Pythagoras tree
You are encouraged to solve this task according to the task description, using any language you may know.
The Pythagoras tree is a fractal tree constructed from squares. It is named after Pythagoras because each triple of touching squares encloses a right triangle, in a configuration traditionally used to represent the Pythagorean theorem.
- Task
Construct a Pythagoras tree of order 7 using only vectors (no rotation or trigonometric functions).
- Related tasks
Ada
with SDL.Video.Windows.Makers;
with SDL.Video.Renderers.Makers;
with SDL.Video.Rectangles;
with SDL.Events.Events;
procedure Pythagoras_Tree is
Width : constant := 600;
Height : constant := 600;
Level : constant := 7;
type Point is record X, Y : Float; end record;
B1 : constant Point := (X => 250.0, Y => 550.0);
B2 : constant Point := (X => 350.0, Y => 550.0);
Window : SDL.Video.Windows.Window;
Renderer : SDL.Video.Renderers.Renderer;
Event : SDL.Events.Events.Events;
procedure Draw_Pythagoras_Tree (Level : in Natural;
P1, P2 : in Point)
is
use SDL.Video.Rectangles;
Dx : constant Float := P2.X - P1.X;
Dy : constant Float := P1.Y - P2.Y;
R : constant Point := (X => P2.X - Dy, Y => P2.Y - Dx);
L : constant Point := (X => P1.X - Dy, Y => P1.Y - Dx);
M : constant Point := (X => L.X + (Dx - Dy) / 2.0,
Y => L.Y - (Dx + Dy) / 2.0);
CP1 : constant SDL.Video.Rectangles.Point := (C.int (P1.X), C.int (P1.Y));
CP2 : constant SDL.Video.Rectangles.Point := (C.int (P2.X), C.int (P2.Y));
CL : constant SDL.Video.Rectangles.Point := (C.int (L.X), C.int (L.Y));
CR : constant SDL.Video.Rectangles.Point := (C.int (R.X), C.int (R.Y));
CM : constant SDL.Video.Rectangles.Point := (C.int (M.X), C.int (M.Y));
Square : constant SDL.Video.Rectangles.Line_Arrays :=
((CP1, CP2), (CP2, CR), (CR, CL), (CL, CP1));
Triang : constant SDL.Video.Rectangles.Line_Arrays :=
((CR, CL), (CL, CM), (CM, CR));
begin
if Level > 0 then
Renderer.Set_Draw_Colour (Colour => (0, 220, 0, 255));
Renderer.Draw (Lines => Square);
Renderer.Draw (Lines => Triang);
Draw_Pythagoras_Tree (Level - 1, L, M);
Draw_Pythagoras_Tree (Level - 1, M, R);
end if;
end Draw_Pythagoras_Tree;
procedure Wait is
use type SDL.Events.Event_Types;
begin
loop
while SDL.Events.Events.Poll (Event) loop
if Event.Common.Event_Type = SDL.Events.Quit then
return;
end if;
end loop;
delay 0.100;
end loop;
end Wait;
begin
if not SDL.Initialise (Flags => SDL.Enable_Screen) then
return;
end if;
SDL.Video.Windows.Makers.Create (Win => Window,
Title => "Pythagoras tree",
Position => SDL.Natural_Coordinates'(X => 10, Y => 10),
Size => SDL.Positive_Sizes'(Width, Height),
Flags => 0);
SDL.Video.Renderers.Makers.Create (Renderer, Window.Get_Surface);
Renderer.Set_Draw_Colour ((0, 0, 0, 255));
Renderer.Fill (Rectangle => (0, 0, Width, Height));
Renderer.Set_Draw_Colour ((0, 220, 0, 255));
Draw_Pythagoras_Tree (Level, B1, B2);
Window.Update_Surface;
Wait;
Window.Finalize;
SDL.Finalise;
end Pythagoras_Tree;
AutoHotkey
Requires Gdip Library
pToken := Gdip_Startup()
gdip1()
Pythagoras_tree(600, 600, 712, 600, 1)
UpdateLayeredWindow(hwnd1, hdc, 0, 0, Width, Height)
OnExit, Exit
return
Pythagoras_tree(x1, y1, x2, y2, depth){
global G, hwnd1, hdc, Width, Height
if (depth > 7)
Return
Pen := Gdip_CreatePen(0xFF808080, 1)
Brush1 := Gdip_BrushCreateSolid(0xFFFFE600)
Brush2 := Gdip_BrushCreateSolid(0xFFFAFF00)
Brush3 := Gdip_BrushCreateSolid(0xFFDBFF00)
Brush4 := Gdip_BrushCreateSolid(0xFFDBFF00)
Brush5 := Gdip_BrushCreateSolid(0xFF9EFF00)
Brush6 := Gdip_BrushCreateSolid(0xFF80FF00)
Brush7 := Gdip_BrushCreateSolid(0xFF60FF00)
dx := x2 - x1 , dy := y1 - y2
x3 := x2 - dy , y3 := y2 - dx
x4 := x1 - dy , y4 := y1 - dx
x5 := x4 + (dx - dy) / 2
y5 := y4 - (dx + dy) / 2
; draw box/triangle
Gdip_FillPolygon(G, Brush%depth%, x1 "," y1 "|" x2 "," y2 "|" x3 "," y3 "|" x4 "," y4 "|" x1 "," y1)
Gdip_FillPolygon(G, Brush%depth%, x4 "," y4 "|" x5 "," y5 "|" x3 "," y3 "|" x4 "," y4)
; draw outline
Gdip_DrawLines(G, Pen, x1 "," y1 "|" x2 "," y2 "|" x3 "," y3 "|" x4 "," y4 "|" x1 "," y1)
Gdip_DrawLines(G, Pen, x4 "," y4 "|" x5 "," y5 "|" x3 "," y3 "|" x4 "," y4)
Pythagoras_tree(x4, y4, x5, y5, depth+1)
Pythagoras_tree(x5, y5, x3, y3, depth+1)
}
gdip1(){
global
Width := A_ScreenWidth, Height := A_ScreenHeight
Gui, 1: -Caption +E0x80000 +LastFound +OwnDialogs +Owner +AlwaysOnTop
Gui, 1: Show, NA
hwnd1 := WinExist()
OnMessage(0x201, "WM_LBUTTONDOWN")
hbm := CreateDIBSection(Width, Height)
hdc := CreateCompatibleDC()
obm := SelectObject(hdc, hbm)
G := Gdip_GraphicsFromHDC(hdc)
Gdip_SetSmoothingMode(G, 4)
}
; ---------------------------------------------------------------
WM_LBUTTONDOWN(){
PostMessage, 0xA1, 2
}
; ---------------------------------------------------------------
gdip2(){
global
Gdip_DeleteBrush(pBrush)
Gdip_DeletePen(pPen)
SelectObject(hdc, obm)
DeleteObject(hbm)
DeleteDC(hdc)
Gdip_DeleteGraphics(G)
}
; ---------------------------------------------------------------
exit:
gdip2()
ExitApp
return
BASIC
BASIC256
Subroutine pythagoras_tree(x1, y1, x2, y2, depth)
If depth > 10 Then Return
dx = x2 - x1 : dy = y1 - y2
x3 = x2 - dy : y3 = y2 - dx
x4 = x1 - dy : y4 = y1 - dx
x5 = x4 + (dx - dy) / 2
y5 = y4 - (dx + dy) / 2
#draw the box
Line x1, y1, x2, y2 : Line x2, y2, x3, y3
Line x3, y3, x4, y4 : Line x4, y4, x1, y1
Call pythagoras_tree(x4, y4, x5, y5, depth +1)
Call pythagoras_tree(x5, y5, x3, y3, depth +1)
End Subroutine
w = 800 : h = w * 11 \ 16
w2 = w \ 2 : diff = w \ 12
Clg
FastGraphics
Graphsize w, h
Color green
Call pythagoras_tree(w2 - diff, h - 10, w2 + diff, h - 10, 0)
Refresh
ImgSave "pythagoras_tree.jpg", "jpg"
End
IS-BASIC
100 PROGRAM "Pythagor.bas"
110 OPTION ANGLE DEGREES
120 LET SQ2=SQR(2)
130 SET VIDEO MODE 1:SET VIDEO COLOUR 0:SET VIDEO X 42:SET VIDEO Y 25
140 OPEN #101:"video:"
150 SET PALETTE 0,141
160 DISPLAY #101:AT 1 FROM 1 TO 25
170 PLOT 580,20;ANGLE 90;
180 CALL BROCCOLI(225,10)
190 DO
200 LOOP WHILE INKEY$=""
210 TEXT
220 DEF BROCCOLI(X,Y)
230 IF X<Y THEN EXIT DEF
240 CALL SQUARE(X)
250 PLOT FORWARD X,LEFT 45,
260 CALL BROCCOLI(X/SQ2,Y)
270 PLOT RIGHT 90,FORWARD X/SQ2,
280 CALL BROCCOLI(X/SQ2,Y)
290 PLOT BACK X/SQ2,LEFT 45,BACK X,
300 END DEF
310 DEF SQUARE(X)
320 FOR I=1 TO 4
330 PLOT FORWARD X;RIGHT 90;
340 NEXT
350 END DEF
C
A Pythagoras tree constructed from an initial square of side length L, fits exactly in a bounding box of length 6L and width 4L(Proof). That's why the window dimensions are set to 6L x 4L, where L is entered by the user. The squares increase rapidly, an iteration value of 30 takes 'forever' for a single branch to complete. The colours are picked randomly thus producing the effect of a Pythagorean Christmas Tree. :)
Requires the WinBGIm library.
#include<graphics.h>
#include<stdlib.h>
#include<stdio.h>
#include<time.h>
typedef struct{
double x,y;
}point;
void pythagorasTree(point a,point b,int times){
point c,d,e;
c.x = b.x - (a.y - b.y);
c.y = b.y - (b.x - a.x);
d.x = a.x - (a.y - b.y);
d.y = a.y - (b.x - a.x);
e.x = d.x + ( b.x - a.x - (a.y - b.y) ) / 2;
e.y = d.y - ( b.x - a.x + a.y - b.y ) / 2;
if(times>0){
setcolor(rand()%15 + 1);
line(a.x,a.y,b.x,b.y);
line(c.x,c.y,b.x,b.y);
line(c.x,c.y,d.x,d.y);
line(a.x,a.y,d.x,d.y);
pythagorasTree(d,e,times-1);
pythagorasTree(e,c,times-1);
}
}
int main(){
point a,b;
double side;
int iter;
time_t t;
printf("Enter initial side length : ");
scanf("%lf",&side);
printf("Enter number of iterations : ");
scanf("%d",&iter);
a.x = 6*side/2 - side/2;
a.y = 4*side;
b.x = 6*side/2 + side/2;
b.y = 4*side;
initwindow(6*side,4*side,"Pythagoras Tree ?");
srand((unsigned)time(&t));
pythagorasTree(a,b,iter);
getch();
closegraph();
return 0;
}
C++
Windows version
#include <windows.h>
#include <string>
#include <iostream>
const int BMP_SIZE = 720, LINE_LEN = 120, BORDER = 100;
class myBitmap {
public:
myBitmap() : pen( NULL ), brush( NULL ), clr( 0 ), wid( 1 ) {}
~myBitmap() {
DeleteObject( pen ); DeleteObject( brush );
DeleteDC( hdc ); DeleteObject( bmp );
}
bool create( int w, int h ) {
BITMAPINFO bi;
ZeroMemory( &bi, sizeof( bi ) );
bi.bmiHeader.biSize = sizeof( bi.bmiHeader );
bi.bmiHeader.biBitCount = sizeof( DWORD ) * 8;
bi.bmiHeader.biCompression = BI_RGB;
bi.bmiHeader.biPlanes = 1;
bi.bmiHeader.biWidth = w;
bi.bmiHeader.biHeight = -h;
HDC dc = GetDC( GetConsoleWindow() );
bmp = CreateDIBSection( dc, &bi, DIB_RGB_COLORS, &pBits, NULL, 0 );
if( !bmp ) return false;
hdc = CreateCompatibleDC( dc );
SelectObject( hdc, bmp );
ReleaseDC( GetConsoleWindow(), dc );
width = w; height = h;
return true;
}
void clear( BYTE clr = 0 ) {
memset( pBits, clr, width * height * sizeof( DWORD ) );
}
void setBrushColor( DWORD bClr ) {
if( brush ) DeleteObject( brush );
brush = CreateSolidBrush( bClr );
SelectObject( hdc, brush );
}
void setPenColor( DWORD c ) {
clr = c; createPen();
}
void setPenWidth( int w ) {
wid = w; createPen();
}
void saveBitmap( std::string path ) {
BITMAPFILEHEADER fileheader;
BITMAPINFO infoheader;
BITMAP bitmap;
DWORD wb;
GetObject( bmp, sizeof( bitmap ), &bitmap );
DWORD* dwpBits = new DWORD[bitmap.bmWidth * bitmap.bmHeight];
ZeroMemory( dwpBits, bitmap.bmWidth * bitmap.bmHeight * sizeof( DWORD ) );
ZeroMemory( &infoheader, sizeof( BITMAPINFO ) );
ZeroMemory( &fileheader, sizeof( BITMAPFILEHEADER ) );
infoheader.bmiHeader.biBitCount = sizeof( DWORD ) * 8;
infoheader.bmiHeader.biCompression = BI_RGB;
infoheader.bmiHeader.biPlanes = 1;
infoheader.bmiHeader.biSize = sizeof( infoheader.bmiHeader );
infoheader.bmiHeader.biHeight = bitmap.bmHeight;
infoheader.bmiHeader.biWidth = bitmap.bmWidth;
infoheader.bmiHeader.biSizeImage = bitmap.bmWidth * bitmap.bmHeight * sizeof( DWORD );
fileheader.bfType = 0x4D42;
fileheader.bfOffBits = sizeof( infoheader.bmiHeader ) + sizeof( BITMAPFILEHEADER );
fileheader.bfSize = fileheader.bfOffBits + infoheader.bmiHeader.biSizeImage;
GetDIBits( hdc, bmp, 0, height, ( LPVOID )dwpBits, &infoheader, DIB_RGB_COLORS );
HANDLE file = CreateFile( path.c_str(), GENERIC_WRITE, 0, NULL, CREATE_ALWAYS,
FILE_ATTRIBUTE_NORMAL, NULL );
WriteFile( file, &fileheader, sizeof( BITMAPFILEHEADER ), &wb, NULL );
WriteFile( file, &infoheader.bmiHeader, sizeof( infoheader.bmiHeader ), &wb, NULL );
WriteFile( file, dwpBits, bitmap.bmWidth * bitmap.bmHeight * 4, &wb, NULL );
CloseHandle( file );
delete [] dwpBits;
}
HDC getDC() const { return hdc; }
int getWidth() const { return width; }
int getHeight() const { return height; }
private:
void createPen() {
if( pen ) DeleteObject( pen );
pen = CreatePen( PS_SOLID, wid, clr );
SelectObject( hdc, pen );
}
HBITMAP bmp; HDC hdc;
HPEN pen; HBRUSH brush;
void *pBits; int width, height, wid;
DWORD clr;
};
class tree {
public:
tree() {
bmp.create( BMP_SIZE, BMP_SIZE ); bmp.clear();
clr[0] = RGB( 90, 30, 0 ); clr[1] = RGB( 255, 255, 0 );
clr[2] = RGB( 0, 255, 255 ); clr[3] = RGB( 255, 255, 255 );
clr[4] = RGB( 255, 0, 0 ); clr[5] = RGB( 0, 100, 190 );
}
void draw( int it, POINT a, POINT b ) {
if( !it ) return;
bmp.setPenColor( clr[it % 6] );
POINT df = { b.x - a.x, a.y - b.y }; POINT c = { b.x - df.y, b.y - df.x };
POINT d = { a.x - df.y, a.y - df.x };
POINT e = { d.x + ( ( df.x - df.y ) / 2 ), d.y - ( ( df.x + df.y ) / 2 )};
drawSqr( a, b, c, d ); draw( it - 1, d, e ); draw( it - 1, e, c );
}
void save( std::string p ) { bmp.saveBitmap( p ); }
private:
void drawSqr( POINT a, POINT b, POINT c, POINT d ) {
HDC dc = bmp.getDC();
MoveToEx( dc, a.x, a.y, NULL );
LineTo( dc, b.x, b.y );
LineTo( dc, c.x, c.y );
LineTo( dc, d.x, d.y );
LineTo( dc, a.x, a.y );
}
myBitmap bmp;
DWORD clr[6];
};
int main( int argc, char* argv[] ) {
POINT ptA = { ( BMP_SIZE >> 1 ) - ( LINE_LEN >> 1 ), BMP_SIZE - BORDER },
ptB = { ptA.x + LINE_LEN, ptA.y };
tree t; t.draw( 12, ptA, ptB );
// change this path
t.save( "?:/pt.bmp" );
return 0;
}
Dart
Creating an SVG file
Dart version: ^3.0.0
import 'dart:math';
import 'dart:io';
void main() {
var basis = [(Point(-200.0, 0.0), Point(200.0, 0.0))];
final groups = Iterable.generate(12, (lvl) {
final basis0 = basis;
basis = [];
final lvlPolygons = basis0.map((pp) {
final (a, b) = pp;
final v = Point((b - a).y, (a - b).x);
final [c, d, e] = [a, b, (a + b + v) * 0.5].map((p) => p + v).toList();
basis.addAll([(c, e), (e, d)]);
return '<polygon points="${[a, c, e, d, c, d, b].expand((p) => [p.x, p.y]).join(' ')}"/>';
}).join('\n');
rg(int step) => ((80 + (lvl - 2) * step) & 255).toRadixString(16).padLeft(2, '0');
return '<g fill="#${rg(20)}${rg(30)}18">\n$lvlPolygons\n</g>';
}).join('\n');
final (x, y) = basis.fold((0.0, 0.0), (p, pp) => (min(p.$1, pp.$1.x), min(p.$2, pp.$1.y)));
final attrs = 'viewBox="$x $y ${-x - x} ${-y}" stroke="white" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"';
File('Pythagor_tree.svg').writeAsString('<svg $attrs>\n$groups\n</svg>');
}
Drawing in Flutter
View output / play with the code - online in DartPad
import 'package:flutter/material.dart';
void main() => runApp(FittedBox(
child: CustomPaint(painter: TreePainter(), size: const Size(2400, 1600))));
class TreePainter extends CustomPainter {
@override
void paint(Canvas canvas, Size size) {
final stroke = Paint()
..style = PaintingStyle.stroke
..strokeWidth = 0.9
..color = Colors.white;
final fill = Paint()..style = PaintingStyle.fill;
canvas.drawColor(Colors.white, BlendMode.src);
const halfBase = Offset(200, 0);
var basis = [(size.bottomCenter(-halfBase), size.bottomCenter(halfBase))];
for (var lvl = 0; lvl < 12; lvl++) {
final path = Path();
final basis0 = basis;
basis = [];
for (var (a, b) in basis0) {
final v = Offset((b - a).dy, (a - b).dx);
final [c, d, e] = [a, b, (a + b + v) / 2].map((p) => p + v).toList();
basis.addAll([(c, e), (e, d)]);
path.addPolygon([a, c, e, d, c, d, b], true);
}
rg(int step) => (80 + (lvl - 2) * step) & 255;
canvas
..drawPath(path, fill..color = Color.fromARGB(255, rg(20), rg(30), 18))
..drawPath(path, stroke);
}
}
@override
bool shouldRepaint(CustomPainter oldDelegate) => true;
}
EasyLang
proc tree x1 y1 x2 y2 depth . .
if depth < 8
dx = x2 - x1
dy = y1 - y2
x3 = x2 + dy
y3 = y2 + dx
x4 = x1 + dy
y4 = y1 + dx
x5 = x4 + 0.5 * (dx + dy)
y5 = y4 + 0.5 * (dx - dy)
color3 0.3 0.2 + depth / 18 0.1
polygon [ x1 y1 x2 y2 x3 y3 x4 y4 ]
polygon [ x3 y3 x4 y4 x5 y5 ]
tree x4 y4 x5 y5 depth + 1
tree x5 y5 x3 y3 depth + 1
.
.
tree 41 10 59 10 0
F#
Creating an HTML file with an inline SVG. The generation of the tree is done breadth first.
type Point = { x:float; y:float }
type Line = { left : Point; right : Point }
let draw_start_html = """<!DOCTYPE html>
<html><head><title>Phytagoras tree</title>
<style type="text/css">polygon{fill:none;stroke:black;stroke-width:1}</style>
</head><body>
<svg width="640" height="640">"""
let draw_end_html = """Sorry, your browser does not support inline SVG.
</svg></body></html>"""
let svg_square x1 y1 x2 y2 x3 y3 x4 y4 =
sprintf """<polygon points="%i %i %i %i %i %i %i %i" />"""
(int x1) (int y1) (int x2) (int y2) (int x3) (int y3) (int x4) (int y4)
let out (x : string) = System.Console.WriteLine(x)
let sprout line =
let dx = line.right.x - line.left.x
let dy = line.left.y - line.right.y
let line2 = {
left = { x = line.left.x - dy; y = line.left.y - dx };
right = { x = line.right.x - dy ; y = line.right.y - dx }
}
let triangleTop = {
x = line2.left.x + (dx - dy) / 2.;
y = line2.left.y - (dx + dy) / 2.
}
[
{ left = line2.left; right = triangleTop }
{ left = triangleTop; right = line2.right }
]
let draw_square line =
let dx = line.right.x - line.left.x
let dy = line.left.y - line.right.y
svg_square line.left.x line.left.y line.right.x line.right.y
(line.right.x - dy) (line.right.y - dx) (line.left.x - dy) (line.left.y - dx)
let rec generate lines = function
| 0 -> ()
| n ->
let next =
lines
|> List.collect (fun line ->
(draw_square >> out) line
sprout line
)
generate next (n-1)
[<EntryPoint>]
let main argv =
let depth = 1 + if argv.Length > 0 then (System.UInt32.Parse >> int) argv.[0] else 2
out draw_start_html
generate [{ left = { x = 275.; y = 500. }; right = { x = 375.; y = 500. } }] depth
out draw_end_html
0
FreeBASIC
' version 03-12-2016
' compile with: fbc -s gui
' or fbc -s console
Sub pythagoras_tree(x1 As Double, y1 As Double, x2 As Double, y2 As Double, depth As ULong)
If depth > 10 Then Return
Dim As Double dx = x2 - x1, dy = y1 - y2
Dim As Double x3 = x2 - dy, y3 = y2 - dx
Dim As Double x4 = x1 - dy, y4 = y1 - dx
Dim As Double x5 = x4 + (dx - dy) / 2
Dim As Double y5 = y4 - (dx + dy) / 2
'draw the box
Line (x1, y1) - (x2, y2) : Line - (x3, y3)
Line - (x4, y4) : Line - (x1, y1)
pythagoras_tree(x4, y4, x5, y5, depth +1)
pythagoras_tree(x5, y5, x3, y3, depth +1)
End Sub
' ------=< MAIN >=------
' max for w is about max screensize - 500
Dim As ULong w = 800, h = w * 11 \ 16
Dim As ULong w2 = w \ 2, diff = w \ 12
ScreenRes w, h, 8
pythagoras_tree(w2 - diff, h -10 , w2 + diff , h -10 , 0)
' BSave "pythagoras_tree.bmp",0
' empty keyboard buffer
While Inkey <> "" : Wend
Print : Print "hit any key to end program"
Sleep
End
FutureBasic
_window = 1
void local fn BuildWindow
CGRect r = fn CGRectMake( 0, 0, 705, 500 )
window _window, @"Pythagoras Tree In FutureBasic", r, NSWindowStyleMaskTitled
WindowSetBackgroundColor( _window, fn ColorBlack )
end fn
local fn PythagorasTree( x1 as double, y1 as double, x2 as double, y2 as double, depth as NSUInteger )
if depth > 10 then exit fn
double dx = x2 - x1, dy = y1 - y2
double x3 = x2 - dy, y3 = y2 - dx
double x4 = x1 - dy, y4 = y1 - dx
double x5 = x4 + (dx - dy) / 2
double y5 = y4 - (dx + dy) / 2
select ( rnd(5) )
case 1 : pen 2, fn ColorBrown
case 2 : pen 2, fn ColorRed
case 3 : pen 2, fn ColorOrange
case 4 : pen 2, fn ColorYellow
case 5 : pen 2, fn ColorGreen
end select
line x1, y1, x2, y2 : Line x2, y2, x3, y3
line x3, y3, x4, y4 : Line x4, y4, x1, y1
fn PythagorasTree( x4, y4, x5, y5, depth +1 )
fn PythagorasTree( x5, y5, x3, y3, depth +1 )
end fn
local fn DrawTree
NSUInteger w = 700, h = w * 11 \ 16
NSUInteger w2 = w \ 2, diff = w \ 12
fn PythagorasTree( w2 - diff, h -10 , w2 + diff , h -10 , 0 )
end fn
random
fn BuildWindow
fn DrawTree
HandleEvents
- Output:
Go
package main
import (
"image"
"image/color"
"image/draw"
"image/png"
"log"
"os"
)
const (
width, height = 800, 600
maxDepth = 11 // how far to recurse, between 1 and 20 is reasonable
colFactor = uint8(255 / maxDepth) // adjusts the colour so leaves get greener further out
fileName = "pythagorasTree.png"
)
func main() {
img := image.NewNRGBA(image.Rect(0, 0, width, height)) // create new image
bg := image.NewUniform(color.RGBA{255, 255, 255, 255}) // prepare white for background
draw.Draw(img, img.Bounds(), bg, image.ZP, draw.Src) // fill the background
drawSquares(340, 550, 460, 550, img, 0) // start off near the bottom of the image
imgFile, err := os.Create(fileName)
if err != nil {
log.Fatal(err)
}
defer imgFile.Close()
if err := png.Encode(imgFile, img); err != nil {
imgFile.Close()
log.Fatal(err)
}
}
func drawSquares(ax, ay, bx, by int, img *image.NRGBA, depth int) {
if depth > maxDepth {
return
}
dx, dy := bx-ax, ay-by
x3, y3 := bx-dy, by-dx
x4, y4 := ax-dy, ay-dx
x5, y5 := x4+(dx-dy)/2, y4-(dx+dy)/2
col := color.RGBA{0, uint8(depth) * colFactor, 0, 255}
drawLine(ax, ay, bx, by, img, col)
drawLine(bx, by, x3, y3, img, col)
drawLine(x3, y3, x4, y4, img, col)
drawLine(x4, y4, ax, ay, img, col)
drawSquares(x4, y4, x5, y5, img, depth+1)
drawSquares(x5, y5, x3, y3, img, depth+1)
}
func drawLine(x0, y0, x1, y1 int, img *image.NRGBA, col color.RGBA) {
dx := abs(x1 - x0)
dy := abs(y1 - y0)
var sx, sy int = -1, -1
if x0 < x1 {
sx = 1
}
if y0 < y1 {
sy = 1
}
err := dx - dy
for {
img.Set(x0, y0, col)
if x0 == x1 && y0 == y1 {
break
}
e2 := 2 * err
if e2 > -dy {
err -= dy
x0 += sx
}
if e2 < dx {
err += dx
y0 += sy
}
}
}
func abs(x int) int {
if x < 0 {
return -x
}
return x
}
Haskell
Haskell allows us to make highly modular solution.
Firstly, we define a function mkBranches
that produces a pair of minor squares based on a given square. Each square is represented as a list of points.
mkBranches :: [(Float,Float)] -> [[(Float,Float)]]
mkBranches [a, b, c, d] = let d = 0.5 <*> (b <+> (-1 <*> a))
l1 = d <+> orth d
l2 = orth l1
in
[ [a <+> l2, b <+> (2 <*> l2), a <+> l1, a]
, [a <+> (2 <*> l1), b <+> l1, b, b <+> l2] ]
where
(a, b) <+> (c, d) = (a+c, b+d)
n <*> (a, b) = (a*n, b*n)
orth (a, b) = (-b, a)
We then create squares
using mkBranches
to build a list representing the set of squares. In order to apply this function iteratively to form a 10-generation tree, we also have to define the monadic iteration iterateM
within squares
.
squares = concat $ take 10 $ iterateM mkBranches start
where start = [(0,100),(100,100),(100,0),(0,0)]
iterateM f x = iterate (>>= f) (pure x)
The raw result returned by squares
should be used in the main
function in order to be displayed in a new window, saved directly to a SVG file, or printed to a bitmap file.
Window output
--import should go to the top of the code
import Graphics.Gloss
main = display (InWindow "Pithagoras tree" (400, 400) (0, 0)) white tree
where tree = foldMap lineLoop squares
SVG file
main = writeFile "pith.svg" svg
where svg = "<svg " ++ attrs ++ foldMap (mkLine . close) squares ++ "</svg>"
attrs = "fill='none' stroke='black' height='400' width='600'>"
mkLine path = "<polyline points ='" ++ foldMap mkPoint path ++ "'/>"
mkPoint (x,y) = show (250+x) ++ "," ++ show (400-y) ++ " "
close lst = lst ++ [head lst]
Bitmap image
--import should go to the top of the code
import Graphics.EasyPlot
--change PNG by the desired format
main = plot (PNG "pith.png") $ map (mkLine . close) squares
where mkLine = Data2D [Style Lines, Color Black,Title ""] []
close lst = lst ++ [head lst]
J
require'plot'
Pt=: {{
if. 0<m do.
d=. 0j1*y-x
p2=. y+d
p3=. x+d
p4=. (0.5*x+y)+1.5*d
pd x,y,p2,p3
p3 (<:m) Pt p4
p4 (<:m) Pt p2
end.
}}
Pytree=: {{
pd 'reset'
pd 'type poly'
5r2j4 y Pt 7r2j4
pd 'show'
}}
Pytree 7
Java
import java.awt.*;
import java.awt.geom.Path2D;
import javax.swing.*;
public class PythagorasTree extends JPanel {
final int depthLimit = 7;
float hue = 0.15f;
public PythagorasTree() {
setPreferredSize(new Dimension(640, 640));
setBackground(Color.white);
}
private void drawTree(Graphics2D g, float x1, float y1, float x2, float y2,
int depth) {
if (depth == depthLimit)
return;
float dx = x2 - x1;
float dy = y1 - y2;
float x3 = x2 - dy;
float y3 = y2 - dx;
float x4 = x1 - dy;
float y4 = y1 - dx;
float x5 = x4 + 0.5F * (dx - dy);
float y5 = y4 - 0.5F * (dx + dy);
Path2D square = new Path2D.Float();
square.moveTo(x1, y1);
square.lineTo(x2, y2);
square.lineTo(x3, y3);
square.lineTo(x4, y4);
square.closePath();
g.setColor(Color.getHSBColor(hue + depth * 0.02f, 1, 1));
g.fill(square);
g.setColor(Color.lightGray);
g.draw(square);
Path2D triangle = new Path2D.Float();
triangle.moveTo(x3, y3);
triangle.lineTo(x4, y4);
triangle.lineTo(x5, y5);
triangle.closePath();
g.setColor(Color.getHSBColor(hue + depth * 0.035f, 1, 1));
g.fill(triangle);
g.setColor(Color.lightGray);
g.draw(triangle);
drawTree(g, x4, y4, x5, y5, depth + 1);
drawTree(g, x5, y5, x3, y3, depth + 1);
}
@Override
public void paintComponent(Graphics g) {
super.paintComponent(g);
drawTree((Graphics2D) g, 275, 500, 375, 500, 0);
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
SwingUtilities.invokeLater(() -> {
JFrame f = new JFrame();
f.setDefaultCloseOperation(JFrame.EXIT_ON_CLOSE);
f.setTitle("Pythagoras Tree");
f.setResizable(false);
f.add(new PythagorasTree(), BorderLayout.CENTER);
f.pack();
f.setLocationRelativeTo(null);
f.setVisible(true);
});
}
}
JavaScript
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<style>
canvas {
position: absolute;
top: 45%;
left: 50%;
width: 640px;
height: 640px;
margin: -320px 0 0 -320px;
}
</style>
</head>
<body>
<canvas></canvas>
<script>
'use strict';
var canvas = document.querySelector('canvas');
canvas.width = 640;
canvas.height = 640;
var g = canvas.getContext('2d');
var depthLimit = 7;
var hue = 0.15;
function drawTree(x1, y1, x2, y2, depth) {
if (depth == depthLimit)
return;
var dx = x2 - x1;
var dy = y1 - y2;
var x3 = x2 - dy;
var y3 = y2 - dx;
var x4 = x1 - dy;
var y4 = y1 - dx;
var x5 = x4 + 0.5 * (dx - dy);
var y5 = y4 - 0.5 * (dx + dy);
g.beginPath();
g.moveTo(x1, y1);
g.lineTo(x2, y2);
g.lineTo(x3, y3);
g.lineTo(x4, y4);
g.closePath();
g.fillStyle = HSVtoRGB(hue + depth * 0.02, 1, 1);
g.fill();
g.strokeStyle = "lightGray";
g.stroke();
g.beginPath();
g.moveTo(x3, y3);
g.lineTo(x4, y4);
g.lineTo(x5, y5);
g.closePath();
g.fillStyle = HSVtoRGB(hue + depth * 0.035, 1, 1);
g.fill();
g.strokeStyle = "lightGray";
g.stroke();
drawTree(x4, y4, x5, y5, depth + 1);
drawTree(x5, y5, x3, y3, depth + 1);
}
/* copied from stackoverflow */
function HSVtoRGB(h, s, v) {
var r, g, b, i, f, p, q, t;
i = Math.floor(h * 6);
f = h * 6 - i;
p = v * (1 - s);
q = v * (1 - f * s);
t = v * (1 - (1 - f) * s);
switch (i % 6) {
case 0: r = v, g = t, b = p; break;
case 1: r = q, g = v, b = p; break;
case 2: r = p, g = v, b = t; break;
case 3: r = p, g = q, b = v; break;
case 4: r = t, g = p, b = v; break;
case 5: r = v, g = p, b = q; break;
}
return "rgb("
+ Math.round(r * 255) + ","
+ Math.round(g * 255) + ","
+ Math.round(b * 255) + ")";
}
function draw() {
g.clearRect(0, 0, canvas.width, canvas.height);
drawTree(275, 500, 375, 500, 0);
}
draw();
</script>
</body>
</html>
Run this script from the browser console (F12) or from the <script> tag of an html document.
let base = [[{ x: -200, y: 0 }, { x: 200, y: 0 }]];
const doc = [...Array(12)].reduce((doc_a, _, lvl) => {
const rg = step => `0${(80 + (lvl - 2) * step).toString(16)}`.slice(-2);
return doc_a + base.splice(0).reduce((ga, [a, b]) => {
const w = (kx, ky) => (kx * (b.x - a.x) + ky * (b.y - a.y)) / 2;
const [c, e, d] = [2, 3, 2].map((j, i) => ({ x: a.x + w(i, j), y: a.y + w(-j, i) }));
base.push([c, e], [e, d]);
return ga + `<polygon points="${[a, c, e, d, c, d, b].map(p => [p.x, p.y])}"/>\n`;
}, `<g fill="#${rg(20)}${rg(30)}18">\n`) + '</g>\n';
}, '<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1200" stroke="white">\n') + '</svg>';
const { x, y } = base.flat().reduce((a, p) => ({ x: Math.min(a.x, p.x), y: Math.min(a.y, p.y) }));
const svg = doc.replace('<svg ', `<svg viewBox="${[x, y, -x - x, -y]}" `);
document.documentElement.innerHTML = svg, ''; // display svg in the browser window
jq
Adapted from Wren
Works with gojq, the Go implementation of jq
The jq program presented here generates SVG, which can readily be viewed in a browser, at least if the file suffix is .svg.
Notice that the SVG viewBox dimensions are computed dynamically.
# viewBox = <min-x> <min-y> <width> <height>
# Input: {svg, minx, miny, maxx, maxy}
def svg:
"<svg viewBox='\(.minx - 4|floor) \(.miny - 4 |floor) \(6 + .maxx - .minx|ceil) \(6 + .maxy - .miny|ceil)'",
" preserveAspectRatio='xMinYmin meet'",
" xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' >",
.svg,
"</svg>";
def minmax($xy):
.minx = ([.minx, $xy[0]]|min)
| .miny = ([.miny, $xy[1]]|min)
| .maxx = ([.maxx, $xy[0]]|max)
| .maxy = ([.maxy, $xy[1]]|max) ;
# default values for $fill and $stroke are provided
def Polygon( $ary; $fill; $stroke):
def rnd: 1000*.|round/1000;
($fill // "none") as $fill
| ($stroke // "black") as $stroke
| ($ary | map(rnd) | join(" ")) as $a
| .svg += "\n<polygon points='\($a)' fill='\($fill)' stroke='\($stroke)' />"
| minmax($ary | [ ([ .[ range(0;length;2)]] |min), ([ .[range(1;length;2)]]|min) ] )
| minmax($ary | [ ([ .[ range(0;length;2)]] |max), ([ .[range(1;length;2)]]|max) ] ) ;
def Square($A; $B; $C; $D; $fill; $stroke):
Polygon( $A + $B + $C + $D; $fill; $stroke);
def Triangle($A; $B; $C; $fill; $stroke):
Polygon( $A + $B + $C; $fill; $stroke);
def PythagorasTree:
def drawTree($x1; $y1; $x2; $y2; $depth):
if $depth <= 0 then .
else ($x2 - $x1) as $dx
| ($y1 - $y2) as $dy
| ($x2 - $dy) as $x3
| ($y2 - $dx) as $y3
| ($x1 - $dy) as $x4
| ($y1 - $dx) as $y4
| ($x4 + 0.5 * ($dx - $dy)) as $x5
| ($y4 - 0.5 * ($dx + $dy)) as $y5
# draw a square
| "rgb(\(256 - $depth * 20), 0, 0)" as $col
| Square([$x1, $y1]; [$x2, $y2]; [$x3, $y3] ; [$x4, $y4] ; $col; "lightgray")
# draw a triangle
| "rgb( 128, \(256 - $depth * 20), 128)" as $col
| Triangle([$x3, $y3]; [$x4, $y4]; [$x5, $y5]; $col; "lightgray")
| drawTree($x4; $y4; $x5; $y5; $depth - 1)
| drawTree($x5; $y5; $x3; $y3; $depth - 1)
end ;
{svg: "", minx: infinite, miny: infinite, maxx: -infinite, maxy: -infinite}
| drawTree(275; 500; 375; 500; 7);
PythagorasTree | svg
- Output:
Julia
using Gadfly
using DataFrames
const xarray = zeros(Float64, 80000)
const yarray = zeros(Float64, 80000)
const arraypos = ones(Int32,1)
const maxdepth = zeros(Int32, 1)
function addpoints(x1, y1, x2, y2)
xarray[arraypos[1]] = x1
xarray[arraypos[1]+1] = x2
yarray[arraypos[1]] = y1
yarray[arraypos[1]+1] = y2
arraypos[1] += 2
end
function pythtree(ax, ay, bx, by, depth)
if(depth > maxdepth[1])
return
end
dx=bx-ax; dy=ay-by;
x3=bx-dy; y3=by-dx;
x4=ax-dy; y4=ay-dx;
x5=x4+(dx-dy)/2; y5=y4-(dx+dy)/2;
addpoints(ax, ay, bx, by)
addpoints(bx, by, x3, y3)
addpoints(x3, y3, x4, y4)
addpoints(x4, y4, ax, ay)
pythtree(x4, y4, x5, y5, depth + 1)
pythtree(x5, y5, x3, y3, depth + 1)
end
function pythagorastree(x1, y1, x2, y2, size, maxdep)
maxdepth[1] = maxdep
println("Pythagoras Tree, depth $(maxdepth[1]), size $size, starts at ($x1, $y1, $x2, $y2)");
pythtree(x1, y1, x2, y2, 0);
df = DataFrame(x=xarray[1:arraypos[1]-1], y=-yarray[1:arraypos[1]-1])
plot(df, x=:x, y=:y, Geom.path(), Theme(default_color="green", point_size=0.4mm))
end
pythagorastree(275.,500.,375.,500.,640., 9)
Kotlin
// version 1.1.2
import java.awt.*
import java.awt.geom.Path2D
import javax.swing.*
class PythagorasTree : JPanel() {
val depthLimit = 7
val hue = 0.15f
init {
preferredSize = Dimension(640, 640)
background = Color.white
}
private fun drawTree(g: Graphics2D, x1: Float, y1: Float,
x2: Float, y2: Float, depth: Int) {
if (depth == depthLimit) return
val dx = x2 - x1
val dy = y1 - y2
val x3 = x2 - dy
val y3 = y2 - dx
val x4 = x1 - dy
val y4 = y1 - dx
val x5 = x4 + 0.5f * (dx - dy)
val y5 = y4 - 0.5f * (dx + dy)
val square = Path2D.Float()
with (square) {
moveTo(x1, y1)
lineTo(x2, y2)
lineTo(x3, y3)
lineTo(x4, y4)
closePath()
}
g.color = Color.getHSBColor(hue + depth * 0.02f, 1.0f, 1.0f)
g.fill(square)
g.color = Color.lightGray
g.draw(square)
val triangle = Path2D.Float()
with (triangle) {
moveTo(x3, y3)
lineTo(x4, y4)
lineTo(x5, y5)
closePath()
}
g.color = Color.getHSBColor(hue + depth * 0.035f, 1.0f, 1.0f)
g.fill(triangle)
g.color = Color.lightGray
g.draw(triangle)
drawTree(g, x4, y4, x5, y5, depth + 1)
drawTree(g, x5, y5, x3, y3, depth + 1)
}
override fun paintComponent(g: Graphics) {
super.paintComponent(g)
drawTree(g as Graphics2D, 275.0f, 500.0f, 375.0f, 500.0f, 0)
}
}
fun main(args: Array<String>) {
SwingUtilities.invokeLater {
val f = JFrame()
with (f) {
defaultCloseOperation = JFrame.EXIT_ON_CLOSE
title = "Pythagoras Tree"
isResizable = false
add(PythagorasTree(), BorderLayout.CENTER)
pack()
setLocationRelativeTo(null);
setVisible(true)
}
}
}
M2000 Interpreter
Cartesian Coordinates
MODULE Pythagoras_tree {
CLS 5, 0 ' MAGENTA, NO SPLIT SCREEN
PEN 14 ' YELLOW
\\ code from zkl/Free Basic
LET w = scale.x, h = w * 11 div 16
LET w2 = w div 2, diff = w div 12
LET TreeOrder = 6
pythagoras_tree(w2 - diff, h -10, w2 + diff, h -10, 0)
SUB pythagoras_tree(x1, y1, x2, y2, depth)
IF depth > TreeOrder THEN EXIT SUB
LOCAL dx = x2 - x1, dy = y1 - y2
LOCAL x3 = x2 - dy, y3 = y2 - dx
LOCAL x4 = x1 - dy, y4 = y1 - dx
LOCAL x5 = x4 + (dx - dy) / 2
LOCAL y5 = y4 - (dx + dy) / 2
MOVE x1, y1
DRAW TO x2, y2
DRAW TO x3, y3
DRAW TO x4, y4
DRAW TO x1, y1
pythagoras_tree(x4, y4, x5, y5, depth +1)
pythagoras_tree(x5, y5, x3, y3, depth +1)
END SUB
}
Pythagoras_tree
Polar Coordinates
MODULE Pythagoras_Example{
CLS 5, 0 ' MAGENTA, split line = 0
PEN 14 ' YELLOW
\\ Linux smoothing not work (we can use the statement but without effect)
IF ISWINE ELSE SMOOTH ON
\\ PYTHAGORAS TREE
\\ by definition all variables ar type of a double
GLOBAL p=7, p4=PI/4, p2=PI/2, s2=SQRT(2)/2
MODULE center_p (r, t){
MODULE pythagoras_tree (r, dx, depth) {
r2=r-p2
DRAW ANGLE r, dx
DRAW ANGLE r2, dx
DRAW ANGLE r, -dx
DRAW ANGLE r2, -dx
IF depth>10 THEN EXIT
s3=dx*s2
depth++
STEP ANGLE r+p4, s3*2
CALL pythagoras_tree r-p4, s3, depth
STEP ANGLE r, -dx-s3
STEP ANGLE r, s3
STEP ANGLE r+p4, -s3
CALL pythagoras_tree r+p4, s3, depth
STEP ANGLE r-p4, s3
}
MOVE SCALE.X/2, SCALE.Y/2
STEP ANGLE PI-p4+r, t*s2
CALL pythagoras_tree r, t, 1
}
r=PI/3
pixels=100
center_p r, 100*TWIPSX
center_p r+PI, 100*TWIPSX
CopyImageToClipboard()
Sub CopyImageToClipboard()
LOCAL Scr$=""
MOVE 0,0
COPY SCALE.X, SCALE.Y TO Scr$
CLIPBOARD Scr$
END SUB
}
Pythagoras_Example
Mathematica / Wolfram Language
n = 7;
colors = Blend[{Orange, Yellow, Green}, #] & /@ Subdivide[n - 1];
ClearAll[NextConfigs, NewConfig]
NewConfig[b1_List, b2_List] := Module[{diff, perp},
diff = b2 - b1;
perp = Cross[b2 - b1];
<|"quad" -> Polygon[{b1, b2, b2 + perp, b1 + perp}], "triang" -> Polygon[{b1 + 1.5 perp + diff/2, b1 + perp, b2 + perp}]|>
]
NextConfigs[config_Association] := Module[{tr},
tr = config["triangs"][[All, 1]];
tr = Join[NewConfig @@@ tr[[All, {2, 1}]], NewConfig @@@ tr[[All, {1, 3}]]];
<|"quads" -> tr[[All, "quad"]], "triangs" -> tr[[All, "triang"]]|>
]
nc = NewConfig[{-0.5, 0.0}, {0.5, 0.0}];
config = <|"quads" -> {nc["quad"]}, "triangs" -> {nc["triang"]}|>;
config = NestList[NextConfigs, config, n - 1];
Graphics[MapThread[{EdgeForm[Black], FaceForm[#2], #1["quads"], #1["triangs"]} &, {config, colors}]]
Nim
Using Perl algorithm with some changes: background is black and there is no color variation according to depth.
import imageman
const
Width = 1920
Height = 1080
MaxDepth = 10
Color = ColorRGBU([byte 0, 255, 0])
proc drawTree(img: var Image; x1, y1, x2, y2: int; depth: Natural) =
if depth == 0: return
let
dx = x2 - x1
dy = y1 - y2
x3 = x2 - dy
y3 = y2 - dx
x4 = x1 - dy
y4 = y1 - dx
x5 = x4 + (dx - dy) div 2
y5 = y4 - (dx + dy) div 2
# Draw square.
img.drawPolyline(true, Color, (x1, y1), (x2, y2), (x3, y3), (x4, y4))
# Draw triangle.
img.drawPolyline(true, Color, (x3, y3), (x4, y4), (x5, y5))
# Next level.
img.drawTree(x4, y4, x5, y5, depth - 1)
img.drawTree(x5, y5, x3, y3, depth - 1)
var image = initImage[ColorRGBU](Width, Height)
image.drawTree(int(Width / 2.3), Height - 1, int(Width / 1.8), Height - 1, MaxDepth)
image.savePNG("pythagoras_tree.png", compression = 9)
Ol
(import (lib gl))
(import (OpenGL version-1-0))
(gl:set-window-size 700 600)
(gl:set-window-title "http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Pythagoras_tree")
(glLineWidth 2)
(gl:set-renderer (lambda (mouse)
(glClear GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT)
(glLoadIdentity)
(glOrtho -3 4 -1 5 0 1)
(let loop ((a '(0 . 0)) (b '(1 . 0)) (n 7))
(unless (zero? n)
(define dx (- (car b) (car a)))
(define dy (- (cdr b) (cdr a)))
(define c (cons
(- (car b) dy)
(+ (cdr b) dx)))
(define d (cons
(- (car a) dy)
(+ (cdr a) dx)))
(define e (cons
(- (/ (+ (car c) (car d)) 2) (/ dy 2))
(+ (/ (+ (cdr c) (cdr d)) 2) (/ dx 2))))
(glColor3f 0 (+ 1/3 (/ 2/3 n)) 0)
(glBegin GL_QUADS)
(glVertex2f (car a) (cdr a))
(glVertex2f (car b) (cdr b))
(glVertex2f (car c) (cdr c))
(glVertex2f (car d) (cdr d))
(glEnd)
(glColor3f 1 0 0)
(glBegin GL_TRIANGLES)
(glVertex2f (car c) (cdr c))
(glVertex2f (car e) (cdr e))
(glVertex2f (car d) (cdr d))
(glEnd)
(loop d e (- n 1))
(loop e c (- n 1))
))
))
PARI/GP
This version with recursion, in general, is a translation of zkl version. Almost "as is", so, outputting upside-down tree.
\\ Pythagoras Tree (w/recursion)
\\ 4/11/16 aev
plotline(x1,y1,x2,y2)={plotmove(0, x1,y1);plotrline(0,x2-x1,y2-y1);}
pythtree(ax,ay,bx,by,d=0)={
my(dx,dy,x3,y3,x4,y4,x5,y5);
if(d>10, return());
dx=bx-ax; dy=ay-by;
x3=bx-dy; y3=by-dx;
x4=ax-dy; y4=ay-dx;
x5=x4+(dx-dy)\2; y5=y4-(dx+dy)\2;
plotline(ax,ay,bx,by);
plotline(bx,by,x3,y3);
plotline(x3,y3,x4,y4);
plotline(x4,y4,ax,ay);
pythtree(x4,y4,x5,y5,d+1);
pythtree(x5,y5,x3,y3,d+1);
}
PythagorTree(x1,y1,x2,y2,depth=9,size)={
my(dx=1,dy=0,ttlb="Pythagoras Tree, depth ",ttl=Str(ttlb,depth));
print1(" *** ",ttl); print(", size ",size);
print(" *** Start: ",x1,",",y1,",",x2,",",y2);
plotinit(0);
plotcolor(0,6); \\green
plotscale(0, -size,size, size,0 );
plotmove(0, 0,0);
pythtree(x1,y1, x2,y2);
plotdraw([0,size,size]);
}
{\\ Executing:
PythagorTree(275,500,375,500,9,640); \\PythTree1.png
}
- Output:
*** Pythagoras Tree, depth 9, size 640 *** Start: 275,500,375,500
Perl
use Imager;
sub tree {
my ($img, $x1, $y1, $x2, $y2, $depth) = @_;
return () if $depth <= 0;
my $dx = ($x2 - $x1);
my $dy = ($y1 - $y2);
my $x3 = ($x2 - $dy);
my $y3 = ($y2 - $dx);
my $x4 = ($x1 - $dy);
my $y4 = ($y1 - $dx);
my $x5 = ($x4 + 0.5 * ($dx - $dy));
my $y5 = ($y4 - 0.5 * ($dx + $dy));
# Square
$img->polygon(
points => [
[$x1, $y1],
[$x2, $y2],
[$x3, $y3],
[$x4, $y4],
],
color => [0, 255 / $depth, 0],
);
# Triangle
$img->polygon(
points => [
[$x3, $y3],
[$x4, $y4],
[$x5, $y5],
],
color => [0, 255 / $depth, 0],
);
tree($img, $x4, $y4, $x5, $y5, $depth - 1);
tree($img, $x5, $y5, $x3, $y3, $depth - 1);
}
my ($width, $height) = (1920, 1080);
my $img = Imager->new(xsize => $width, ysize => $height);
$img->box(filled => 1, color => 'white');
tree($img, $width/2.3, $height, $width/1.8, $height, 10);
$img->write(file => 'pythagoras_tree.png');
Phix
You can run this online here.
-- demo\rosetta\PythagorasTree.exw with javascript_semantics include pGUI.e Ihandle dlg, canvas cdCanvas cddbuffer, cdcanvas enum FILL, BORDER procedure drawTree(atom x1, y1, x2, y2, integer depth, dd) atom dx = x2 - x1, dy = y1 - y2, x3 = x2 - dy, y3 = y2 - dx, x4 = x1 - dy, y4 = y1 - dx, x5 = x4 + 0.5 * (dx - dy), y5 = y4 - 0.5 * (dx + dy) if depth=dd then integer r = 250-depth*20 for draw=FILL to BORDER do -- one square... cdCanvasSetForeground(cddbuffer, iff(draw=FILL?rgb(r,#FF,0):CD_GRAY)) integer mode = iff(draw=FILL?CD_FILL:CD_CLOSED_LINES) cdCanvasBegin(cddbuffer,mode) cdCanvasVertex(cddbuffer, x1, 640-y1) cdCanvasVertex(cddbuffer, x2, 640-y2) cdCanvasVertex(cddbuffer, x3, 640-y3) cdCanvasVertex(cddbuffer, x4, 640-y4) cdCanvasEnd(cddbuffer) -- ...and the attached triangle if draw=FILL then cdCanvasSetForeground(cddbuffer, rgb(r-depth*10,#FF,0)) end if cdCanvasBegin(cddbuffer,mode) cdCanvasVertex(cddbuffer, x3, 640-y3) cdCanvasVertex(cddbuffer, x4, 640-y4) cdCanvasVertex(cddbuffer, x5, 640-y5) cdCanvasEnd(cddbuffer) end for elsif depth<dd then drawTree(x4, y4, x5, y5, depth + 1, dd) drawTree(x5, y5, x3, y3, depth + 1, dd) end if end procedure function redraw_cb(Ihandle /*ih*/, integer /*posx*/, /*posy*/) cdCanvasActivate(cddbuffer) for i=0 to 7 do -- (draw leaves last) drawTree(275, 500, 375, 500, 0, i) end for cdCanvasFlush(cddbuffer) return IUP_DEFAULT end function function map_cb(Ihandle ih) cdcanvas = cdCreateCanvas(CD_IUP, ih) cddbuffer = cdCreateCanvas(CD_DBUFFER, cdcanvas) cdCanvasSetBackground(cddbuffer, CD_WHITE) cdCanvasSetForeground(cddbuffer, CD_RED) return IUP_DEFAULT end function procedure main() IupOpen() canvas = IupCanvas(NULL) IupSetAttribute(canvas, "RASTERSIZE", "640x640") IupSetCallback(canvas, "MAP_CB", Icallback("map_cb")) IupSetCallback(canvas, "ACTION", Icallback("redraw_cb")) dlg = IupDialog(canvas,"RESIZE=NO") IupSetAttribute(dlg, "TITLE", "Pythagoras Tree") IupShow(dlg) if platform()!=JS then IupMainLoop() IupClose() end if end procedure main()
Processing
void tree(float x1, float y1, float x2, float y2, int depth) {
if (depth <= 0) {
return;
}
float dx = (x2 - x1);
float dy = (y1 - y2);
float x3 = (x2 - dy);
float y3 = (y2 - dx);
float x4 = (x1 - dy);
float y4 = (y1 - dx);
float x5 = (x4 + 0.5*(dx - dy));
float y5 = (y4 - 0.5*(dx + dy));
// square
beginShape();
fill(0.0, 255.0/depth, 0.0);
vertex(x1, y1);
vertex(x2, y2);
vertex(x3, y3);
vertex(x4, y4);
vertex(x1, y1);
endShape();
// triangle
beginShape();
fill(0.0, 255.0/depth, 0.0);
vertex(x3, y3);
vertex(x4, y4);
vertex(x5, y5);
vertex(x3, y3);
endShape();
tree(x4, y4, x5, y5, depth-1);
tree(x5, y5, x3, y3, depth-1);
}
void setup() {
size(1920, 1080);
background(255);
stroke(0, 255, 0);
tree(width/2.3, height, width/1.8, height, 10);
}
Processing Python mode
def setup():
size(800, 400)
background(255)
stroke(0, 255, 0)
tree(width / 2.3, height, width / 1.8, height, 10)
def tree(x1, y1, x2, y2, depth):
if depth <= 0: return
dx = (x2 - x1)
dy = (y1 - y2)
x3 = (x2 - dy)
y3 = (y2 - dx)
x4 = (x1 - dy)
y4 = (y1 - dx)
x5 = (x4 + 0.5 * (dx - dy))
y5 = (y4 - 0.5 * (dx + dy))
# square
beginShape()
fill(0.0, 255.0 / depth, 0.0)
vertex(x1, y1)
vertex(x2, y2)
vertex(x3, y3)
vertex(x4, y4)
vertex(x1, y1)
endShape()
# triangle
beginShape()
fill(0.0, 255.0 / depth, 0.0)
vertex(x3, y3)
vertex(x4, y4)
vertex(x5, y5)
vertex(x3, y3)
endShape()
tree(x4, y4, x5, y5, depth - 1)
tree(x5, y5, x3, y3, depth - 1)
PureBasic
EnableExplicit
DisableDebugger
Procedure.d maxXY(a.d,b.d,c.d,d.d)
If a<b : Swap a,b : EndIf
If a<c : Swap a,c : EndIf
If a<d : Swap a,d : EndIf
ProcedureReturn a
EndProcedure
Procedure.d minXY(a.d,b.d,c.d,d.d)
If a>b : Swap a,b : EndIf
If a>c : Swap a,c : EndIf
If a>d : Swap a,d : EndIf
ProcedureReturn a
EndProcedure
Procedure Ptree(x1.d, y1.d, x2.d, y2.d, d.i=0)
If d>10 : ProcedureReturn : EndIf
Define dx.d=x2-x1,
dy.d=y1-y2,
x3.d=x2-dy,
y3.d=y2-dx,
x4.d=x1-dy,
y4.d=y1-dx,
x5.d=x4+(dx-dy)/2.0,
y5.d=y4-(dx+dy)/2.0,
p1.d=(maxXY(x1,x2,x3,x4)+minXY(x1,x2,x3,x4))/2.0,
p2.d=(maxXY(y1,y2,y3,y4)+minXY(y1,y2,y3,y4))/2.0,
p3.d=(maxXY(x1,x2,x3,x4)-minXY(x1,x2,x3,x4))
FrontColor(RGB(Random(125,1),Random(255,125),Random(125,1)))
LineXY(x1,y1,x2,y2)
LineXY(x2,y2,x3,y3)
LineXY(x3,y3,x4,y4)
LineXY(x4,y4,x1,y1)
BoxedGradient(minXY(x1,x2,x3,x4),minXY(y1,y2,y3,y4),p3,p3)
FillArea(p1,p2,-1)
Ptree(x4,y4,x5,y5,d+1)
Ptree(x5,y5,x3,y3,d+1)
EndProcedure
Define w1.i=800,
h1.i=w1*11/16,
w2.i=w1/2,
di.i=w1/12
If OpenWindow(0,#PB_Ignore,#PB_Ignore,w1,h1,"Pythagoras tree")
If CreateImage(0,w1,h1,24,0) And StartDrawing(ImageOutput(0))
DrawingMode(#PB_2DDrawing_Gradient)
BackColor($000000)
Ptree(w2-di,h1-10,w2+di,h1-10)
StopDrawing()
EndIf
ImageGadget(0,0,0,0,0,ImageID(0))
Repeat : Until WaitWindowEvent(50)=#PB_Event_CloseWindow
EndIf
End
Python
Using turtle graphics and the Zkl example for the calculations.
from turtle import goto, pu, pd, color, done
def level(ax, ay, bx, by, depth=0):
if depth > 0:
dx,dy = bx-ax, ay-by
x3,y3 = bx-dy, by-dx
x4,y4 = ax-dy, ay-dx
x5,y5 = x4 + (dx - dy)/2, y4 - (dx + dy)/2
goto(ax, ay), pd()
for x, y in ((bx, by), (x3, y3), (x4, y4), (ax, ay)):
goto(x, y)
pu()
level(x4,y4, x5,y5, depth - 1)
level(x5,y5, x3,y3, depth - 1)
if __name__ == '__main__':
color('red', 'yellow')
pu()
level(-100, 500, 100, 500, depth=8)
done()
R
## Recursive PT plotting
pythtree <- function(ax,ay,bx,by,d) {
if(d<0) {return()}; clr="darkgreen";
dx=bx-ax; dy=ay-by;
x3=bx-dy; y3=by-dx;
x4=ax-dy; y4=ay-dx;
x5=x4+(dx-dy)/2; y5=y4-(dx+dy)/2;
segments(ax,-ay,bx,-by, col=clr);
segments(bx,-by,x3,-y3, col=clr);
segments(x3,-y3,x4,-y4, col=clr);
segments(x4,-y4,ax,-ay, col=clr);
pythtree(x4,y4,x5,y5,d-1);
pythtree(x5,y5,x3,y3,d-1);
}
## Plotting Pythagoras Tree. aev 3/27/17
## x1,y1,x2,y2 - starting position
## ord - order/depth, fn - file name, ttl - plot title.
pPythagorasT <- function(x1, y1,x2, y2, ord, fn="", ttl="") {
cat(" *** START PYTHT:", date(), "\n");
m=640; i=j=k=m1=m-2; x=y=d=dm=0;
if(fn=="") {pf=paste0("PYTHTR", ord, ".png")} else {pf=paste0(fn, ".png")};
if(ttl=="") {ttl=paste0("Pythagoras tree, order - ", ord)};
cat(" *** Plot file -", pf, "title:", ttl, "\n");
plot(NA, xlim=c(0,m), ylim=c(-m,0), xlab="", ylab="", main=ttl);
pythtree(x1,y1, x2,y2, ord);
dev.copy(png, filename=pf, width=m, height=m);
dev.off(); graphics.off();
cat(" *** END PYTHT:",date(),"\n");
}
## Executing:
pPythagorasT(275,500,375,500,9)
pPythagorasT(275,500,375,500,7)
- Output:
> pPythagorasT(275,500,375,500,9) *** START PYTHT: Tue Mar 28 15:57:19 2017 *** Plot file - PYTHTR9.png title: Pythagoras tree, order - 9 *** END PYTHT: Tue Mar 28 15:57:20 2017 > pPythagorasT(275,500,375,500,7) *** START PYTHT: Tue Mar 28 15:59:25 2017 *** Plot file - PYTHTR7.png title: Pythagoras tree, order - 7 *** END PYTHT: Tue Mar 28 15:59:25 2017
QB64
_Title "Pythagoras Tree"
Dim As Integer sw, sh
sw = 640
sh = 480
Screen _NewImage(sw, sh, 32)
Call pythTree(sw / 2 - sw / 12, sh - 30, sw / 2 + sw / 12, sh - 30, 0)
Sleep
System
Sub pythTree (ax As Integer, ay As Integer, bx As Integer, by As Integer, depth As Integer)
Dim As Single cx, cy, dx, dy, ex, ey
Dim As Integer c
cx = ax - ay + by
cy = ax + ay - bx
dx = bx + by - ay
dy = ax - bx + by
ex = (cx - cy + dx + dy) * 0.5
ey = (cx + cy - dx + dy) * 0.5
c = depth * 15
Color _RGB(c Mod 256, Abs((255 - c)) Mod 256, (144 + c) Mod 256)
Line (cx, cy)-(ax, ay)
Line (ax, ay)-(bx, by)
Line (bx, by)-(dx, dy)
Line (dx, dy)-(cx, cy)
Line (cx, cy)-(ex, ey)
Line (ex, ey)-(dx, dy)
If depth < 12 Then
Call pythTree(cx, cy, ex, ey, depth + 1)
Call pythTree(ex, ey, dx, dy, depth + 1)
End If
End Sub
Racket
#lang racket
(require racket/draw pict)
(define (draw-pythagoras-tree order x0 y0 x1 y1)
(λ (the-dc dx dy)
(define (inr order x0 y0 x1 y1)
(when (positive? order)
(let* ((y0-1 (- y0 y1))
(x1-0 (- x1 x0))
(x2 (+ x1 y0-1))
(y2 (+ y1 x1-0))
(x3 (+ x0 y0-1))
(y3 (+ y0 x1-0))
(x4 (+ x2 x3 (/ (+ x0 x2) -2)))
(y4 (+ y2 y3 (/ (+ y0 y2) -2)))
(path (new dc-path%)))
(send* path [move-to x0 y0]
[line-to x1 y1] [line-to x2 y2] [line-to x3 y3]
[close])
(send the-dc draw-path path dx dy)
(inr (sub1 order) x3 y3 x4 y4)
(inr (sub1 order) x4 y4 x2 y2))))
(define old-brush (send the-dc get-brush))
(define old-pen (send the-dc get-pen))
(send the-dc set-pen (new pen% [width 1] [color "black"]))
(inr (add1 order) x0 y0 x1 y1)
(send the-dc set-brush old-brush)
(send the-dc set-pen old-pen)))
(dc (draw-pythagoras-tree 7 (+ 200 32) 255 (- 200 32) 255) 400 256)
Raku
(formerly Perl 6) We'll generate a SVG image.
class Square {
has Complex ($.position, $.edge);
method size { $!edge.abs }
method svg-polygon {
qq[<polygon points="{join ' ', map
{ ($!position + $_ * $!edge).reals.join(',') },
0, 1, 1+1i, 1i}" style="fill:lime;stroke=black" />]
}
method left-child {
self.new:
position => $!position + i*$!edge,
edge => sqrt(2)/2*cis(pi/4)*$!edge;
}
method right-child {
self.new:
position => $!position + i*$!edge + self.left-child.edge,
edge => sqrt(2)/2*cis(-pi/4)*$!edge;
}
}
BEGIN say '<svg width="500" height="500">';
END say '</svg>';
sub tree(Square $s, $level = 0) {
return if $level > 8;
say $s.svg-polygon;
tree($s.left-child, $level+1);
tree($s.right-child, $level+1);
}
tree Square.new: :position(250+0i), :edge(60+0i);
Ring
# Project : Pythagoras tree
load "guilib.ring"
paint = null
new qapp
{
win1 = new qwidget() {
setwindowtitle("Pythagoras tree")
setgeometry(100,100,800,600)
label1 = new qlabel(win1) {
setgeometry(10,10,800,600)
settext("")
}
new qpushbutton(win1) {
setgeometry(150,500,100,30)
settext("draw")
setclickevent("draw()")
}
show()
}
exec()
}
func draw
p1 = new qpicture()
color = new qcolor() {
setrgb(0,0,255,255)
}
pen = new qpen() {
setcolor(color)
setwidth(1)
}
paint = new qpainter() {
begin(p1)
setpen(pen)
w = 800
h = floor(w*11/16)
w2 = floor(w/2)
diff = floor(w/12)
pythagorastree(w2 - diff,h -10,w2 + diff ,h -10 ,0)
endpaint()
}
label1 { setpicture(p1) show() }
return
func pythagorastree(x1,y1,x2,y2,depth)
if depth > 10
return
ok
dx = x2 - x1
dy = y1 - y2
x3 = x2 - dy
y3 = y2 - dx
x4 = x1 - dy
y4 = y1 - dx
x5 = x4 + floor((dx - dy) / 2)
y5 = y4 - floor((dx + dy) / 2)
paint.drawline(x1,y1,x2,y2)
paint.drawline(x2,y2,x3,y3)
paint.drawline(x4,y4,x1,y1)
pythagorastree(x4, y4, x5, y5, depth +1)
pythagorastree(x5, y5, x3, y3, depth +1)
Output: https://www.dropbox.com/s/a1gtue7tvmaj2je/PythagorasTree.jpg?dl=0
Ruby
A clone of processing version
# frozen_string_literal: true
def setup
sketch_title 'Pythagoras Tree'
background(255)
stroke(0, 255, 0)
tree(width / 2.3, height, width / 1.8, height, 10)
end
def tree(x1, y1, x2, y2, depth)
return if depth <= 0
dx = (x2 - x1)
dy = (y1 - y2)
x3 = (x2 - dy)
y3 = (y2 - dx)
x4 = (x1 - dy)
y4 = (y1 - dx)
x5 = (x4 + 0.5 * (dx - dy))
y5 = (y4 - 0.5 * (dx + dy))
# square
begin_shape
fill(0.0, 255.0 / depth, 0.0)
vertex(x1, y1)
vertex(x2, y2)
vertex(x3, y3)
vertex(x4, y4)
vertex(x1, y1)
end_shape
# triangle
begin_shape
fill(0.0, 255.0 / depth, 0.0)
vertex(x3, y3)
vertex(x4, y4)
vertex(x5, y5)
vertex(x3, y3)
end_shape
tree(x4, y4, x5, y5, depth - 1)
tree(x5, y5, x3, y3, depth - 1)
end
def settings
size(800, 400)
end
Rust
Creates a svg file (12 levels)
[dependencies]
svg = "0.12"
use svg::node::element::{Group, Polygon};
fn main() {
let mut base: Vec<[(f64, f64); 2]> = vec![[(-200., 0.), (200., 0.)]];
let doc = (0..12_u8).fold(svg::Document::new().set("stroke", "white"), |doc_a, lvl| {
let rg = |step| lvl.wrapping_mul(step).wrapping_add(80 - step * 2);
let g = Group::new().set("fill", format!("#{:02X}{:02X}18", rg(20), rg(30))); // level color
doc_a.add(base.split_off(0).into_iter().fold(g, |ga, [a, b]| {
let v = (b.0 - a.0, b.1 - a.1);
let [c, d, w] = [a, b, v].map(|p| (p.0 + v.1, p.1 - v.0));
let e = (c.0 + w.0 / 2., c.1 + w.1 / 2.);
base.extend([[c, e], [e, d]]);
ga.add(Polygon::new().set("points", vec![a, c, e, d, c, d, b]))
}))
});
let (x, y) = (base.iter()).fold((0., 0.), |(xa, ya), [p, _]| (p.0.min(xa), p.1.min(ya)));
svg::save("Pythagor_tree.svg", &doc.set("viewBox", (x, y, -x - x, -y))).unwrap();
}
Scala
Java Swing Interoperability
import java.awt._
import java.awt.geom.Path2D
import javax.swing.{JFrame, JPanel, SwingUtilities, WindowConstants}
object PythagorasTree extends App {
SwingUtilities.invokeLater(() => {
new JFrame {
class PythagorasTree extends JPanel {
setPreferredSize(new Dimension(640, 640))
setBackground(Color.white)
override def paintComponent(g: Graphics): Unit = {
val (depthLimit, hue) = (7, 0.15f)
def drawTree(g: Graphics2D, x1: Float, y1: Float, x2: Float, y2: Float, depth: Int): Unit = {
if (depth == depthLimit) return
val (dx, dy) = (x2 - x1, y1 - y2)
val (x3, y3) = (x2 - dy, y2 - dx)
val (x4, y4) = (x1 - dy, y1 - dx)
val (x5, y5) = (x4 + 0.5F * (dx - dy), y4 - 0.5F * (dx + dy))
val square = new Path2D.Float {
moveTo(x1, y1); lineTo(x2, y2); lineTo(x3, y3); lineTo(x4, y4); closePath()
}
val triangle = new Path2D.Float {
moveTo(x3, y3); lineTo(x4, y4); lineTo(x5, y5); closePath()
}
g.setColor(Color.getHSBColor(hue + depth * 0.02f, 1, 1))
g.fill(square)
g.setColor(Color.lightGray)
g.draw(square)
g.setColor(Color.getHSBColor(hue + depth * 0.035f, 1, 1))
g.fill(triangle)
g.setColor(Color.lightGray)
g.draw(triangle)
drawTree(g, x4, y4, x5, y5, depth + 1)
drawTree(g, x5, y5, x3, y3, depth + 1)
}
super.paintComponent(g)
drawTree(g.asInstanceOf[Graphics2D], 275, 500, 375, 500, 0)
}
}
setDefaultCloseOperation(WindowConstants.EXIT_ON_CLOSE)
setTitle("Pythagoras Tree")
setResizable(false)
add(new PythagorasTree, BorderLayout.CENTER)
pack()
setLocationRelativeTo(null)
setVisible(true)
}
})
}
Scilab
L-System approach
This solution uses complex numbers to represent vectors, and it draws the contour of the tree. By "uncommenting" the six commented lines inside the select
structure, it will also draw the triangles between the squares. The output is a new graphic window.
side = 1; //side length of the square
depth = 8; //final number of branch levels
//L-system definition:
//Alphabet: UTDB+-[]
//U: go upwards T: top of the square
//D: go downwards B: bottom of the square
//[: start new branch ]: end current branch
//+: branch to the right -: branch to the left
//Axiom: UTDB
//Rule: T -> [+UTD-UTD]
//L-system sentence generation
sentence = 'UTDB'
rule = '[+UTD-UTD]';
for i=1:depth
sentence = strsubst(sentence,'T',rule);
end
sentence = strsplit(sentence)';
//Empty tree
tree_size = 1.0...
+ length(find(sentence == "U" | sentence == "T" |...
sentence == "D" | sentence == "B"))...
+ 2 * length(find(sentence == "]" | sentence == "-" |...
sentence == "+"));
tree=zeros(tree_size,1);
//Vectorial operation to calculate a new point in the tree
deff('z = new_point(origin,rho,theta)',...
'z = origin + rho * exp(%i*theta)');
//Drawing the tree
curr_angle = %pi/2;
curr_pos = 1;
ratio = 1/sqrt(2);
for ind = 1:size(sentence,'c')
charac = sentence(ind);
select charac
case 'U' then //Draw line upwards
tree(curr_pos+1) = new_point(tree(curr_pos),side,curr_angle);
curr_pos = curr_pos + 1;
case 'T' then //Draw top of the square
curr_angle = curr_angle - %pi/2;
tree(curr_pos+1) = new_point(tree(curr_pos),side,curr_angle);
curr_pos = curr_pos + 1;
case 'D' then //Draw line downwards
curr_angle = curr_angle - %pi/2;
tree(curr_pos+1) = new_point(tree(curr_pos),side,curr_angle);
curr_pos = curr_pos + 1;
case 'B' then //Draw the bottom
curr_angle = curr_angle - %pi/2;
tree(curr_pos+1) = new_point(tree(curr_pos),side,curr_angle);
curr_pos = curr_pos + 1;
case '[' then //Start branch
side = side * ratio;
case '+' then //Start going to the left
curr_angle = curr_angle - %pi/4;
// tree(curr_pos+1) = new_point(tree(curr_pos),side,curr_angle);
// tree(curr_pos+2) = new_point(tree(curr_pos+1),side,%pi+curr_angle);
// curr_pos = curr_pos + 2;
curr_angle = curr_angle + %pi/2;
case '-' then //Start going to the left
// tree(curr_pos+1) = new_point(tree(curr_pos),side,curr_angle);
// tree(curr_pos+2) = new_point(tree(curr_pos+1),side,%pi+curr_angle);
// curr_pos = curr_pos + 2;
curr_angle = curr_angle + %pi/2;
case ']' then
side = side / ratio;
curr_angle = curr_angle - %pi/4;
// tree(curr_pos+1) = new_point(tree(curr_pos),side,curr_angle);
// tree(curr_pos+2) = new_point(tree(curr_pos+1),side,%pi+curr_angle);
// curr_pos = curr_pos + 2;
curr_angle = curr_angle + %pi;
else
error('L-system sentence error');
end
end
scf(); clf();
xname('Pythagoras tree: '+string(depth)+' levels')
plot2d(real(tree),imag(tree),14);
set(gca(),'isoview','on');
set(gca(),'axes_visible',['off','off','off']);
Recursive approach
A minor change was made so that the final depth of the tree is an argument of fcn
, and not a condition set within itself.
function []=fcn(bitmap,ax,ay,bx,by,depth)
if depth < 0 then
return
end
dx = bx - ax; dy = ay - by;
x3 = bx + dy; y3 = by + dx;
x4 = ax + dy; y4 = ay + dx;
x5 = x4 + (dx + dy)/2; y5 = y4 + (dx - dy)/2;
scf(bitmap);
plot2d([x3 x4 x5],[y3 y4 y5],-2)
plot2d([ax bx],[ay by]); plot2d([bx x3],[by y3]);
plot2d([x3 x4],[y3 y4]); plot2d([x4 ax],[y4 ay]);
fcn(bitmap,x4,y4,x5,y5,depth-1);
fcn(bitmap,x5,y5,x3,y3,depth-1);
endfunction
plot_win = scf();
final_depth = 8;
clf();
fcn(plot_win,275,500,375,500,final_depth)
scf(plot_win);
xname('Pythagoras tree: '+string(final_depth)+' levels');
set(gca(),'isoview','on');
set(gca(),'axes_visible',['off','off','off']);
Sidef
require('Imager')
func tree(img, x1, y1, x2, y2, depth) {
depth <= 0 && return()
var dx = (x2 - x1)
var dy = (y1 - y2)
var x3 = (x2 - dy)
var y3 = (y2 - dx)
var x4 = (x1 - dy)
var y4 = (y1 - dx)
var x5 = (x4 + 0.5*(dx - dy))
var y5 = (y4 - 0.5*(dx + dy))
# square
img.polygon(
points => [
[x1, y1],
[x2, y2],
[x3, y3],
[x4, y4],
],
color => [0, 255/depth, 0],
)
# triangle
img.polygon(
points => [
[x3, y3],
[x4, y4],
[x5, y5],
],
color => [0, 255/depth, 0],
)
tree(img, x4, y4, x5, y5, depth - 1)
tree(img, x5, y5, x3, y3, depth - 1)
}
var (width=1920, height=1080)
var img = %O<Imager>.new(xsize => width, ysize => height)
img.box(filled => 1, color => 'white')
tree(img, width/2.3, height, width/1.8, height, 10)
img.write(file => 'pythagoras_tree.png')
Output image: Pythagoras tree
uBasic/4tH
Dim @o(5) ' 0 = SVG file, 1 = color, 2 = fillcolor, 3 = pixel, 4 = text
' === Begin Program ===
w = 800 : h = w * 11 / 16
v = w / 2 : d = w / 12
Proc _SVGopen ("pythtree.svg") ' open the SVG file
Proc _Canvas (w, h) ' set the canvas size
Proc _Background (FUNC(_Color ("White")))
' we have a white background
Proc _Pythagoras_tree (v - d, h - 10, v + d, h - 10, 0)
Proc _SVGclose
End
_Pythagoras_tree
Param (5)
Local (8)
If e@ > 10 Then Return
f@ = c@ - a@ : g@ = b@ - d@
h@ = c@ - g@ : i@ = d@ - f@
j@ = a@ - g@ : k@ = b@ - f@
l@ = j@ + (f@ - g@) / 2
m@ = k@ - (f@ + g@) / 2
Proc _SetColor (FUNC(_RGBtoColor (0, e@*25, 0)))
' draw the box
Proc _Line (b@, a@, d@, c@) : Proc _Line (d@, c@, i@, h@)
Proc _Line (i@, h@, k@, j@) : Proc _Line (k@, j@, b@, a@)
Proc _Pythagoras_tree (j@, k@, l@, m@, e@ +1)
Proc _Pythagoras_tree (l@, m@, h@, i@, e@ +1)
Return
' === End Program ===
_RGBtoColor Param (3) : Return (a@ * 65536 + b@ * 256 + c@)
_SetColor Param (1) : @o(1) = a@ : Return
_SVGclose Write @o(0), "</svg>" : Close @o(0) : Return
_color_ Param (1) : Proc _PrintRGB (a@) : Write @o(0), "\q />" : Return
_PrintRGB ' print an RBG color in hex
Param (1)
Radix 16
If a@ < 0 Then
Write @o(0), "none";
Else
Write @o(0), Show(Str ("#!######", a@));
EndIf
Radix 10
Return
_Background ' set the background color
Param (1)
Write @o(0), "<rect width=\q100%\q height=\q100%\q fill=\q";
Proc _color_ (a@)
Return
_Color ' retrieve color code from its name
Param (1)
Local (1)
Radix 16
if Comp(a@, "black") = 0 Then
b@ = 000000
else if Comp(a@, "blue") = 0 Then
b@ = 0000ff
else if Comp(a@, "green") = 0 Then
b@ = 00ff00
else if Comp(a@, "cyan") = 0 Then
b@ = 00ffff
else if Comp(a@, "red") = 0 Then
b@ = 0ff0000
else if Comp(a@, "magenta") = 0 Then
b@ = 0ff00ff
else if Comp(a@, "yellow") = 0 Then
b@ = 0ffff00
else if Comp(a@, "white") = 0 Then
b@ = 0ffffff
else if Comp(a@, "none") = 0 Then
b@ = Info ("nil")
else Print "Invalid color" : Raise 1
fi : fi : fi : fi : fi : fi : fi : fi : fi
Radix 10
Return (b@)
_Line ' draw an SVG line from x1,y1 to x2,y2
Param (4)
Write @o(0), "<line x1=\q";d@;"\q y1=\q";c@;
Write @o(0), "\q x2=\q";b@;"\q y2=\q";a@;"\q stroke=\q";
Proc _color_ (@o(1))
Return
_Canvas ' set up a canvas x wide and y high
Param (2)
Write @o(0), "<svg width=\q";a@;"\q height=\q";b@;"\q viewBox=\q0 0 ";a@;" ";b@;
Write @o(0), "\q xmlns=\qhttp://www.w3.org/2000/svg\q ";
Write @o(0), "xmlns:xlink=\qhttp://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\q>"
Return
_SVGopen ' open an SVG file by name
Param (1)
If Set (@o(0), Open (a@, "w")) < 0 Then
Print "Cannot open \q";Show (a@);"\q" : Raise 1
Else
Write @o(0), "<?xml version=\q1.0\q encoding=\qUTF-8\q standalone=\qno\q?>"
Write @o(0), "<!DOCTYPE svg PUBLIC \q-//W3C//DTD SVG 1.1//EN\q ";
Write @o(0), "\qhttp://www.w3.org/Graphics/SVG/1.1/DTD/svg11.dtd\q>"
EndIf
Return
Wren
import "graphics" for Canvas, Color
import "dome" for Window
import "./polygon" for Polygon
var DepthLimit = 7
var Hue = 0.15
class PythagorasTree {
construct new(width, height) {
Window.title = "Pythagoras Tree"
Window.resize(width, height)
Canvas.resize(width, height)
}
init() {
Canvas.cls(Color.white)
drawTree(275, 500, 375, 500, 0)
}
drawTree(x1, y1, x2, y2, depth) {
if (depth == DepthLimit) return
var dx = x2 - x1
var dy = y1 - y2
var x3 = x2 - dy
var y3 = y2 - dx
var x4 = x1 - dy
var y4 = y1 - dx
var x5 = x4 + 0.5 * (dx - dy)
var y5 = y4 - 0.5 * (dx + dy)
// draw a square
var col = Color.hsv((Hue + depth * 0.02) * 360, 1, 1)
var square = Polygon.quick([[x1, y1], [x2, y2], [x3, y3], [x4, y4]])
square.drawfill(col)
square.draw(Color.lightgray)
// draw a triangle
col = Color.hsv((Hue + depth * 0.035) * 360, 1, 1)
var triangle = Polygon.quick([[x3, y3], [x4, y4], [x5, y5]])
triangle.drawfill(col)
triangle.draw(Color.lightgray)
drawTree(x4, y4, x5, y5, depth + 1)
drawTree(x5, y5, x3, y3, depth + 1)
}
update() {}
draw(alpha) {}
}
var Game = PythagorasTree.new(640, 640)
XPL0
proc DrawTree(X1, Y1, X2, Y2, Depth);
int X1, Y1, X2, Y2, Depth;
int X3, Y3, X4, Y4, X5, Y5, DX, DY, Color;
[if Depth < 7 then
[DX:= X2 - X1; DY:= Y1 - Y2;
X3:= X2 - DY; Y3:= Y2 - DX;
X4:= X1 - DY; Y4:= Y1 - DX;
X5:= X4 + (DX-DY)/2; Y5:= Y4 - (DX+DY)/2;
Color:= $2A + Depth;
Move(X1, Y1);
Line(X2, Y2, Color); Line(X3, Y3, Color);
Line(X4, Y4, Color); Line(X1, Y1, Color);
DrawTree(X4, Y4, X5, Y5, Depth+1);
DrawTree(X5, Y5, X3, Y3, Depth+1);
];
];
def ScrW=320, ScrH=200;
[SetVid($13);
DrawTree(9*ScrW/20, 3*ScrH/4, 11*ScrW/20, 3*ScrH/4, 0);
]
- Output:
Yabasic
Sub pythagoras_tree(x1, y1, x2, y2, depth)
local dx, dy, x3, y3, x4, y4, x5, y5
If depth > limit Return
dx = x2 - x1 : dy = y1 - y2
x3 = x2 - dy : y3 = y2 - dx
x4 = x1 - dy : y4 = y1 - dx
x5 = x4 + (dx - dy) / 2
y5 = y4 - (dx + dy) / 2
//draw the box
color 255 - depth * 20, 255, 0
fill triangle x1, y1, x2, y2, x3, y3
fill triangle x3, y3, x4, y4, x1, y1
fill triangle x4, y4, x5, y5, x3, y3
pythagoras_tree(x4, y4, x5, y5, depth +1)
pythagoras_tree(x5, y5, x3, y3, depth +1)
End Sub
// ------=< MAIN >=------
w = 800 : h = int(w * 11 / 16)
w2 = int(w / 2) : diff = int(w / 12)
limit = 12
open window w, h
//backcolor 0, 0, 0
clear window
pythagoras_tree(w2 - diff, h -10 , w2 + diff , h -10 , 1)
zkl
I added green crosses at three of the vertexes of the new square to simulate leaves on the tree.
Uses the PPM class from http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Bitmap/Bresenham%27s_line_algorithm#zkl
fcn pythagorasTree{
bitmap:=PPM(640,640,0xFF|FF|FF); // White background
fcn(bitmap, ax,ay, bx,by, depth=0){
if(depth>10) return();
dx,dy:=bx-ax, ay-by;
x3,y3:=bx-dy, by-dx;
x4,y4:=ax-dy, ay-dx;
x5,y5:=x4 + (dx - dy)/2, y4 - (dx + dy)/2;
bitmap.cross(x3,y3);bitmap.cross(x4,y4);bitmap.cross(x5,y5);
bitmap.line(ax,ay, bx,by, 0); bitmap.line(bx,by, x3,y3, 0);
bitmap.line(x3,y3, x4,y4, 0); bitmap.line(x4,y4, ax,ay, 0);
self.fcn(bitmap,x4,y4, x5,y5, depth+1);
self.fcn(bitmap,x5,y5, x3,y3, depth+1);
}(bitmap,275,500, 375,500);
bitmap.writeJPGFile("pythagorasTree.jpg",True);
}();
- Programming Tasks
- Solutions by Programming Task
- Ada
- SDLAda
- AutoHotkey
- BASIC
- BASIC256
- IS-BASIC
- C
- C++
- Dart
- EasyLang
- F Sharp
- FreeBASIC
- FutureBasic
- Go
- Haskell
- Gloss
- Easyplot
- J
- Java
- JavaScript
- Jq
- Julia
- Kotlin
- M2000 Interpreter
- Mathematica
- Wolfram Language
- Nim
- Imageman
- Ol
- PARI/GP
- Perl
- Phix
- Phix/pGUI
- Phix/online
- Processing
- Processing Python mode
- PureBasic
- Python
- R
- Pages with broken file links
- QB64
- Racket
- Raku
- Ring
- Ruby
- RubyGems
- JRubyArt
- Rust
- Scala
- Scilab
- Sidef
- UBasic/4tH
- Wren
- DOME
- Wren-polygon
- XPL0
- Yabasic
- Zkl