '0' {
                ryx := routes[y][x]
                if ryx != zeroRoute {
                    cost := ryx[0]
                    if cost <= shortest {
                        if cost < shortest {
                            res = res[:0]
                            shortest = cost
                        }
                        res = append(res, pyx{y, x})
                    }
                }
            }
        }
    }
    areis, s := "is", ""
    if len(res) > 1 {
        areis = "are"
        s = "s"
    }
    fmt.Printf("There %s %d shortest route%s of %d days to safety:\n", areis, len(res), s, shortest)
    for _, r := range res {
        fmt.Println(getRoute(r[0], r[1]))
    }
}

func showUnreachable() {
    var res []pyx
    for x := 0; x < width; x++ {
        for y := 0; y < height; y++ {
            if gmooh[y][x] >= '0' && routes[y][x] == zeroRoute {
                res = append(res, pyx{y, x})
            }
        }
    }
    fmt.Println("\nThe following cells are unreachable:")
    fmt.Println(res)
}

func showLongest() {
    longest := 0
    var res []pyx
    for x := 0; x < width; x++ {
        for y := 0; y < height; y++ {
            if gmooh[y][x] >= '0' {
                ryx := routes[y][x]
                if ryx != zeroRoute {
                    rl := ryx[0]
                    if rl >= longest {
                        if rl > longest {
                            res = res[:0]
                            longest = rl
                        }
                        res = append(res, pyx{y, x})
                    }
                }
            }
        }
    }
    fmt.Printf("\nThere are %d cells that take %d days to send reinforcements to:\n", len(res), longest)
    for _, r := range res {
        fmt.Println(getRoute(r[0], r[1]))
    }
}

func main() {
    search(11, 11)
    showShortest()

    search(21, 11)
    fmt.Println("\nThe shortest route from {21,11} to {1,11}:")
    fmt.Println(getRoute(1, 11))

    search(1, 11)
    fmt.Println("\nThe shortest route from {1,11} to {21,11}:")
    fmt.Println(getRoute(21, 11))

    search(11, 11)
    showUnreachable()
    showLongest()
}
Output:
There are 40 shortest routes of 4 days to safety:
[[11 11] [11 12] [8 9] [14 3] [11 0]]
[[11 11] [10 11] [7 8] [7 5] [12 0]]
[[11 11] [12 10] [13 10] [13 5] [13 0]]
[[11 11] [11 12] [8 9] [8 3] [6 1]]
[[11 11] [11 12] [8 9] [8 3] [8 1]]
[[11 11] [10 10] [8 8] [12 4] [9 1]]
[[11 11] [10 10] [12 8] [16 4] [13 1]]
[[11 11] [10 10] [8 8] [12 4] [15 1]]
[[11 11] [10 10] [12 8] [16 4] [16 1]]
[[11 11] [10 10] [8 8] [8 4] [6 2]]
[[11 11] [12 11] [15 8] [15 5] [18 2]]
[[11 11] [11 10] [10 9] [9 9] [3 3]]
[[11 11] [10 11] [13 8] [14 7] [18 3]]
[[11 11] [10 10] [8 10] [5 7] [2 4]]
[[11 11] [10 11] [7 8] [4 5] [3 4]]
[[11 11] [10 10] [12 8] [16 4] [19 4]]
[[11 11] [10 11] [7 8] [7 5] [2 5]]
[[11 11] [10 11] [7 11] [7 12] [1 6]]
[[11 11] [10 10] [8 8] [4 8] [1 8]]
[[11 11] [10 10] [8 10] [5 13] [1 9]]
[[11 11] [11 12] [14 9] [18 13] [22 9]]
[[11 11] [12 11] [15 8] [18 11] [22 11]]
[[11 11] [10 10] [8 12] [6 12] [0 12]]
[[11 11] [10 10] [8 10] [5 13] [1 13]]
[[11 11] [11 12] [14 9] [18 13] [22 13]]
[[11 11] [10 11] [7 8] [4 11] [1 14]]
[[11 11] [11 12] [8 9] [2 15] [1 15]]
[[11 11] [12 10] [13 10] [18 15] [21 15]]
[[11 11] [11 12] [8 9] [2 15] [1 16]]
[[11 11] [11 12] [8 9] [2 15] [2 16]]
[[11 11] [10 10] [12 8] [16 12] [20 16]]
[[11 11] [12 11] [12 14] [8 18] [3 18]]
[[11 11] [11 12] [14 15] [16 15] [19 18]]
[[11 11] [10 11] [13 11] [17 15] [20 18]]
[[11 11] [12 11] [9 14] [6 17] [4 19]]
[[11 11] [10 11] [10 14] [12 16] [16 20]]
[[11 11] [11 12] [11 15] [11 17] [7 21]]
[[11 11] [12 11] [12 14] [16 18] [13 21]]
[[11 11] [11 12] [11 15] [11 17] [15 21]]
[[11 11] [12 11] [12 14] [16 18] [16 21]]

The shortest route from {21,11} to {1,11}:
[[21 11] [20 10] [19 9] [18 9] [13 4] [6 11] [4 11] [1 11]]

The shortest route from {1,11} to {21,11}:
[[1 11] [2 10] [5 13] [9 9] [15 3] [20 8] [20 10] [21 11]]

The following cells are unreachable:
[[4 3] [2 18] [18 20]]

There are 5 cells that take 6 days to send reinforcements to:
[[11 11] [10 10] [12 8] [16 12] [20 12] [21 11] [22 12]]
[[11 11] [11 12] [14 15] [16 17] [17 16] [18 16] [20 14]]
[[11 11] [12 11] [9 14] [6 17] [4 17] [3 17] [3 19]]
[[11 11] [10 11] [7 11] [7 12] [7 18] [7 20] [6 20]]
[[11 11] [10 11] [10 14] [12 16] [12 20] [15 20] [17 20]]

Alternative using Floyd-Warshall for Part 2, and finding the longest shortest path between any two points.

package main

import (
    "fmt"
    "math"
    "strings"
)

var gmooh = strings.Split(
    `.........00000.........
......00003130000......
....000321322221000....
...00231222432132200...
..0041433223233211100..
..0232231612142618530..
.003152122326114121200.
.031252235216111132210.
.022211246332311115210.
00113232262121317213200
03152118212313211411110
03231234121132221411410
03513213411311414112320
00427534125412213211400
.013322444412122123210.
.015132331312411123120.
.003333612214233913300.
..0219126511415312570..
..0021321524341325100..
...00211415413523200...
....000122111322000....
......00001120000......
.........00000.........`, "\n")

var width, height = len(gmooh[0]), len(gmooh)

type pyx [2]int // {y, x}

var d = []pyx{{-1, -1}, {0, -1}, {1, -1}, {-1, 0}, {1, 0}, {-1, 1}, {0, 1}, {1, 1}}

var dist, next [][]int
var pmap []pyx

const (
    max = math.MaxInt32
    min = -1
)

func (p pyx) destruct() (int, int) {
    return p[0], p[1]
}

func fwPath(u, v int) string {
    res := ""
    if next[u][v] != min {
        path := []string{fmt.Sprintf("%v", pmap[u])}
        for u != v {
            u = next[u][v]
            path = append(path, fmt.Sprintf("%v", pmap[u]))
        }
        res = strings.Join(path, "->")
    }
    return res
}

func showFwPath(u, v int) {
    fmt.Printf("%v->%v   %2d   %s\n", pmap[u], pmap[v], dist[u][v], fwPath(u, v))
}

func floydWarshall() {
    point := 0
    var weights []pyx
    points := make([][]int, height)
    for i := 0; i < width; i++ {
        points[i] = make([]int, width)
    }
    // First number the points.
    for x := 0; x < width; x++ {
        for y := 0; y < height; y++ {
            if gmooh[y][x] >= '0' {
                points[y][x] = point
                point++
                pmap = append(pmap, pyx{y, x})
            }
        }
    }
    // ...and then a set of edges (all of which have a "weight" of 1 day)
    for x := 0; x < width; x++ {
        for y := 0; y < height; y++ {
            if gmooh[y][x] > '0' {
                n := int(gmooh[y][x] - '0')
                for di := 0; di < len(d); di++ {
                    dx, dy := d[di].destruct()
                    rx, ry := x+n*dx, y+n*dy
                    if rx >= 0 && rx < width && ry >= 0 && ry < height && gmooh[rx][ry] >= '0' {
                        weights = append(weights, pyx{points[y][x], points[ry][rx]})
                    }
                }
            }
        }
    }
    // Before applying Floyd-Warshall.
    vv := len(pmap)
    dist = make([][]int, vv)
    next = make([][]int, vv)
    for i := 0; i < vv; i++ {
        dist[i] = make([]int, vv)
        next[i] = make([]int, vv)
        for j := 0; j < vv; j++ {
            dist[i][j] = max
            next[i][j] = min
        }
    }
    for k := 0; k < len(weights); k++ {
        u, v := weights[k].destruct()
        dist[u][v] = 1 // the weight of the edge (u,v)
        next[u][v] = v
    }
    // Standard Floyd-Warshall implementation,
    // with the optimization of avoiding processing of self/infs,
    // which surprisingly makes quite a noticeable difference.
    for k := 0; k < vv; k++ {
        for i := 0; i < vv; i++ {
            if i != k && dist[i][k] != max {
                for j := 0; j < vv; j++ {
                    if j != i && j != k && dist[k][j] != max {
                        dd := dist[i][k] + dist[k][j]
                        if dd < dist[i][j] {
                            dist[i][j] = dd
                            next[i][j] = next[i][k]
                        }
                    }
                }
            }
        }
    }
    showFwPath(points[21][11], points[1][11])
    showFwPath(points[1][11], points[21][11])

    var maxd, mi, mj int
    for i := 0; i < vv; i++ {
        for j := 0; j < vv; j++ {
            if j != i {
                dd := dist[i][j]
                if dd != max && dd > maxd {
                    maxd, mi, mj = dd, i, j
                }
            }
        }
    }
    fmt.Println("\nMaximum shortest distance:")
    showFwPath(mi, mj)
}

func main() {
    floydWarshall()
}
Output:
[21 11]->[1 11]    7   [21 11]->[20 10]->[19 10]->[14 10]->[10 10]->[8 8]->[4 8]->[1 11]
[1 11]->[21 11]    7   [1 11]->[2 10]->[5 13]->[9 9]->[15 3]->[20 8]->[20 10]->[21 11]

Maximum shortest distance:
[7 3]->[20 14]    9   [7 3]->[8 4]->[10 6]->[11 7]->[15 11]->[16 11]->[17 12]->[17 16]->[18 16]->[20 14]

J

Here, the task specification is "magic" (or "software engineer fantasy"):

One interpretation of this task would be that, for example, "4" means that it takes 6 hours to traverse that map position. Instead, it looks like "4" means we launch ourselves in one of eight directions and land four squares away -- this process takes one day. This concept adds some complexity to the task (we have to make sure we do not launch ourselves off the map, or outside the safe zones), but also reduces the size of intermediate results.

J Part 1

Here's how we can find escape routes for el presidente:
map=: <:,"_1 {.@>:@".@>>cutLF{{)n
         00000         
      00003130000      
    000321322221000    
   00231222432132200   
  0041433223233211100  
  0232231612142618530  
 003152122326114121200 
 031252235216111132210 
 022211246332311115210 
00113232262121317213200
03152118212313211411110
03231234121132221411410
03513213411311414112320
00427534125412213211400
 013322444412122123210 
 015132331312411123120 
 003333612214233913300 
  0219126511415312570  
  0021321524341325100  
   00211415413523200   
    000122111322000    
      00001120000      
         00000         
}}

adjacent=: 0 0-.~>,{;~i:1

plan=: {{
  loc=. {:y
  range=. (<loc){map
  next=. (loc+"1/range*adjacent)-.y
  next=. next #~ */"1]0 <: next
  next=. next #~ */"1]($map) >"1 next
  next=. next #~ 0 <: (<"1 next) { map
  assert. 2={:$next
  y,"2 1 next
}}

dijkpaths=: {{
  K=: 0
  adjacent=: 0 0-.~>,{;~i:1 NB. horizontal, diagonal, vertical
  plans=: ,:,:y NB. list of paths
  while. -.0 e. distances=: (<@{:"2 plans){map do.
    plans=: ; <@plan"_1 plans
  end.
  (0=distances)#plans    
}}

fmtpaths=: {{ rplc&'j,'"1":j./"1 y }}

And here's what that gives us:

   fmtpaths dijkpaths 11 11
11,11 10,10   8,8   4,8   1,8
11,11 10,10   8,8   8,4   6,2
11,11 10,10   8,8  12,4   9,1
11,11 10,10   8,8  12,4  15,1
11,11 10,10  8,10   5,7   2,4
11,11 10,10  8,10  5,13   1,9
11,11 10,10  8,10  5,13  1,13
11,11 10,10  8,12  6,12  0,12
11,11 10,10  12,8   8,4   6,2
11,11 10,10  12,8  12,4   9,1
11,11 10,10  12,8  12,4  15,1
11,11 10,10  12,8  16,4  13,1
11,11 10,10  12,8  16,4  16,1
11,11 10,10  12,8  16,4  19,4
11,11 10,10  12,8 16,12 20,16
11,11 10,11   7,8   4,5   3,4
11,11 10,11   7,8   4,8   1,8
11,11 10,11   7,8  4,11   1,8
11,11 10,11   7,8  4,11  1,14
11,11 10,11   7,8   7,5   2,5
11,11 10,11   7,8   7,5    12
11,11 10,11  7,11  6,12  0,12
11,11 10,11  7,11  7,12   1,6
11,11 10,11 10,14 12,16 16,20
11,11 10,11  13,8  14,7  18,3
11,11 10,11 13,11 17,15 20,18
11,11 10,12  9,12  7,12   1,6
11,11 11,10  10,9   9,9   3,3
11,11 11,10  11,9   9,9   3,3
11,11 11,12   8,9   2,9   1,8
11,11 11,12   8,9   2,9   1,9
11,11 11,12   8,9  2,15  1,14
11,11 11,12   8,9  2,15  1,15
11,11 11,12   8,9  2,15  1,16
11,11 11,12   8,9  2,15  2,16
11,11 11,12   8,9   8,3   6,1
11,11 11,12   8,9   8,3   8,1
11,11 11,12   8,9  14,3    11
11,11 11,12  8,12  6,12  0,12
11,11 11,12  8,15  9,16  2,16
11,11 11,12  11,9   9,9   3,3
11,11 11,12 11,15 11,17  7,21
11,11 11,12 11,15 11,17 15,21
11,11 11,12  14,9  18,5  19,4
11,11 11,12  14,9 18,13  22,9
11,11 11,12  14,9 18,13 22,13
11,11 11,12 14,12 16,12 20,16
11,11 11,12 14,15 16,15 19,18
11,11 12,10  11,9   9,9   3,3
11,11 12,10 13,10  13,5    13
11,11 12,10 13,10  18,5  19,4
11,11 12,10 13,10 18,15 21,15
11,11 12,10 13,11 17,15 20,18
11,11 12,11  9,14  6,17  4,19
11,11 12,11  12,8   8,4   6,2
11,11 12,11  12,8  12,4   9,1
11,11 12,11  12,8  12,4  15,1
11,11 12,11  12,8  16,4  13,1
11,11 12,11  12,8  16,4  16,1
11,11 12,11  12,8  16,4  19,4
11,11 12,11  12,8 16,12 20,16
11,11 12,11 12,14  8,18  3,18
11,11 12,11 12,14 16,18 13,21
11,11 12,11 12,14 16,18 16,21
11,11 12,11 12,14 16,18 19,18
11,11 12,11  15,8  15,5  18,2
11,11 12,11  15,8  18,5  19,4
11,11 12,11  15,8 18,11 22,11
11,11 12,11 15,11 16,12 20,16
11,11 12,11 15,14 16,15 19,18
11,11 12,12 13,11 17,15 20,18

J Part 2

For troop movements, we assume that our troops move in exactly the same way as our president's gold convoy. (Note that this means that no cells are reachable from the safe zone. Which might be why it is the safe zone...)

We need to form a distance graph, and some supporting code.
floyd=: {{for_j.i.#y do. y=. y<.j({"1+/{) y end.}}
cells=: I.,0<:,map
pairs=: cells i.;<@(($map) #. plan)"_1 ($map)#:,.I.0<,map
graph=: floyd 1 (<"1 pairs)} (,~#cells)$_

floydpaths=: {{
  start=: cells i. ($map)#.x
  end=: cells i. ($map)#.y
  distance=: (<start,end){graph
  if. _ = distance do. EMPTY end.
  paths=: ,:start
  targets=: end{"1 graph
  for_d. }:i.-distance do.
    viable=: I.d=targets 
    paths=.; <@{{
      p=. plan&.(($map)&#:)&.({&cells) y
      p#~ ({:"_1 p) e. viable
    }}"1 paths
  end.
  ($map)#:cells {~paths,.end
}}
And the task examples:
   #21 11 floydpaths 1 11 
10
   #1 11 floydpaths 21 11 
1
   fmtpaths {. 21 11 floydpaths  1 11
21,11 20,10 19,9 18,9 13,4 6,11 4,11 1,11
   fmtpaths     1 11 floydpaths 21 11 
1,11 2,10 5,13 9,9 15,3 20,8 20,10 21,11
   
   NB. shortest path distances:
   \:~ ~.,graph
_ 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
   longestshortest=: ($map)#:cells{~($graph)#:I.9=,graph
   fmtpaths longestshortest NB. start,end for paths of length 9
 1,11 20,14
  2,9 20,14
 2,13 20,14
  7,3 20,14
10,21  14,2
11,21  14,2
12,21  14,2
   fmtpaths {.@floydpaths/"2 longestshortest NB. examples
 1,11  1,10 4,10 6,12 12,18 13,19 13,20 17,16 18,16 20,14
  2,9  1,10 4,10 6,12 12,18 13,19 13,20 17,16 18,16 20,14
 2,13  2,11  4,9  6,9   8,9 14,15 16,17 17,16 18,16 20,14
  7,3   6,3  3,6  6,9   8,9 14,15 16,17 17,16 18,16 20,14
10,21  9,20 7,18 9,16   9,9  15,3  15,8  15,5  15,2  14,2
11,21 10,20 9,19 9,16   9,9  15,3  15,8  15,5  15,2  14,2
12,21 10,19 9,18 8,18 13,13 13,11  17,7  15,5  15,2  14,2
Note that we have assumed, here, that 1,11 is row 1, column 11. If instead, we wanted column 1 row 11, we should have also been displaying the above results with coordinates swapped. Still, just in case, we can venture into that realm where column numbers appear before row numbers for a brief moment:
   #1 11 floydpaths&.:(|."1) 21 11
3
   #21 11 floydpaths&.:(|."1) 1 11
1
   fmtpaths {.1 11 floydpaths&.:(|."1) 21 11
1,11 4,8 6,8 7,7 9,5 15,5 21,11
   fmtpaths 21 11 floydpaths&.:(|."1) 1 11
21,11 20,10 19,9 16,9 9,9 3,9 2,10 1,11

(Other than this sample, all J presentation here assumes row number before column number.)

J Extra Credit

Our map is a 23 by 23 matrix of "ranges" -- how far we get launched when we leave the cell at that location on the map. We use _1 to indicate locations which we ignore (spaces). We've preserved the original text of the map in M which is a 23 by 23 matrix of characters.

Locations are generally represented by a pair of indices (row, column) into the above structures. But for the floyd warshall algorithm we need a distance graph. To translate between the graph format and the map data structure, we have a list of cells. Cells are a base 23 representation of the row,column indices (In other words 9 represents row 0, column 9, while 23 represents row 1, column 0, and HQ has a cell value of (23*11)+11).)

   HQ=: cells i.($map)#.11 11 NB. HQ as a graph index
   \:~ ~. HQ{graph NB. all path lengths starting at HQ
_ 6 5 4 3 2 1
   ($map)#:cells{~I._=HQ{graph NB. can't get there from HQ
 2 18
 4  3
18 20
   ($map)#:cells{~I.6=HQ{graph NB. 6 days from HQ
 3 19
 6 20
17 20
20 14
22 12

Julia

Uses the LightGraphs package.

using LightGraphs

const grid = reshape(Vector{UInt8}(replace("""
         00000         
      00003130000      
    000321322221000    
   00231222432132200   
  0041433223233211100  
  0232231612142618530  
 003152122326114121200 
 031252235216111132210 
 022211246332311115210 
00113232262121317213200
03152118212313211411110
03231234121132221411410
03513213411311414112320
00427534125412213211400
 013322444412122123210 
 015132331312411123120 
 003333612214233913300 
  0219126511415312570  
  0021321524341325100  
   00211415413523200   
    000122111322000    
      00001120000      
         00000         """, "\n" => "")), 23, 23)

const board = map(c -> c == UInt8(' ') ? -1 : c - UInt8('0'), grid)
const startingpoints = [i for i in 1:529 if board[i] > 0]
const safety = [i for i in 1:529 if board[i] == 0]
const legalendpoints = [i for i in 1:529 if board[i] >= 0]

function adjacent(i)
    k, ret = board[i], Int[]
    row, col = divrem(i - 1, 23) .+ 1
    col > k && push!(ret, i - k)
    23 - col >= k && push!(ret, i + k)
    row > k && push!(ret, i - 23 * k)
    row + k <= 23 && push!(ret, i + 23 * k)
    row > k && col > k && push!(ret, i - 24 * k)
    row + k <= 23 && (23 - col >= k) && push!(ret, i + 24 * k)
    row > k && (23 - col >= k) && push!(ret, i - 22 * k)
    row + k <= 23 && col > k && push!(ret, i + 22 * k)
    ret
end

const graph = SimpleDiGraph(529)

for i in 1:529
    if board[i] > 0
        for p in adjacent(i)
            if board[p] >= 0
                add_edge!(graph, i, p)
            end
        end
    end
end

"""
    allnpaths(graph, a, b, vec, n)

Return a vector of int vectors, each of which is a path from a to a member of
vec and where n is the length of each path and the nodes in a path do not repeat.
"""
function allnpaths(graph, a, vec, n)
    ret = [[a]]
    for j in 2:n
        nextret = Vector{Vector{Int}}()
        for path in ret, x in neighbors(graph, path[end])
            if !(x in path) && (j < n || x in vec)
                push!(nextret, [path; x])
            end
        end
        ret = nextret
    end
    return (ret == [[a]] && a != b) ? [] : ret
end

function pathtostring(path)
    ret = ""
    for node in path
        c = CartesianIndices(board)[node]
        ret *= "($(c[2]-1), $(c[1]-1)) "
    end
    ret
end

function pathlisting(paths)
    join([pathtostring(p) for p in paths], "\n")
end

println("Part 1:")
let
    start = 23 * 11 + 12
    pathsfromcenter = dijkstra_shortest_paths(graph, start)
    safepaths = filter(p -> length(p) > 1, enumerate_paths(pathsfromcenter, safety))
    safelen = mapreduce(length, min, safepaths)
    paths = unique(allnpaths(graph, start, safety, safelen))
    println("The $(length(paths)) shortest paths to safety are:\n",
        pathlisting(paths))
end

println("\nPart 2:")
let
    p = enumerate_paths(bellman_ford_shortest_paths(graph, 21 * 23 + 12), 23 + 12)
    println("One shortest route from (21, 11) to (1, 11): ", pathtostring(p))

    p = enumerate_paths(bellman_ford_shortest_paths(graph, 23 + 12), 21 * 23 + 12)
    println("\nOne shortest route from (1, 11) to (21, 11): ", pathtostring(p))

    allshortpaths = [enumerate_paths(bellman_ford_shortest_paths(graph, 23 + 12), p) for p in startingpoints]
    maxlen, idx = findmax(map(length, allshortpaths))
    println("\nLongest Shortest Route (length $(maxlen - 1)) is: ", pathtostring(allshortpaths[idx]))
end

println("\nExtra Credit Questions:")
let
    println("\nIs there any cell in the country that can not be reached from HQ (11, 11)?")
    frombase = bellman_ford_shortest_paths(graph, 11 * 23 + 12)
    unreached = Int[]
    for pt in legalendpoints
        path = enumerate_paths(frombase, pt)
        if isempty(path) && pt != 11 * 23 + 12
            push!(unreached, pt)
        end
    end
    print("There are $(length(unreached)): ")
    println(pathtostring(unreached))

    println("\nWhich cells will it take longest to send reinforcements to from HQ (11, 11)?")
    p = [enumerate_paths(frombase, x) for x in legalendpoints]
    maxlen = mapreduce(length, max, p)
    allmax = [path for path in p if length(path) == maxlen]
    println("There are $(length(allmax)) of length $(maxlen - 1):")
    println(pathlisting(allmax))
end
Output:
Part 1:
The 71 shortest paths to safety are:
(11, 11) (10, 10) (8, 8) (4, 8) (1, 8)
(11, 11) (10, 10) (8, 8) (8, 4) (6, 2)
(11, 11) (10, 10) (8, 8) (12, 4) (9, 1)
(11, 11) (10, 10) (8, 8) (12, 4) (15, 1)
(11, 11) (10, 10) (8, 10) (5, 7) (2, 4)
(11, 11) (10, 10) (8, 10) (5, 13) (1, 9)
(11, 11) (10, 10) (8, 10) (5, 13) (1, 13)
(11, 11) (10, 10) (8, 12) (6, 12) (0, 12)
(11, 11) (10, 10) (12, 8) (8, 4) (6, 2)
(11, 11) (10, 10) (12, 8) (12, 4) (9, 1)
(11, 11) (10, 10) (12, 8) (12, 4) (15, 1)
(11, 11) (10, 10) (12, 8) (16, 4) (13, 1)
(11, 11) (10, 10) (12, 8) (16, 4) (16, 1)
(11, 11) (10, 10) (12, 8) (16, 4) (19, 4)
(11, 11) (10, 10) (12, 8) (16, 12) (20, 16)
(11, 11) (10, 11) (7, 8) (4, 5) (3, 4)
(11, 11) (10, 11) (7, 8) (4, 8) (1, 8)
(11, 11) (10, 11) (7, 8) (4, 11) (1, 8)
(11, 11) (10, 11) (7, 8) (4, 11) (1, 14)
(11, 11) (10, 11) (7, 8) (7, 5) (2, 5)
(11, 11) (10, 11) (7, 8) (7, 5) (12, 0)
(11, 11) (10, 11) (7, 11) (6, 12) (0, 12)
(11, 11) (10, 11) (7, 11) (7, 12) (1, 6)
(11, 11) (10, 11) (10, 14) (12, 16) (16, 20)
(11, 11) (10, 11) (13, 8) (14, 7) (18, 3)
(11, 11) (10, 11) (13, 11) (17, 15) (20, 18)
(11, 11) (10, 12) (9, 12) (7, 12) (1, 6)
(11, 11) (11, 10) (10, 9) (9, 9) (3, 3)
(11, 11) (11, 10) (11, 9) (9, 9) (3, 3)
(11, 11) (11, 12) (8, 9) (2, 9) (1, 8)
(11, 11) (11, 12) (8, 9) (2, 9) (1, 9)
(11, 11) (11, 12) (8, 9) (2, 15) (1, 14)
(11, 11) (11, 12) (8, 9) (2, 15) (1, 15)
(11, 11) (11, 12) (8, 9) (2, 15) (1, 16)
(11, 11) (11, 12) (8, 9) (2, 15) (2, 16)
(11, 11) (11, 12) (8, 9) (8, 3) (6, 1)
(11, 11) (11, 12) (8, 9) (8, 3) (8, 1)
(11, 11) (11, 12) (8, 9) (14, 3) (11, 0)
(11, 11) (11, 12) (8, 12) (6, 12) (0, 12)
(11, 11) (11, 12) (8, 15) (9, 16) (2, 16)
(11, 11) (11, 12) (11, 9) (9, 9) (3, 3)
(11, 11) (11, 12) (11, 15) (11, 17) (7, 21)
(11, 11) (11, 12) (11, 15) (11, 17) (15, 21)
(11, 11) (11, 12) (14, 9) (18, 5) (19, 4)
(11, 11) (11, 12) (14, 9) (18, 13) (22, 9)
(11, 11) (11, 12) (14, 9) (18, 13) (22, 13)
(11, 11) (11, 12) (14, 12) (16, 12) (20, 16)
(11, 11) (11, 12) (14, 15) (16, 15) (19, 18)
(11, 11) (12, 10) (11, 9) (9, 9) (3, 3)
(11, 11) (12, 10) (13, 10) (13, 5) (13, 0)
(11, 11) (12, 10) (13, 10) (18, 5) (19, 4)
(11, 11) (12, 10) (13, 10) (18, 15) (21, 15)
(11, 11) (12, 10) (13, 11) (17, 15) (20, 18)
(11, 11) (12, 11) (9, 14) (6, 17) (4, 19)
(11, 11) (12, 11) (12, 8) (8, 4) (6, 2)
(11, 11) (12, 11) (12, 8) (12, 4) (9, 1)
(11, 11) (12, 11) (12, 8) (12, 4) (15, 1)
(11, 11) (12, 11) (12, 8) (16, 4) (13, 1)
(11, 11) (12, 11) (12, 8) (16, 4) (16, 1)
(11, 11) (12, 11) (12, 8) (16, 4) (19, 4)
(11, 11) (12, 11) (12, 8) (16, 12) (20, 16)
(11, 11) (12, 11) (12, 14) (8, 18) (3, 18)
(11, 11) (12, 11) (12, 14) (16, 18) (13, 21)
(11, 11) (12, 11) (12, 14) (16, 18) (16, 21)
(11, 11) (12, 11) (12, 14) (16, 18) (19, 18)
(11, 11) (12, 11) (15, 8) (15, 5) (18, 2)
(11, 11) (12, 11) (15, 8) (18, 5) (19, 4)
(11, 11) (12, 11) (15, 8) (18, 11) (22, 11)
(11, 11) (12, 11) (15, 11) (16, 12) (20, 16)
(11, 11) (12, 11) (15, 14) (16, 15) (19, 18)
(11, 11) (12, 12) (13, 11) (17, 15) (20, 18)

Part 2:
One shortest route from (21, 11) to (1, 11): (21, 11) (21, 12) (19, 14) (14, 14) (12, 14) (8, 18) (3, 13) (1, 11)

One shortest route from (1, 11) to (21, 11): (1, 11) (2, 10) (5, 13) (9, 9) (15, 3) (20, 8) (20, 10) (21, 11)

Longest Shortest Route (length 9) is: (1, 11) (2, 10) (5, 13) (9, 9) (15, 15) (16, 14) (16, 17) (17, 16) (18, 16) (20, 14)

Extra Credit Questions:

Is there any cell in the country that can not be reached from HQ (11, 11)?
There are 3: (2, 18) (4, 3) (18, 20)

Which cells will it take longest to send reinforcements to from HQ (11, 11)?
There are 5 of length 6:
(11, 11) (12, 11) (9, 14) (6, 17) (4, 17) (4, 18) (3, 19)
(11, 11) (10, 11) (7, 11) (7, 12) (7, 18) (7, 20) (6, 20)
(11, 11) (11, 12) (11, 15) (13, 17) (15, 19) (15, 20) (17, 20)
(11, 11) (11, 12) (14, 15) (16, 17) (17, 16) (18, 16) (20, 14)
(11, 11) (12, 12) (13, 11) (17, 15) (20, 12) (21, 11) (22, 12)

Nim

Translation of: Phix

With some borrowings from Go and Wren's versions.

Using a simple breadth-first search. Parts 1 and 2 and extra credit.

import std/[sequtils, strformat, strutils]

const Gmooh = """
.........00000.........
......00003130000......
....000321322221000....
...00231222432132200...
..0041433223233211100..
..0232231612142618530..
.003152122326114121200.
.031252235216111132210.
.022211246332311115210.
00113232262121317213200
03152118212313211411110
03231234121132221411410
03513213411311414112320
00427534125412213211400
.013322444412122123210.
.015132331312411123120.
.003333612214233913300.
..0219126511415312570..
..0021321524341325100..
...00211415413523200...
....000122111322000....
......00001120000......
.........00000.........""".split("\n")

const
  Width  = Gmooh[0].len
  Height = Gmooh.len

type
  Pyx = tuple[y, x: int]
  Route = tuple[cost, fromy, fromx: int]
  Routes = seq[seq[Route]]

const D: array[8, Pyx] = [(-1, -1), (0, -1), (1, -1), (-1, 0), (1, 0), (-1, 1), (0, 1), (1, 1)]

const ZeroRoute: Route = (0, 0, 0)
var routes: Routes    # Route for each Gmooh[][].

proc `$`(pyx: Pyx): string =
  &"({pyx.y}, {pyx.x})"

proc `$`(pyxSeq: seq[Pyx]): string =
  result = "["
  for pyx in pyxSeq:
    result.addSep(startLen = 2)
    result.add $pyx
  result.add ']'

func search(routes: var Routes; y, x: int) =
  ## Simple breadth-first search, populates "routes".
  ## This isn't strictly Dijkstra because graph edges are not weighted.
  var x = x
  var y = y
  var cost = 0
  routes = newSeqWith(Height, newSeq[Route](Width))
  routes[y][x] = (0, y, x)  # Zero-cost, the starting point.
  var next: seq[Route]
  while true:
    var n = ord(Gmooh[y][x]) - ord('0')
    for (dy, dx) in D:
      let rx = x + n * dx
      let ry = y + n * dy
      if rx >= 0 and rx < Width and ry >= 0 and ry < Height and Gmooh[ry][rx] >= '0':
        let ryx = routes[ry][rx]
        if ryx == ZeroRoute or ryx.cost > cost + 1:
          routes[ry][rx] = (cost + 1, y, x)
          if Gmooh[ry][rx] > '0':
            next.add (cost + 1, ry, rx)
            # If the graph was weighted, at this point
            # that would get shuffled up into place.
    if next.len == 0: break
    (cost, y, x) = next[0]
    next.delete 0

func getRoute(routes: Routes; yx: Pyx): seq[Pyx] =
  var (y, x) = yx
  var cost: int
  result = @[yx]
  while true:
    (cost, y, x) = routes[y][x]
    if cost == 0: break
    result.insert (y, x)

proc showShortest(routes: Routes) =
  var shortest = 9999
  var res: seq[Pyx]
  for x in 0..<Width:
    for y in 0..<Height:
      if Gmooh[y][x] == '0':
        let ryx = routes[y][x]
        if ryx != ZeroRoute:
          let cost = ryx.cost
          if cost <= shortest:
            if cost < shortest:
              res.reset()
              shortest = cost
            res.add (y, x)
  let (areis, s) = if res.len > 1: ("are", "s") else: ("is", "")
  echo &"There {areis} {res.len} shortest route{s}] of {shortest} days to safety:"
  for r in res:
    echo routes.getRoute(r)

proc showUnreachable(routes: Routes) =
  var res: seq[Pyx]
  for x in 0..<Width:
    for y in 0..<Height:
      if Gmooh[y][x] >= '0' and routes[y][x] == ZeroRoute:
        res.add (y, x)
  echo "\nThe following cells are unreachable:"
  echo res

proc showLongest(routes: Routes) =
  var longest = 0
  var res: seq[Pyx]
  for x in 0..<Width:
    for y in 0..<Height:
      if Gmooh[y][x] >= '0':
        var ryx = routes[y][x]
        if ryx != ZeroRoute:
          var rl = ryx.cost
          if rl >= longest:
            if rl > longest:
              res.reset()
              longest = rl
            res.add (y, x)
  echo &"\nThere are {res.len} cells that take {longest} days to send reinforcements to:"
  for r in res:
    echo routes.getRoute(r)

routes.search(11, 11)
routes.showShortest()

routes.search(21, 11)
echo "\nThe shortest route from [21,11] to [1,11]:"
echo routes.getRoute((1, 11))

routes.search(1, 11)
echo "\nThe shortest route from [1,11] to [21,11]:"
echo routes.getRoute((21, 11))

routes.search(11, 11)
routes.showUnreachable()
routes.showLongest()
Output:

As Nim indexes are 0-based, output differs from Phix program output. It is similar to Go and Wren outputs.

There are 40 shortest routes] of 4 days to safety:
[(11, 11), (11, 12), (8, 9), (14, 3), (11, 0)]
[(11, 11), (10, 11), (7, 8), (7, 5), (12, 0)]
[(11, 11), (12, 10), (13, 10), (13, 5), (13, 0)]
[(11, 11), (11, 12), (8, 9), (8, 3), (6, 1)]
[(11, 11), (11, 12), (8, 9), (8, 3), (8, 1)]
[(11, 11), (10, 10), (8, 8), (12, 4), (9, 1)]
[(11, 11), (10, 10), (12, 8), (16, 4), (13, 1)]
[(11, 11), (10, 10), (8, 8), (12, 4), (15, 1)]
[(11, 11), (10, 10), (12, 8), (16, 4), (16, 1)]
[(11, 11), (10, 10), (8, 8), (8, 4), (6, 2)]
[(11, 11), (12, 11), (15, 8), (15, 5), (18, 2)]
[(11, 11), (11, 10), (10, 9), (9, 9), (3, 3)]
[(11, 11), (10, 11), (13, 8), (14, 7), (18, 3)]
[(11, 11), (10, 10), (8, 10), (5, 7), (2, 4)]
[(11, 11), (10, 11), (7, 8), (4, 5), (3, 4)]
[(11, 11), (10, 10), (12, 8), (16, 4), (19, 4)]
[(11, 11), (10, 11), (7, 8), (7, 5), (2, 5)]
[(11, 11), (10, 11), (7, 11), (7, 12), (1, 6)]
[(11, 11), (10, 10), (8, 8), (4, 8), (1, 8)]
[(11, 11), (10, 10), (8, 10), (5, 13), (1, 9)]
[(11, 11), (11, 12), (14, 9), (18, 13), (22, 9)]
[(11, 11), (12, 11), (15, 8), (18, 11), (22, 11)]
[(11, 11), (10, 10), (8, 12), (6, 12), (0, 12)]
[(11, 11), (10, 10), (8, 10), (5, 13), (1, 13)]
[(11, 11), (11, 12), (14, 9), (18, 13), (22, 13)]
[(11, 11), (10, 11), (7, 8), (4, 11), (1, 14)]
[(11, 11), (11, 12), (8, 9), (2, 15), (1, 15)]
[(11, 11), (12, 10), (13, 10), (18, 15), (21, 15)]
[(11, 11), (11, 12), (8, 9), (2, 15), (1, 16)]
[(11, 11), (11, 12), (8, 9), (2, 15), (2, 16)]
[(11, 11), (10, 10), (12, 8), (16, 12), (20, 16)]
[(11, 11), (12, 11), (12, 14), (8, 18), (3, 18)]
[(11, 11), (12, 11), (12, 14), (16, 18), (19, 18)]
[(11, 11), (12, 10), (13, 11), (17, 15), (20, 18)]
[(11, 11), (12, 11), (9, 14), (6, 17), (4, 19)]
[(11, 11), (10, 11), (10, 14), (12, 16), (16, 20)]
[(11, 11), (11, 12), (11, 15), (11, 17), (7, 21)]
[(11, 11), (12, 11), (12, 14), (16, 18), (13, 21)]
[(11, 11), (11, 12), (11, 15), (11, 17), (15, 21)]
[(11, 11), (12, 11), (12, 14), (16, 18), (16, 21)]

The shortest route from [21,11] to [1,11]:
[(21, 11), (20, 10), (19, 9), (18, 9), (13, 4), (6, 11), (4, 11), (1, 11)]

The shortest route from [1,11] to [21,11]:
[(1, 11), (2, 10), (5, 13), (9, 9), (15, 3), (20, 8), (20, 10), (21, 11)]

The following cells are unreachable:
[(4, 3), (2, 18), (18, 20)]

There are 5 cells that take 6 days to send reinforcements to:
[(11, 11), (10, 10), (12, 8), (16, 12), (20, 12), (21, 11), (22, 12)]
[(11, 11), (11, 12), (14, 15), (16, 17), (17, 16), (18, 16), (20, 14)]
[(11, 11), (12, 11), (9, 14), (6, 17), (4, 17), (3, 17), (3, 19)]
[(11, 11), (10, 11), (7, 11), (7, 12), (7, 18), (7, 20), (6, 20)]
[(11, 11), (10, 11), (10, 14), (12, 16), (12, 20), (15, 20), (17, 20)]

Alternative using Floyd-Warshall for Part 2, and finding the longest shortest path between any two points.

import std/[sequtils, strformat, strutils]

const Gmooh = """
.........00000.........
......00003130000......
....000321322221000....
...00231222432132200...
..0041433223233211100..
..0232231612142618530..
.003152122326114121200.
.031252235216111132210.
.022211246332311115210.
00113232262121317213200
03152118212313211411110
03231234121132221411410
03513213411311414112320
00427534125412213211400
.013322444412122123210.
.015132331312411123120.
.003333612214233913300.
..0219126511415312570..
..0021321524341325100..
...00211415413523200...
....000122111322000....
......00001120000......
.........00000.........""".split("\n")

const
  Width  = Gmooh[0].len
  Height = Gmooh.len
  Infinity = int.high
  None = -1

type
  Pyx = tuple[y, x: int]
  FloydWarshall = object
    dist, next: seq[seq[int]]
    pmap: seq[Pyx]

const D: array[8, Pyx] = [(-1, -1), (0, -1), (1, -1), (-1, 0), (1, 0), (-1, 1), (0, 1), (1, 1)]

proc `$`(pyx: Pyx): string =
  &"({pyx.y}, {pyx.x})"

func fwPath(fw: FloydWarshall; u, v: int): string =
  var u = u
  if fw.next[u][v] != None:
    var path = @[$fw.pmap[u]]
    while u != v:
      u = fw.next[u][v]
      path.add $fw.pmap[u]
    result = path.join(" → ")

proc showPath(fw: FloydWarshall; u, v: int) =
  echo &"{fw.pmap[u]} → {fw.pmap[v]}   {fw.dist[u][v]:>2}   {fw.fwPath(u, v)}"

proc floydWarshall =
  var fw: FloydWarshall
  var point = 0
  var weights: seq[Pyx]
  var points = newSeqWith(Height, newSeq[int](Width))
  # First, number the points...
  for x in 0..<Width:
    for y in 0..<Height:
      if Gmooh[y][x] >= '0':
        points[y][x] = point
        inc point
        fw.pmap.add (y, x)
  # ...and then a set of edges (all of which have a "weight" of one day).
  for x in 0..<Width:
    for y in 0..<Height:
      if Gmooh[y][x] > '0':
        let n = ord(Gmooh[y][x]) - ord('0')
        for (dy, dx) in D:
          let rx = x + n * dx
          let ry = y + n * dy
          if rx >= 0 and rx < Width and ry >= 0 and ry < Height and Gmooh[ry][rx] >= '0':
            weights.add (points[y][x], points[ry][rx])
  # Before applying Floyd-Warshall.
  let v = fw.pmap.len
  fw.dist = newSeqWith(v, repeat(Infinity, v))
  fw.next = newSeqWith(v, repeat(None, v))
  for (u, v) in weights:
    fw.dist[u][v] = 1   # The weight of the edge (u, v).
    fw.next[u][v] = v
  # Standard Floyd-Warshall implementation, with the optimization of avoiding
  # processing of self/infs, which surprisingly makes quite a noticeable difference.
  for k in 0..<v:
    for i in 0..<v:
      if i != k and fw.dist[i][k] != Infinity:
        for j in 0..<v:
          if j != i and j != k and fw.dist[k][j] != Infinity:
            let d  = fw.dist[i][k] + fw.dist[k][j]
            if d < fw.dist[i][j]:
              fw.dist[i][j] = d
              fw.next[i][j] = fw.next[i][k]
  fw.showPath(points[21][11], points[1][11])
  fw.showPath(points[1][11], points[21][11])

  var maxd = 0
  var mi, mj: int
  for i in 0..<v:
    for j in 0..<v:
      if j != i:
        let d = fw.dist[i][j]
        if d != Infinity and d > maxd:
          maxd = d
          mi = i
          mj = j
  echo "\nMaximum shortest distance:"
  fw.showPath(mi, mj)

floydWarshall()
Output:
(21, 11) → (1, 11)    7   (21, 11) → (20, 10) → (19, 10) → (14, 10) → (10, 10) → (8, 8) → (4, 8) → (1, 11)
(1, 11) → (21, 11)    7   (1, 11) → (2, 10) → (5, 13) → (9, 9) → (15, 3) → (20, 8) → (20, 10) → (21, 11)

Maximum shortest distance:
(7, 3) → (20, 14)    9   (7, 3) → (8, 4) → (10, 6) → (11, 7) → (15, 11) → (16, 11) → (17, 12) → (17, 16) → (18, 16) → (20, 14)

Perl

#!/usr/bin/perl

use strict;
use warnings;
use List::Util 'first';

my $w = 0;
my $d = join '', <DATA>;
length > $w and $w = length for split "\n", $d;
$d =~ s/.+/ sprintf "%-${w}s", $& /ge; # padding for single number addressing
$w++;

sub   to_xy { my($i) = shift; '(' . join(',', int ($i/$w), $i%$w) . ')' }
sub from_xy { my($x,$y) = @_; $x * $w + $y }

my @directions = ( 1, -1, -$w-1 .. -$w+1, $w-1 .. $w+1 );

my @nodes;
push @nodes, $-[0] while $d =~ /\d/g;
my %dist = map { $_ => all_destinations($_) } @nodes; # all shortest from-to paths

sub all_destinations
  {
  my @queue = shift;
  my $dd = $d;
  my %to;
  while( my $path = shift @queue )
    {
    my $from = (split ' ', $path)[-1];
    my $steps = substr $dd, $from, 1;
    ' ' eq $steps and next;
    $to{$from} //= $path;
    $steps or next;
    substr $dd, $from, 1, '0';
    for my $dir ( @directions )
      {
      my $next = $from + $steps * $dir;
      next if $next < 0 or $next > length $dd;
      (substr $dd, $next, 1) =~ /\d/ and push @queue, "$path $next";
      }
    }
  return \%to;
  }

my $startpos = from_xy 11, 11;

my @best;
$best[ tr/ // ] .= "\t$_\n" for grep $_, map $dist{$startpos}{$_},
  grep { '0' eq substr $d, $_, 1 } @nodes;
my $short = first { $best[$_] } 0 .. $#best;
my $n = $best[$short] =~ tr/\n//;
print "shortest escape routes ($n) of length $short:\n",
  $best[$short] =~ s/\d+/ to_xy $& /ger;

print "\nshortest from (21,11) to (1,11):\n\t",
  $dist{from_xy 21, 11}{from_xy 1, 11} =~ s/\d+/ to_xy $& /ger, "\n";
print "\nshortest from (1,11) to (21,11):\n\t",
  $dist{from_xy 1, 11}{from_xy 21, 11} =~ s/\d+/ to_xy $& /ger, "\n";

@best = ();
$best[tr/ //] .= "\t$_\n" for map { values %$_ } values %dist;
print "\nlongestshortest paths (length $#best) :\n",
  $best[-1] =~ s/\d+/ to_xy $& /ger;

my @notreach = grep !$dist{$startpos}{$_}, @nodes;
print "\nnot reached from HQ:\n\t@notreach\n" =~ s/\d+/ to_xy $& /ger;

@best = ();
$best[tr/ //] .= "\t$_\n" for values %{ $dist{$startpos} };
print "\nlongest reinforcement from HQ is $#best for:\n",
  $best[-1] =~ s/\d+/ to_xy $& /ger;

__DATA__
         00000
      00003130000
    000321322221000
   00231222432132200
  0041433223233211100
  0232231612142618530
 003152122326114121200
 031252235216111132210
 022211246332311115210
00113232262121317213200
03152118212313211411110
03231234121132221411410
03513213411311414112320
00427534125412213211400
 013322444412122123210
 015132331312411123120
 003333612214233913300
  0219126511415312570
  0021321524341325100
   00211415413523200
    000122111322000
      00001120000
         00000
Output:
shortest escape routes (40) of length 4:
        (11,11) (11,12) (8,12) (6,12) (0,12)
        (11,11) (10,11) (7,11) (7,12) (1,6)
        (11,11) (11,12) (8,9) (2,9) (1,8)
        (11,11) (11,12) (8,9) (2,9) (1,9)
        (11,11) (10,10) (8,10) (5,13) (1,13)
        (11,11) (11,12) (8,9) (2,15) (1,14)
        (11,11) (11,12) (8,9) (2,15) (1,15)
        (11,11) (11,12) (8,9) (2,15) (1,16)
        (11,11) (10,10) (8,10) (5,7) (2,4)
        (11,11) (10,11) (7,8) (7,5) (2,5)
        (11,11) (11,12) (8,9) (2,15) (2,16)
        (11,11) (11,12) (11,9) (9,9) (3,3)
        (11,11) (10,11) (7,8) (4,5) (3,4)
        (11,11) (12,11) (12,14) (8,18) (3,18)
        (11,11) (12,11) (9,14) (6,17) (4,19)
        (11,11) (11,12) (8,9) (8,3) (6,1)
        (11,11) (10,10) (8,8) (8,4) (6,2)
        (11,11) (11,12) (11,15) (11,17) (7,21)
        (11,11) (11,12) (8,9) (8,3) (8,1)
        (11,11) (10,10) (8,8) (12,4) (9,1)
        (11,11) (11,12) (8,9) (14,3) (11,0)
        (11,11) (10,11) (7,8) (7,5) (12,0)
        (11,11) (12,10) (13,10) (13,5) (13,0)
        (11,11) (10,10) (12,8) (16,4) (13,1)
        (11,11) (12,11) (12,14) (16,18) (13,21)
        (11,11) (10,10) (8,8) (12,4) (15,1)
        (11,11) (11,12) (11,15) (11,17) (15,21)
        (11,11) (10,10) (12,8) (16,4) (16,1)
        (11,11) (10,11) (10,14) (12,16) (16,20)
        (11,11) (12,11) (12,14) (16,18) (16,21)
        (11,11) (12,11) (15,8) (15,5) (18,2)
        (11,11) (10,11) (13,8) (14,7) (18,3)
        (11,11) (11,12) (14,9) (18,5) (19,4)
        (11,11) (11,12) (14,15) (16,15) (19,18)
        (11,11) (11,12) (14,12) (16,12) (20,16)
        (11,11) (10,11) (13,11) (17,15) (20,18)
        (11,11) (12,10) (13,10) (18,15) (21,15)
        (11,11) (11,12) (14,9) (18,13) (22,9)
        (11,11) (12,11) (15,8) (18,11) (22,11)
        (11,11) (11,12) (14,9) (18,13) (22,13)

shortest from (21,11) to (1,11):
        (21,11) (21,12) (19,10) (14,10) (10,10) (8,8) (4,8) (1,11)

shortest from (1,11) to (21,11):
        (1,11) (2,10) (5,13) (9,9) (15,3) (20,8) (20,10) (21,11)

longestshortest paths (length 9) :
        (1,11) (1,12) (4,9) (6,9) (8,9) (14,15) (16,17) (17,16) (18,16) (20,14)
        (2,9) (2,10) (5,7) (8,7) (8,9) (14,15) (16,17) (17,16) (18,16) (20,14)
        (12,21) (12,19) (12,17) (12,16) (12,12) (12,11) (15,8) (15,5) (15,2) (14,2)
        (7,3) (7,4) (5,4) (8,7) (8,9) (14,15) (16,17) (17,16) (18,16) (20,14)
        (10,21) (10,20) (9,19) (9,16) (9,9) (15,3) (15,8) (15,5) (15,2) (14,2)
        (2,13) (2,15) (3,15) (6,12) (12,18) (13,19) (13,20) (17,16) (18,16) (20,14)
        (11,21) (11,20) (11,16) (11,17) (11,13) (13,11) (17,7) (15,5) (15,2) (14,2)

not reached from HQ:
        (2,18) (4,3) (18,20)

longest reinforcement from HQ is 6 for:
        (11,11) (11,12) (11,15) (13,17) (13,19) (13,20) (17,20)
        (11,11) (11,12) (11,15) (11,17) (7,17) (7,20) (6,20)
        (11,11) (12,11) (9,14) (6,17) (4,17) (4,18) (3,19)
        (11,11) (11,12) (14,12) (16,12) (20,12) (21,11) (22,12)
        (11,11) (11,12) (14,15) (16,17) (17,16) (18,16) (20,14)

Phix

Using a simple breadth-first search. Parts 1 and 2 and extra credit.

constant gmooh = split("""
.........00000.........
......00003130000......
....000321322221000....
...00231222432132200...
..0041433223233211100..
..0232231612142618530..
.003152122326114121200.
.031252235216111132210.
.022211246332311115210.
00113232262121317213200
03152118212313211411110
03231234121132221411410
03513213411311414112320
00427534125412213211400
.013322444412122123210.
.015132331312411123120.
.003333612214233913300.
..0219126511415312570..
..0021321524341325100..
...00211415413523200...
....000122111322000....
......00001120000......
.........00000.........""",'\n')
 
constant width = length(gmooh[1]),
         height = length(gmooh),
         d = {{-1,-1},{0,-1},{+1,-1},
              {-1, 0},       {+1, 0},
              {-1,+1},{0,+1},{+1,+1}}
 
sequence routes -- {cost,fromy,fromx} for each gmooh[][].
 
procedure search(integer y, x)
-- simple breadth-first search, populates routes
-- (this isn't strictly dijkstra, because graph edges are not weighted)
integer cost = 0
sequence route = {{y,x}},
         next = {}
    routes = repeat(repeat(0,width),height)
    routes[y,x] = {0,y,x} -- zero-cost the starting point
    while 1 do
        integer n = gmooh[y,x]-'0'
        for di=1 to length(d) do
            integer {dx,dy} = d[di]
            integer {rx,ry} = {x+n*dx,y+n*dy}
            if rx>=1 and rx<=width 
            and ry>=1 and ry<=height
            and gmooh[ry,rx]>='0' then
                object ryx = routes[ry,rx]
                if ryx=0
                or ryx[1]>cost+1 then
                    routes[ry,rx] = {cost+1,y,x}
                    if gmooh[ry,rx]>'0' then
                        next = append(next,{cost+1,ry,rx})
                        -- (if the graph was weighted, at this point
                        --   that would get shuffled up into place.)
                    end if
                end if
            end if
        end for
        if length(next)=0 then exit end if
        {cost,y,x} = next[1]
        next = next[2..$]
    end while
end procedure
 
function get_route(sequence yx)
integer {y,x} = yx
integer cost
sequence res = {{y,x}}
    while 1 do
        {cost,y,x} = routes[y,x]
        if cost=0 then exit end if
        res = prepend(res,{y,x})
    end while
    return res
end function
 
procedure show_shortest_routes_to_safety()
integer shortest = 9999
sequence res = {}
    for x=1 to width do
        for y=1 to height do
            if gmooh[y,x]='0' then
                object ryx = routes[y,x]
                if ryx!=0 then
                    integer cost = ryx[1]
                    if cost<=shortest then
                        if cost<shortest then
                            res = {}
                            shortest = cost
                        end if
                        res = append(res,{y,x})
                    end if
                end if
            end if
        end for
    end for
    string {areis,s} = iff(length(res)>1?{"are","s"}:{"is",""})
    printf(1,"There %s %d shortest route%s of %d days to safety:\n",{areis,length(res),s,shortest})
    for i=1 to length(res) do
        ?get_route(res[i])
    end for
end procedure
 
procedure show_unreachable()
sequence res = {}
    for x=1 to width do
        for y=1 to height do
            if gmooh[y,x]>='0'
            and routes[y,x]=0 then
                res = append(res,{y,x})
            end if
        end for
    end for
    puts(1,"The following cells are unreachable:\n")
    ?res
end procedure
 
procedure show_longest()
integer longest = 0
sequence res = {}
    for x=1 to width do
        for y=1 to height do
            if gmooh[y,x]>='0' then
                object ryx = routes[y,x]
                if ryx!=0 then
                    integer rl = ryx[1]
                    if rl>=longest then
                        if rl>longest then
                            res = {}
                            longest = rl
                        end if
                        res  = append(res,{y,x})
                    end if
                end if
            end if
        end for
    end for
    printf(1,"There are %d cells that take %d days to send reinforcements to\n",{length(res),longest})
    for i=1 to length(res) do
        ?get_route(res[i])
    end for
end procedure
 
procedure main()
    search(12,12)
    show_shortest_routes_to_safety()
 
    -- see also below
    search(22,12)
    puts(1,"The shortest route from 22,12 to 2,12:\n")
    ?get_route({2,12})
 
    search(2,12)
    puts(1,"The shortest route from 2,12 to 22,12:\n")
    ?get_route({22,12})
 
    search(12,12)
    -- </see also below>
 
    show_unreachable()
    show_longest()
 
end procedure
main()
Output:

Note: Phix indexes are 1-based and therefore so too are these results.

There are 40 shortest routes of 4 days to safety:
{{12,12},{12,13},{9,10},{15,4},{12,1}}
{{12,12},{11,12},{8,9},{8,6},{13,1}}
{{12,12},{13,11},{14,11},{14,6},{14,1}}
{{12,12},{12,13},{9,10},{9,4},{7,2}}
{{12,12},{12,13},{9,10},{9,4},{9,2}}
{{12,12},{11,11},{9,9},{13,5},{10,2}}
{{12,12},{11,11},{13,9},{17,5},{14,2}}
{{12,12},{11,11},{9,9},{13,5},{16,2}}
{{12,12},{11,11},{13,9},{17,5},{17,2}}
{{12,12},{11,11},{9,9},{9,5},{7,3}}
{{12,12},{13,12},{16,9},{16,6},{19,3}}
{{12,12},{12,11},{11,10},{10,10},{4,4}}
{{12,12},{11,12},{14,9},{15,8},{19,4}}
{{12,12},{11,11},{9,11},{6,8},{3,5}}
{{12,12},{11,12},{8,9},{5,6},{4,5}}
{{12,12},{11,11},{13,9},{17,5},{20,5}}
{{12,12},{11,12},{8,9},{8,6},{3,6}}
{{12,12},{11,12},{8,12},{8,13},{2,7}}
{{12,12},{11,11},{9,9},{5,9},{2,9}}
{{12,12},{11,11},{9,11},{6,14},{2,10}}
{{12,12},{12,13},{15,10},{19,14},{23,10}}
{{12,12},{13,12},{16,9},{19,12},{23,12}}
{{12,12},{11,11},{9,13},{7,13},{1,13}}
{{12,12},{11,11},{9,11},{6,14},{2,14}}
{{12,12},{12,13},{15,10},{19,14},{23,14}}
{{12,12},{11,12},{8,9},{5,12},{2,15}}
{{12,12},{12,13},{9,10},{3,16},{2,16}}
{{12,12},{13,11},{14,11},{19,16},{22,16}}
{{12,12},{12,13},{9,10},{3,16},{2,17}}
{{12,12},{12,13},{9,10},{3,16},{3,17}}
{{12,12},{11,11},{13,9},{17,13},{21,17}}
{{12,12},{13,12},{13,15},{9,19},{4,19}}
{{12,12},{12,13},{15,16},{17,16},{20,19}}
{{12,12},{11,12},{14,12},{18,16},{21,19}}
{{12,12},{13,12},{10,15},{7,18},{5,20}}
{{12,12},{11,12},{11,15},{13,17},{17,21}}
{{12,12},{12,13},{12,16},{12,18},{8,22}}
{{12,12},{13,12},{13,15},{17,19},{14,22}}
{{12,12},{12,13},{12,16},{12,18},{16,22}}
{{12,12},{13,12},{13,15},{17,19},{17,22}}
The shortest route from 22,12 to 2,12:
{{22,12},{21,11},{20,10},{19,10},{14,5},{7,12},{5,12},{2,12}}
The shortest route from 2,12 to 22,12:
{{2,12},{3,11},{6,14},{10,10},{16,4},{21,9},{21,11},{22,12}}
The following cells are unreachable:
{{5,4},{3,19},{19,21}}
There are 5 cells that take 6 days to send reinforcements to
{{12,12},{11,11},{13,9},{17,13},{21,13},{22,12},{23,13}}
{{12,12},{12,13},{15,16},{17,18},{18,17},{19,17},{21,15}}
{{12,12},{13,12},{10,15},{7,18},{5,18},{4,18},{4,20}}
{{12,12},{11,12},{8,12},{8,13},{8,19},{8,21},{7,21}}
{{12,12},{11,12},{11,15},{13,17},{13,21},{16,21},{18,21}}

Alternative using Floyd-Warshall for Part 2, and finding the longest shortest path between any two points.

--(same constants as above: gmooh, width, height, d)
constant inf = 1e300*1e300
 
sequence dist, next, pmap = {}
 
function fw_path(integer u, v)
sequence res = {}
    if next[u,v]!=null then
        sequence path = {sprintf("{%d,%d}",pmap[u])}
        while u!=v do
           u = next[u,v]
           path = append(path,sprintf("{%d,%d}",pmap[u]))
        end while
        res = join(path,"->")
    end if
    return res
end function
 
procedure show_fw_path(integer u, v)
    printf(1,"{%d,%d}->{%d,%d}   %2d   %s\n",pmap[u]&pmap[v]&{dist[u,v],fw_path(u,v)})
end procedure
 
procedure FloydWarshall()
integer point = 0
sequence weights = {},
         points = repeat(repeat(0,width),height)
    -- First number the points...
    for x=1 to width do
        for y=1 to height do
            if gmooh[y,x]>='0' then
                point += 1
                points[y,x] = point
                pmap = append(pmap,{y,x})
            end if
        end for
    end for
    -- ...and then a set of edges (all of which have a "weight" of 1 day)
    for x=1 to width do
        for y=1 to height do
            if gmooh[y,x]>'0' then
                integer n = gmooh[y,x]-'0'
                for di=1 to length(d) do
                    integer {dx,dy} = d[di]
                    integer {rx,ry} = {x+n*dx,y+n*dy}
                    if rx>=1 and rx<=width 
                    and ry>=1 and ry<=height
                    and gmooh[ry,rx]>='0' then
--                      weights = append(weights,{points[y,x],points[ry,rx],1})
                        weights = append(weights,{points[y,x],points[ry,rx]})
                    end if
                end for
            end if
        end for
    end for
    -- Before applying Floyd-Warshall
    integer V = length(pmap)
    dist = repeat(repeat(inf,V),V)
    next = repeat(repeat(null,V),V)
    for k=1 to length(weights) do
--      integer {u,v,w} = weights[k]
        integer {u,v} = weights[k]
--      dist[u,v] := w  -- the weight of the edge (u,v)
        dist[u,v] := 1  -- the weight of the edge (u,v)
        next[u,v] := v
    end for
    -- standard Floyd-Warshall implementation,
    -- with the optimisation of avoiding processing of self/infs,
    -- which surprisingly makes quite a noticeable difference.
    for k=1 to V do
        for i=1 to V do
            if i!=k and dist[i,k]!=inf then
                for j=1 to V do
                    if j!=i and j!=k and dist[k,j]!=inf then
                        atom d = dist[i,k] + dist[k,j]
                        if d<dist[i,j] then
                            dist[i,j] := d
                            next[i,j] := next[i,k]
                        end if
                    end if
                end for
            end if
        end for
    end for
    show_fw_path(points[22,12],points[2,12])
    show_fw_path(points[2,12],points[22,12])
 
    integer maxd = 0, mi, mj
    for i=1 to V do
        for j=1 to V do
            if j!=i then
                atom d = dist[i,j]
                if d!=inf and d>maxd then
                    {maxd,mi,mj} = {d,i,j}
                end if
            end if
        end for
    end for
    printf(1,"Maximum shortest distance:\n") 
    show_fw_path(mi,mj)
 
end procedure   
 
FloydWarshall()
Output:
{22,12}->{2,12}    7   {22,12}->{21,11}->{20,11}->{15,11}->{11,11}->{9,9}->{5,9}->{2,12}
{2,12}->{22,12}    7   {2,12}->{3,11}->{6,14}->{10,10}->{16,4}->{21,9}->{21,11}->{22,12}
Maximum shortest distance:
{8,4}->{21,15}   9   {8,4}->{9,5}->{11,7}->{12,8}->{16,12}->{17,12}->{18,13}->{18,17}->{19,17}->{21,15}

Raku

Translation of: Perl
my $d = qq:to/END/;
         00000
      00003130000
    000321322221000
   00231222432132200
  0041433223233211100
  0232231612142618530
 003152122326114121200
 031252235216111132210
 022211246332311115210
00113232262121317213200
03152118212313211411110
03231234121132221411410
03513213411311414112320
00427534125412213211400
 013322444412122123210
 015132331312411123120
 003333612214233913300
  0219126511415312570
  0021321524341325100
   00211415413523200
    000122111322000
      00001120000
         00000
END

my $w = $d.split("\n")».chars.max;
$d = $d.split("\n")».fmt("%-{$w}s").join("\n"); # pad lines to same length
$w++;

my @directions = ( 1, -1, -$w-1, -$w, -$w+1, $w-1, $w, $w+1);
my @nodes.push: .pos - 1 for $d ~~ m:g/\d/;
my %dist = @nodes.race.map: { $_ => all-destinations([$_]) };

sub all-destinations (@queue) {
    my %to;
    my $dd = $d;
    while shift @queue -> $path {
        my $from = ($path.split(' '))[*-1];
        my $steps = $dd.substr($from, 1);
        next if $steps eq ' ';
        %to{$from} //= $path;
        next if $steps eq '0';
        $dd.substr-rw($from, 1) = '0';
        for @directions -> $dir {
            my $next = $from + $steps × $dir;
            next if $next < 0 or $next > $dd.chars;
            @queue.push: "$path $next" if $dd.substr($next, 1) ~~ /\d/;
        }
    }
    %to;
}

sub   to-xy ($nodes) { join ' ', $nodes.split(' ').map: { '(' ~ join(',', floor($_/$w), $_%$w) ~ ')' } }
sub from-xy ($x, $y) { $x × $w + $y }

my $startpos = from-xy 11, 11;

my %routes;
%routes{.split(' ').elems}.push: .&to-xy
    for grep { .so }, map { %dist{$startpos}{$_} }, grep { '0' eq $d.substr($_, 1) }, @nodes;
my $n = %routes{ my $short-route = %routes.keys.sort.first }.elems;
say "Shortest escape routes ($n) of length {$short-route - 1}:\n\t" ~
    %routes{$short-route}.join("\n\t");

say "\nShortest from (21,11) to  (1,11):\n\t" ~ %dist{from-xy 21, 11}{from-xy  1, 11}.&to-xy;
say "\nShortest from  (1,11) to (21,11):\n\t" ~ %dist{from-xy  1, 11}{from-xy 21, 11}.&to-xy;

my @long-short = reverse sort { .split(' ').elems }, gather %dist.deepmap(*.take);
my $l = @long-short[0].split(' ').elems;
say "\nLongest 'shortest' paths (length {$l-1}):";
say "\t" ~ .&to-xy for grep { .split(' ').elems == $l }, @long-short;

say "\nNot reachable from HQ:\n\t" ~ @nodes.grep({not %dist{$startpos}{$_}}).&to-xy;

my @HQ;
@HQ[.split(' ').elems].push: .&to-xy for %dist{$startpos}.values;
say "\nLongest reinforcement from HQ is {@HQ - 2} for:\n\t" ~ @HQ[*-1].join("\n\t");
Output:
Shortest escape routes (40) of length 4:
    (11,11) (11,12) (8,12) (6,12) (0,12)
    (11,11) (10,11) (7,11) (7,12) (1,6)
    (11,11) (11,12) (8,9) (2,9) (1,8)
    (11,11) (11,12) (8,9) (2,9) (1,9)
    (11,11) (10,10) (8,10) (5,13) (1,13)
    (11,11) (11,12) (8,9) (2,15) (1,14)
    (11,11) (11,12) (8,9) (2,15) (1,15)
    (11,11) (11,12) (8,9) (2,15) (1,16)
    (11,11) (10,10) (8,10) (5,7) (2,4)
    (11,11) (10,11) (7,8) (7,5) (2,5)
    (11,11) (11,12) (8,9) (2,15) (2,16)
    (11,11) (11,12) (11,9) (9,9) (3,3)
    (11,11) (10,11) (7,8) (4,5) (3,4)
    (11,11) (12,11) (12,14) (8,18) (3,18)
    (11,11) (12,11) (9,14) (6,17) (4,19)
    (11,11) (11,12) (8,9) (8,3) (6,1)
    (11,11) (10,10) (8,8) (8,4) (6,2)
    (11,11) (11,12) (11,15) (11,17) (7,21)
    (11,11) (11,12) (8,9) (8,3) (8,1)
    (11,11) (10,10) (8,8) (12,4) (9,1)
    (11,11) (11,12) (8,9) (14,3) (11,0)
    (11,11) (10,11) (7,8) (7,5) (12,0)
    (11,11) (12,10) (13,10) (13,5) (13,0)
    (11,11) (10,10) (12,8) (16,4) (13,1)
    (11,11) (12,11) (12,14) (16,18) (13,21)
    (11,11) (10,10) (8,8) (12,4) (15,1)
    (11,11) (11,12) (11,15) (11,17) (15,21)
    (11,11) (10,10) (12,8) (16,4) (16,1)
    (11,11) (10,11) (10,14) (12,16) (16,20)
    (11,11) (12,11) (12,14) (16,18) (16,21)
    (11,11) (12,11) (15,8) (15,5) (18,2)
    (11,11) (10,11) (13,8) (14,7) (18,3)
    (11,11) (11,12) (14,9) (18,5) (19,4)
    (11,11) (11,12) (14,15) (16,15) (19,18)
    (11,11) (11,12) (14,12) (16,12) (20,16)
    (11,11) (10,11) (13,11) (17,15) (20,18)
    (11,11) (12,10) (13,10) (18,15) (21,15)
    (11,11) (11,12) (14,9) (18,13) (22,9)
    (11,11) (12,11) (15,8) (18,11) (22,11)
    (11,11) (11,12) (14,9) (18,13) (22,13)

Shortest from (21,11) to  (1,11):
    (21,11) (21,12) (19,10) (14,10) (10,10) (8,8) (4,8) (1,11)

Shortest from  (1,11) to (21,11):
    (1,11) (2,10) (5,13) (9,9) (15,3) (20,8) (20,10) (21,11)

Longest 'shortest' paths (length 9):
    (7,3) (7,4) (5,4) (8,7) (8,9) (14,15) (16,17) (17,16) (18,16) (20,14)
    (10,21) (10,20) (9,19) (9,16) (9,9) (15,3) (15,8) (15,5) (15,2) (14,2)
    (11,21) (11,20) (11,16) (11,17) (11,13) (13,11) (17,7) (15,5) (15,2) (14,2)
    (12,21) (12,19) (12,17) (12,16) (12,12) (12,11) (15,8) (15,5) (15,2) (14,2)
    (1,11) (1,12) (4,9) (6,9) (8,9) (14,15) (16,17) (17,16) (18,16) (20,14)
    (2,9) (2,10) (5,7) (8,7) (8,9) (14,15) (16,17) (17,16) (18,16) (20,14)
    (2,13) (2,15) (3,15) (6,12) (12,18) (13,19) (13,20) (17,16) (18,16) (20,14)

Not reachable from HQ:
    (2,18) (4,3) (18,20)

Longest reinforcement from HQ is 6 for:
    (11,11) (11,12) (11,15) (11,17) (7,17) (7,20) (6,20)
    (11,11) (11,12) (11,15) (13,17) (13,19) (13,20) (17,20)
    (11,11) (11,12) (14,12) (16,12) (20,12) (21,11) (22,12)
    (11,11) (11,12) (14,15) (16,17) (17,16) (18,16) (20,14)
    (11,11) (12,11) (9,14) (6,17) (4,17) (4,18) (3,19)

Wren

Translation of: Phix
Library: Wren-dynamic
Library: Wren-fmt

Translated via the Go entry which, like Wren, uses 0-based indices. The cell coordinates are therefore 1 less than Phix.

Initially, using a simple breadth-first search. Parts 1 and 2 and extra credit.

import "./dynamic" for Struct
import "./fmt" for Fmt

var gmooh = """
.........00000.........
......00003130000......
....000321322221000....
...00231222432132200...
..0041433223233211100..
..0232231612142618530..
.003152122326114121200.
.031252235216111132210.
.022211246332311115210.
00113232262121317213200
03152118212313211411110
03231234121132221411410
03513213411311414112320
00427534125412213211400
.013322444412122123210.
.015132331312411123120.
.003333612214233913300.
..0219126511415312570..
..0021321524341325100..
...00211415413523200...
....000122111322000....
......00001120000......
.........00000.........
""".split("\n")

var width  = gmooh[0].count
var height = gmooh.count

var d = [[-1, -1], [0, -1], [1, -1], [-1, 0], [1, 0], [-1, 1], [0, 1], [1, 1]]

var Route = Struct.create("Route", ["cost", "fromy", "fromx"])
var zeroRoute = Route.new(0, 0, 0)
var routes = []  // route for each gmooh[][]

var equalRoutes = Fn.new { |r1, r2| r1.cost == r2.cost && r1.fromy == r2.fromy && r1.fromx == r2.fromx }

var search = Fn.new  { |y, x|
    // Simple breadth-first search, populates routes.
    // This isn't strictly Dijkstra because graph edges are not weighted.
    var cost = 0
    routes = List.filled(height, null)
    for (i in 0...height) {
        routes[i] = List.filled(width, null)
        for (j in 0...width) routes[i][j] = Route.new(0, 0, 0)
    }
    routes[y][x] = Route.new(0, y, x)  // zero-cost, the starting point
    var next = []
    while (true) {
        var n = gmooh[y][x].bytes[0] - 48
        for (di in 0...d.count) {
            var dx = d[di][0]
            var dy = d[di][1]
            var rx = x + n * dx
            var ry = y + n * dy
            if (rx >= 0 && rx < width && ry >= 0 && ry < height && gmooh[rx][ry].bytes[0] >= 48) {
                var ryx = routes[ry][rx]
                if (equalRoutes.call(ryx, zeroRoute) || ryx.cost > cost+1) {
                    routes[ry][rx] = Route.new(cost + 1, y, x)
                    if (gmooh[ry][rx].bytes[0] > 48) {
                        next.add(Route.new(cost + 1, ry, rx))
                        // If the graph was weighted, at this point
                        // that would get shuffled up into place.
                    }
                }
            }
        }
        if (next.count == 0) break
        cost = next[0].cost
        y    = next[0].fromy
        x    = next[0].fromx
        next.removeAt(0)
    }
}

var getRoute = Fn.new { |y, x|
    var cost = 0
    var res = [[y, x]]
    while(true) {
        cost = routes[y][x].cost
        var oldy = y
        y = routes[y][x].fromy
        x = routes[oldy][x].fromx
        if (cost == 0) break
        res.insert(0, [y, x])
    }
    return res
}

var showShortest = Fn.new {
    var shortest = 9999
    var res = []
    for (x in 0...width) {
        for (y in 0...height) {
            if (gmooh[y][x] == "0") {
                var ryx = routes[y][x]
                if (!equalRoutes.call(ryx, zeroRoute)) {
                    var cost = ryx.cost
                    if (cost <= shortest) {
                        if (cost < shortest) {
                            res.clear()
                            shortest = cost
                        }
                        res.add([y, x])
                    }
                }
            }
        }
    }
    var areis = (res.count > 1) ? "are" :"is"
    var s     = (res.count > 1) ? "s" : ""
    Fmt.print("There $s $d shortest route$s of $d days to safety:", areis, res.count, s, shortest)
    for (r in res) System.print(getRoute.call(r[0], r[1]))
}

var showUnreachable = Fn.new {
    var res = []
    for (x in 0...width) {
        for (y in 0...height) {
            if (gmooh[y][x].bytes[0] >= 48 && equalRoutes.call(routes[y][x], zeroRoute)) {
                res.add([y, x])
            }
        }
    }
    System.print("\nThe following cells are unreachable:")
    System.print(res)
}

var showLongest = Fn.new {
    var longest = 0
    var res = []
    for (x in 0...width) {
        for (y in 0...height) {
            if (gmooh[y][x].bytes[0] >= 48) {
                var ryx = routes[y][x]
                if (!equalRoutes.call(ryx, zeroRoute)) {
                    var rl = ryx.cost
                    if (rl >= longest) {
                        if (rl > longest) {
                            res.clear()
                            longest = rl
                        }
                        res.add([y, x])
                    }
                }
            }
        }
    }
    Fmt.print("\nThere are $d cells that take $d days to send reinforcements to:\n", res.count, longest)
    for (r in res) System.print(getRoute.call(r[0], r[1]))
}

search.call(11, 11)
showShortest.call()

search.call(21, 11)
System.print("\nThe shortest route from [21,11] to [1,11]:")
System.print(getRoute.call(1, 11))

search.call(1, 11)
System.print("\nThe shortest route from [1,11] to [21,11]:")
System.print(getRoute.call(21, 11))

search.call(11, 11)
showUnreachable.call()
showLongest.call()
Output:
There are 40 shortest routes of 4 days to safety:
[[11, 11], [11, 12], [8, 9], [14, 3], [11, 0]]
[[11, 11], [10, 11], [7, 8], [7, 5], [12, 0]]
[[11, 11], [12, 10], [13, 10], [13, 5], [13, 0]]
[[11, 11], [11, 12], [8, 9], [8, 3], [6, 1]]
[[11, 11], [11, 12], [8, 9], [8, 3], [8, 1]]
[[11, 11], [10, 10], [8, 8], [12, 4], [9, 1]]
[[11, 11], [10, 10], [12, 8], [16, 4], [13, 1]]
[[11, 11], [10, 10], [8, 8], [12, 4], [15, 1]]
[[11, 11], [10, 10], [12, 8], [16, 4], [16, 1]]
[[11, 11], [10, 10], [8, 8], [8, 4], [6, 2]]
[[11, 11], [12, 11], [15, 8], [15, 5], [18, 2]]
[[11, 11], [11, 10], [10, 9], [9, 9], [3, 3]]
[[11, 11], [10, 11], [13, 8], [14, 7], [18, 3]]
[[11, 11], [10, 10], [8, 10], [5, 7], [2, 4]]
[[11, 11], [10, 11], [7, 8], [4, 5], [3, 4]]
[[11, 11], [10, 10], [12, 8], [16, 4], [19, 4]]
[[11, 11], [10, 11], [7, 8], [7, 5], [2, 5]]
[[11, 11], [10, 11], [7, 11], [7, 12], [1, 6]]
[[11, 11], [10, 10], [8, 8], [4, 8], [1, 8]]
[[11, 11], [10, 10], [8, 10], [5, 13], [1, 9]]
[[11, 11], [11, 12], [14, 9], [18, 13], [22, 9]]
[[11, 11], [12, 11], [15, 8], [18, 11], [22, 11]]
[[11, 11], [10, 10], [8, 12], [6, 12], [0, 12]]
[[11, 11], [10, 10], [8, 10], [5, 13], [1, 13]]
[[11, 11], [11, 12], [14, 9], [18, 13], [22, 13]]
[[11, 11], [10, 11], [7, 8], [4, 11], [1, 14]]
[[11, 11], [11, 12], [8, 9], [2, 15], [1, 15]]
[[11, 11], [12, 10], [13, 10], [18, 15], [21, 15]]
[[11, 11], [11, 12], [8, 9], [2, 15], [1, 16]]
[[11, 11], [11, 12], [8, 9], [2, 15], [2, 16]]
[[11, 11], [10, 10], [12, 8], [16, 12], [20, 16]]
[[11, 11], [12, 11], [12, 14], [8, 18], [3, 18]]
[[11, 11], [11, 12], [14, 15], [16, 15], [19, 18]]
[[11, 11], [10, 11], [13, 11], [17, 15], [20, 18]]
[[11, 11], [12, 11], [9, 14], [6, 17], [4, 19]]
[[11, 11], [10, 11], [10, 14], [12, 16], [16, 20]]
[[11, 11], [11, 12], [11, 15], [11, 17], [7, 21]]
[[11, 11], [12, 11], [12, 14], [16, 18], [13, 21]]
[[11, 11], [11, 12], [11, 15], [11, 17], [15, 21]]
[[11, 11], [12, 11], [12, 14], [16, 18], [16, 21]]

The shortest route from [21,11] to [1,11]:
[[21, 11], [20, 10], [19, 9], [18, 9], [13, 4], [6, 11], [4, 11], [1, 11]]

The shortest route from [1,11] to [21,11]:
[[1, 11], [2, 10], [5, 13], [9, 9], [15, 3], [20, 8], [20, 10], [21, 11]]

The following cells are unreachable:
[[4, 3], [2, 18], [18, 20]]

There are 5 cells that take 6 days to send reinforcements to:

[[11, 11], [10, 10], [12, 8], [16, 12], [20, 12], [21, 11], [22, 12]]
[[11, 11], [11, 12], [14, 15], [16, 17], [17, 16], [18, 16], [20, 14]]
[[11, 11], [12, 11], [9, 14], [6, 17], [4, 17], [3, 17], [3, 19]]
[[11, 11], [10, 11], [7, 11], [7, 12], [7, 18], [7, 20], [6, 20]]
[[11, 11], [10, 11], [10, 14], [12, 16], [12, 20], [15, 20], [17, 20]]


Alternative using Floyd-Warshall for Part 2, and finding the longest shortest path between any two points.

import "./fmt" for Fmt

var gmooh = """
.........00000.........
......00003130000......
....000321322221000....
...00231222432132200...
..0041433223233211100..
..0232231612142618530..
.003152122326114121200.
.031252235216111132210.
.022211246332311115210.
00113232262121317213200
03152118212313211411110
03231234121132221411410
03513213411311414112320
00427534125412213211400
.013322444412122123210.
.015132331312411123120.
.003333612214233913300.
..0219126511415312570..
..0021321524341325100..
...00211415413523200...
....000122111322000....
......00001120000......
.........00000.........
""".split("\n")

var width  = gmooh[0].count
var height = gmooh.count

var d = [[-1, -1], [0, -1], [1, -1], [-1, 0], [1, 0], [-1, 1], [0, 1], [1, 1]]

var dist = []
var next = []
var pmap = []

var max = 2147483647
var min = -1

var fwPath = Fn.new { |u, v|
    var res = ""
    if (next[u][v] != min) {
        var path = [pmap[u].toString]
        while (u != v) {
            u = next[u][v]
            path.add(pmap[u].toString)
        }
        res = path.join("->")
    }
    return res
}

var showFwPath = Fn.new { |u, v|
    Fmt.print("$n->$n  $2d   $s", pmap[u], pmap[v], dist[u][v], fwPath.call(u, v))
}

var floydWarshall = Fn.new {
    var point = 0
    var weights = []
    var points = List.filled(height, null)
    for (i in 0...height) points[i] = List.filled(width, 0)
    // First number the points.
    for (x in 0...width) {
        for (y in 0...width) {
            if (gmooh[y][x].bytes[0] >= 48) {
                points[y][x] = point
                point = point + 1
                pmap.add([y, x])
            }
        }
    }
    // ...and then a set of edges (all of which have a "weight" of 1 day)
    for (x in 0...width) {
        for (y in 0...height) {
            if (gmooh[y][x].bytes[0] > 48) {
                var n = gmooh[y][x].bytes[0] - 48
                for (di in 0...d.count) {
                    var dx = d[di][0]
                    var dy = d[di][1]
                    var rx = x + n * dx
                    var ry = y + n * dy
                    if (rx >= 0 && rx < width && ry >= 0 && ry < height && gmooh[rx][ry].bytes[0] >= 48) {
                        weights.add([points[y][x], points[ry][rx]])
                    }
                }
            }
        }
    }
    // Before applying Floyd-Warshall.
    var vv = pmap.count
    dist = List.filled(vv, null)
    next = List.filled(vv, null)
    for (i in 0...vv) {
        dist[i] = List.filled(vv, 0)
        next[i] = List.filled(vv, 0)
        for (j in 0...vv) {
            dist[i][j] = max
            next[i][j] = min
        }
    }
    for (k in 0...weights.count) {
        var u = weights[k][0]
        var v = weights[k][1]
        dist[u][v] = 1  // the weight of the edge (u,v)
        next[u][v] = v
    }
    // Standard Floyd-Warshall implementation,
    // with the optimization of avoiding processing of self/infs,
    // which surprisingly makes quite a noticeable difference.
    for (k in 0...vv) {
        for (i in 0...vv) {
            if (i != k && dist[i][k] != max) {
                for (j in 0...vv) {
                    if (j != i && j != k && dist[k][j] != max) {
                        var dd  = dist[i][k] + dist[k][j]
                        if (dd < dist[i][j]) {
                            dist[i][j] = dd
                            next[i][j] = next[i][k]
                        }
                    }
                }
            }
        }
    }
    showFwPath.call(points[21][11], points[1][11])
    showFwPath.call(points[1][11], points[21][11])
    var maxd = 0
    var mi   = 0
    var mj   = 0
    for (i in 0...vv) {
        for (j in 0...vv) {
            if (j != i) {
                var dd = dist[i][j]
                if (dd != max && dd > maxd) {
                    maxd = dd
                    mi = i
                    mj = j
                }
            }
        }
    }
    System.print("\nMaximum shortest distance:")
    showFwPath.call(mi, mj)
}

floydWarshall.call()
Output:
[21, 11]->[1, 11]   7   [21, 11]->[20, 10]->[19, 10]->[14, 10]->[10, 10]->[8, 8]->[4, 8]->[1, 11]
[1, 11]->[21, 11]   7   [1, 11]->[2, 10]->[5, 13]->[9, 9]->[15, 3]->[20, 8]->[20, 10]->[21, 11]

Maximum shortest distance:
[7, 3]->[20, 14]   9   [7, 3]->[8, 4]->[10, 6]->[11, 7]->[15, 11]->[16, 11]->[17, 12]->[17, 16]->[18, 16]->[20, 14]