Monads/List monad
You are encouraged to solve this task according to the task description, using any language you may know.
A Monad is a combination of a data-type with two helper functions written for that type.
The data-type can be of any kind which can contain values of some other type – common examples are lists, records, sum-types, even functions or IO streams. The two special functions, mathematically known as eta and mu, but usually given more expressive names like 'pure', 'return', or 'yield' and 'bind', abstract away some boilerplate needed for pipe-lining or enchaining sequences of computations on values held in the containing data-type.
The bind operator in the List monad enchains computations which return their values wrapped in lists. One application of this is the representation of indeterminacy, with returned lists representing a set of possible values. An empty list can be returned to express incomputability, or computational failure.
A sequence of two list monad computations (enchained with the use of bind) can be understood as the computation of a cartesian product.
The natural implementation of bind for the List monad is a composition of concat and map, which, used with a function which returns its value as a (possibly empty) list, provides for filtering in addition to transformation or mapping.
Demonstrate in your programming language the following:
- Construct a List Monad by writing the 'bind' function and the 'pure' (sometimes known as 'return') function for that Monad (or just use what the language already has implemented)
- Make two functions, each which take a number and return a monadic number, e.g. Int -> List Int and Int -> List String
- Compose the two functions with bind
AppleScript
We can use a list monad in AppleScript to express set comprehension for the Pythagorean triples, but the lack of nestable first class (and anonymous) functions means that the closure can only be achieved using script objects, which makes the idiom rather less direct and transparent. AppleScript is creaking at the seams here.
-- MONADIC FUNCTIONS (for list monad) ------------------------------------------
-- Monadic bind for lists is simply ConcatMap
-- which applies a function f directly to each value in the list,
-- and returns the set of results as a concat-flattened list
-- bind :: (a -> [b]) -> [a] -> [b]
on bind(f, xs)
-- concat :: a -> a -> [a]
script concat
on |λ|(a, b)
a & b
end |λ|
end script
foldl(concat, {}, map(f, xs))
end bind
-- Monadic return/unit/inject for lists: just wraps a value in a list
-- a -> [a]
on unit(a)
[a]
end unit
-- TEST ------------------------------------------------------------------------
on run
-- Pythagorean triples drawn from integers in the range [1..n]
-- {(x, y, z) | x <- [1..n], y <- [x+1..n], z <- [y+1..n], (x^2 + y^2 = z^2)}
pythagoreanTriples(25)
--> {{3, 4, 5}, {5, 12, 13}, {6, 8, 10}, {7, 24, 25}, {8, 15, 17},
-- {9, 12, 15}, {12, 16, 20}, {15, 20, 25}}
end run
-- pythagoreanTriples :: Int -> [(Int, Int, Int)]
on pythagoreanTriples(maxInteger)
script X
on |λ|(X)
script Y
on |λ|(Y)
script Z
on |λ|(Z)
if X * X + Y * Y = Z * Z then
unit([X, Y, Z])
else
[]
end if
end |λ|
end script
bind(Z, enumFromTo(1 + Y, maxInteger))
end |λ|
end script
bind(Y, enumFromTo(1 + X, maxInteger))
end |λ|
end script
bind(X, enumFromTo(1, maxInteger))
end pythagoreanTriples
-- GENERIC FUNCTIONS ---------------------------------------------------------
-- enumFromTo :: Int -> Int -> [Int]
on enumFromTo(m, n)
if n < m then
set d to -1
else
set d to 1
end if
set lst to {}
repeat with i from m to n by d
set end of lst to i
end repeat
return lst
end enumFromTo
-- foldl :: (a -> b -> a) -> a -> [b] -> a
on foldl(f, startValue, xs)
tell mReturn(f)
set v to startValue
set lng to length of xs
repeat with i from 1 to lng
set v to |λ|(v, item i of xs, i, xs)
end repeat
return v
end tell
end foldl
-- map :: (a -> b) -> [a] -> [b]
on map(f, xs)
tell mReturn(f)
set lng to length of xs
set lst to {}
repeat with i from 1 to lng
set end of lst to |λ|(item i of xs, i, xs)
end repeat
return lst
end tell
end map
-- Lift 2nd class handler function into 1st class script wrapper
-- mReturn :: Handler -> Script
on mReturn(f)
if class of f is script then
f
else
script
property |λ| : f
end script
end if
end mReturn
- Output:
{{3, 4, 5}, {5, 12, 13}, {6, 8, 10}, {7, 24, 25}, {8, 15, 17}, {9, 12, 15}, {12, 16, 20}, {15, 20, 25}}
ATS
#include "share/atspre_staload.hats"
(* I will use the list type of prelude/SATS/list.sats *)
#define NIL list_nil ()
#define :: list_cons
fn {a : t@ype}
unit_List (x : a) : list (a, 1) =
x :: NIL
fn {a, b : t@ype}
bind_List (m : List a,
f : a -<cloref1> List b) : List0 b =
let
fun
reversed_segments (m : List a,
accum : List0 (List b))
: List0 (List b) =
case+ m of
| NIL => accum
| hd :: tl => reversed_segments (tl, f hd :: accum)
fun
assemble_segments (segments : List (List b),
accum : List0 b)
: List0 b =
case+ segments of
| NIL => accum
| hd :: tl =>
let
prval () = lemma_list_param hd
val accum = list_append (hd, accum)
in
assemble_segments (tl, accum)
end
in
assemble_segments (reversed_segments (m, NIL), NIL)
end
infixl 0 >>=
overload >>= with bind_List
fn
intseq_List {n : nat}
(i0 : int,
n : int n) :<cloref1> list (int, n) =
let
implement
list_tabulate$fopr<int> j = i0 + j
in
list_vt2t (list_tabulate<int> n)
end
implement
main0 () =
let
val n = 25
val pythagorean_triples =
intseq_List (1, n) >>=
(lam i =>
(intseq_List (succ (i : int), n) >>=
(lam j =>
(intseq_List (succ (j : int), n) >>=
(lam k =>
let
val i = i : int
and j = j : int
and k = k : int
in
if (i * i) + (j * j) = (k * k) then
@(i, j, k) :: NIL
else
NIL
end)))))
fun
loop {n : nat}
.<n>.
(m : list (@(int, int, int), n)) : void =
case+ m of
| NIL => ()
| (@(a, b, c) :: tl) =>
begin
println! ("(", a, ",", b, ",", c, ")");
loop tl
end
in
loop pythagorean_triples
end
- Output:
We should get a list of some Pythagorean triples that start with some integer between 1 and 25, inclusive.
$ patscc -std=gnu2x -g -O2 -DATS_MEMALLOC_GCBDW list_monad_ats.dats -lgc && ./a.out (3,4,5) (5,12,13) (6,8,10) (7,24,25) (8,15,17) (9,12,15) (10,24,26) (12,16,20) (12,35,37) (15,20,25) (15,36,39) (16,30,34) (18,24,30) (20,21,29) (21,28,35) (24,32,40) (24,45,51)
C
The C type which best fits the concept used here for monad
would be void*
.
There's some limitations -- the list type characteristics in this context, if they had been used, would have required special attention to issues like traversing the list. And, C does not provide syntactic sugar which a user would likely expect from experience in some other languages.
Still, the task example is constrained enough that we can provide an implementation like:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#define MONAD void*
#define INTBIND(f, g, x) (f((int*)g(x)))
#define RETURN(type,x) &((type)*)(x)
MONAD boundInt(int *x) {
return (MONAD)(x);
}
MONAD boundInt2str(int *x) {
char buf[100];
char*str= malloc(1+sprintf(buf, "%d", *x));
sprintf(str, "%d", *x);
return (MONAD)(str);
}
void task(int y) {
char *z= INTBIND(boundInt2str, boundInt, &y);
printf("%s\n", z);
free(z);
}
int main() {
task(13);
}
Which, from the command line, might look like:
$ ./monad
13
C++
#include <iostream>
#include <vector>
using namespace std;
// std::vector can be a list monad. Use the >> operator as the bind function
template <typename T>
auto operator>>(const vector<T>& monad, auto f)
{
// Declare a vector of the same type that the function f returns
vector<remove_reference_t<decltype(f(monad.front()).front())>> result;
for(auto& item : monad)
{
// Apply the function f to each item in the monad. f will return a
// new list monad containing 0 or more items.
const auto r = f(item);
// Concatenate the results of f with previous results
result.insert(result.end(), begin(r), end(r));
}
return result;
}
// The Pure function returns a vector containing one item, t
auto Pure(auto t)
{
return vector{t};
}
// A function to double items in the list monad
auto Double(int i)
{
return Pure(2 * i);
}
// A function to increment items
auto Increment(int i)
{
return Pure(i + 1);
}
// A function to convert items to a string
auto NiceNumber(int i)
{
return Pure(to_string(i) + " is a nice number\n");
}
// A function to map an item to a sequence ending at max value
// for example: 497 -> {497, 498, 499, 500}
auto UpperSequence = [](auto startingVal)
{
const int MaxValue = 500;
vector<decltype(startingVal)> sequence;
while(startingVal <= MaxValue)
sequence.push_back(startingVal++);
return sequence;
};
// Print contents of a vector
void PrintVector(const auto& vec)
{
cout << " ";
for(auto value : vec)
{
cout << value << " ";
}
cout << "\n";
}
// Print the Pythagorean triples
void PrintTriples(const auto& vec)
{
cout << "Pythagorean triples:\n";
for(auto it = vec.begin(); it != vec.end();)
{
auto x = *it++;
auto y = *it++;
auto z = *it++;
cout << x << ", " << y << ", " << z << "\n";
}
cout << "\n";
}
int main()
{
// Apply Increment, Double, and NiceNumber to {2, 3, 4} using the monadic bind
auto listMonad =
vector<int> {2, 3, 4} >>
Increment >>
Double >>
NiceNumber;
PrintVector(listMonad);
// Find Pythagorean triples using the list monad. The 'x' monad list goes
// from 1 to the max; the 'y' goes from the current 'x' to the max; and 'z'
// goes from the current 'y' to the max. The last bind returns the triplet
// if it is Pythagorean, otherwise it returns an empty list monad.
auto pythagoreanTriples = UpperSequence(1) >>
[](int x){return UpperSequence(x) >>
[x](int y){return UpperSequence(y) >>
[x, y](int z){return (x*x + y*y == z*z) ? vector{x, y, z} : vector<int>{};};};};
PrintTriples(pythagoreanTriples);
}
- Output:
6 is a nice number 8 is a nice number 10 is a nice number Pythagorean triples: 3, 4, 5 5, 12, 13 6, 8, 10 7, 24, 25 8, 15, 17 9, 12, 15 9, 40, 41 10, 24, 26 11, 60, 61 . . . . . . 320, 336, 464 325, 360, 485 340, 357, 493
Clojure
(defn bind [coll f] (apply vector (mapcat f coll)))
(defn unit [val] (vector val))
(defn doubler [n] [(* 2 n)]) ; takes a number and returns a List number
(def vecstr (comp vector str)) ; takes a number and returns a List string
(bind (bind (vector 3 4 5) doubler) vecstr) ; evaluates to ["6" "8" "10"]
(-> [3 4 5]
(bind doubler)
(bind vecstr)) ; also evaluates to ["6" "8" "10"]
Delphi
program List_monad;
{$APPTYPE CONSOLE}
uses
System.SysUtils;
type
TmList = record
Value: TArray<Integer>;
function ToString: string;
function Bind(f: TFunc<TArray<Integer>, TmList>): TmList;
end;
function Create(aValue: TArray<Integer>): TmList;
begin
Result.Value := copy(aValue, 0, length(aValue));
end;
{ TmList }
function TmList.Bind(f: TFunc<TArray<Integer>, TmList>): TmList;
begin
Result := f(self.Value);
end;
function TmList.ToString: string;
var
i: Integer;
begin
Result := '[ ';
for i := 0 to length(value) - 1 do
begin
if i > 0 then
Result := Result + ', ';
Result := Result + value[i].toString;
end;
Result := Result + ']';
end;
function Increment(aValue: TArray<Integer>): TmList;
var
i: integer;
begin
SetLength(Result.Value, length(aValue));
for i := 0 to High(aValue) do
Result.Value[i] := aValue[i] + 1;
end;
function Double(aValue: TArray<Integer>): TmList;
var
i: integer;
begin
SetLength(Result.Value, length(aValue));
for i := 0 to High(aValue) do
Result.Value[i] := aValue[i] * 2;
end;
var
ml1, ml2: TmList;
begin
ml1 := Create([3, 4, 5]);
ml2 := ml1.Bind(Increment).Bind(double);
Writeln(ml1.ToString, ' -> ', ml2.ToString);
readln;
end.
- Output:
[ 3, 4, 5] -> [ 8, 10, 12]
EchoLisp
Our monadic lists will take the form (List a b c ...), ie raw lists prefixed by the List symbol.
;; -> and ->> are the pipeline operators
;; (-> x f g h) = (h (g ( f x)))
;; (->> x f (g a) h) = (h (g a ( f x)))
(define (List.unit elem) (append '(List) elem))
(define (List.bind xs f) (List.unit (->> xs rest (map f) (map rest) (apply append))))
(define (List.lift f) (lambda(elem) (List.unit (f elem))))
(define List.square (List.lift (lambda(x) (* x x))))
(define List.cube (List.lift (lambda(x) (* x x x))))
(define List.tostr (List.lift number->string))
;; composition
(-> '(List 1 -2 3 -5) (List.bind List.cube) (List.bind List.tostr))
→ (List "1" "-8" "27" "-125")
;; or
(-> '(1 -2 3 -5) List.unit (List.bind List.cube) (List.bind List.tostr))
→ (List "1" "-8" "27" "-125")
F#
type ListMonad() =
member o.Bind( (m:'a list), (f: 'a -> 'b list) ) = List.concat( List.map f m )
member o.Return(x) = [x]
member o.Zero() = []
let list = ListMonad()
let pyth_triples n = list { let! x = [1..n]
let! y = [x..n]
let! z = [y..n]
if x*x + y*y = z*z then return (x,y,z) }
printf "%A" (pyth_triples 100)
The list monad is equivalent to List comprehensions which are built into F#:
// Monads/List monad . Nigel Galloway: March 8th., 2021
List.iter ((+) 1>>(*) 2>>printf "%d ") [3;4;5]; printfn "";;
let pT n=[for i in 1..n do for g in i+1..n do for n in g+1..n do if i*i+g*g=n*n then yield(i,g,n)]
Seq.iter(printf "%A ")(pT 25)
let fN g=match g<10 with false->Error "is greater than 9"|_->Ok g
let fG n=match n>5 with false->Error "is less than 6" |_->Ok n
let valid n=n|>Result.bind fN|>Result.bind fG
let test n=match valid(Ok n) with Ok g->printfn "%d is valid" g|Error e->printfn "Error: %d %s" n e
[5..10]|>List.iter test
- Output:
8 10 12 (3, 4, 5) (5, 12, 13) (6, 8, 10) (7, 24, 25) (8, 15, 17) (9, 12, 15) (12, 16, 20) (15, 20, 25) Error: 5 is less than 6 6 is valid 7 is valid 8 is valid 9 is valid Error: 10 is greater than 9
Factor
Factor comes with an implementation of Haskell-style monads in the monads
vocabulary.
USING: kernel math monads prettyprint ;
FROM: monads => do ;
{ 3 4 5 }
>>= [ 1 + array-monad return ] swap call
>>= [ 2 * array-monad return ] swap call .
Or:
{ 3 4 5 }
[ 1 + array-monad return ] bind
[ 2 * array-monad return ] bind .
Or:
{
[ { 3 4 5 } ]
[ 1 + array-monad return ]
[ 2 * array-monad return ]
} do .
- Output:
{ 8 10 12 }
FreeBASIC
Dim As Integer m1(1 To 3) = {3,4,5}
Dim As String m2 = "["
Dim As Integer x, y ,z
For x = 1 To Ubound(m1)
y = m1(x) + 1
z = y * 2
m2 &= Str(z) & ", "
Next x
m2 = Left(m2, Len(m2) -2)
m2 &= "]"
Print m2
Sleep
- Output:
[8, 10, 12]
Go
package main
import "fmt"
type mlist struct{ value []int }
func (m mlist) bind(f func(lst []int) mlist) mlist {
return f(m.value)
}
func unit(lst []int) mlist {
return mlist{lst}
}
func increment(lst []int) mlist {
lst2 := make([]int, len(lst))
for i, v := range lst {
lst2[i] = v + 1
}
return unit(lst2)
}
func double(lst []int) mlist {
lst2 := make([]int, len(lst))
for i, v := range lst {
lst2[i] = 2 * v
}
return unit(lst2)
}
func main() {
ml1 := unit([]int{3, 4, 5})
ml2 := ml1.bind(increment).bind(double)
fmt.Printf("%v -> %v\n", ml1.value, ml2.value)
}
- Output:
[3 4 5] -> [8 10 12]
Haskell
Haskell has the built-in Monad
type class, and the built-in list type already conforms to the Monad
type class.
main = print $ [3,4,5] >>= (return . (+1)) >>= (return . (*2)) -- prints [8,10,12]
Or, written using do
notation:
main = print $ do x <- [3,4,5]
y <- return (x+1)
z <- return (y*2)
return z
Or alternately:
main = print $ do x <- [3,4,5]
let y = x+1
let z = y*2
return z
Using the list monad to express set comprehension for Pythagorean triples:
pythagoreanTriples :: Integer -> [(Integer, Integer, Integer)]
pythagoreanTriples n =
[1 .. n] >>= (\x ->
[x+1 .. n] >>= (\y ->
[y+1 .. n] >>= (\z ->
if x^2 + y^2 == z^2 then return (x,y,z) else [])))
main = print $ pythagoreanTriples 25
- Output:
[(3,4,5),(5,12,13),(6,8,10),(7,24,25),(8,15,17),(9,12,15),(12,16,20),(15,20,25)]
Which can be written using do
notation:
pythagoreanTriples :: Integer -> [(Integer, Integer, Integer)]
pythagoreanTriples n = do x <- [1 .. n]
y <- [x+1 .. n]
z <- [y+1 .. n]
if x^2 + y^2 == z^2 then return (x,y,z) else []
Or directly as a list comprehension:
pythagoreanTriples :: Integer -> [(Integer, Integer, Integer)]
pythagoreanTriples n = [(x,y,z) | x <- [1 .. n], y <- [x+1 .. n], z <- [y+1 .. n], x^2 + y^2 == z^2]
J
Note that J documentation mentions "monad" but that is an older (much older) use of the term from what is intended here. J documentation uses "box" <
to describe the operation mentioned here.
That said, here is an implementation which might be adequate for the current task description:
bind=: S:0
unit=: boxopen
m_num=: unit
m_str=: unit@":
Task example:
m_str bind m_num 5
┌─┐
│5│
└─┘
Java
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.function.Function;
public final class MonadList {
public static void main(String[] aArgs) {
Monad<Integer> integers = Monad.unit(List.of( 2, 3, 4 ));
Monad<String> strings = integers.bind(MonadList::doubler).bind(MonadList::letters);
System.out.println(strings.getValue());
}
private static Monad<Integer> doubler(List<Integer> aList) {
return Monad.unit(aList.stream().map( i -> 2 * i ).toList());
}
private static Monad<String> letters(List<Integer> aList) {
return Monad.unit(aList.stream().map( i -> Character.toString((char) (64 + i)).repeat(i) ).toList());
}
}
final class Monad<T> {
public static <T> Monad<T> unit(List<T> aList) {
return new Monad<T>(aList);
}
public <U> Monad<U> bind(Function<List<T>, Monad<U>> aFunction) {
return aFunction.apply(list);
}
public List<T> getValue() {
return list;
}
private Monad(List<T> aList) {
list = new ArrayList<T>(aList);
}
private List<T> list;
}
- Output:
[DDDD, FFFFFF, HHHHHHHH]
JavaScript
Array.prototype.bind = function (func) {
return this.map(func).reduce(function (acc, a) { return acc.concat(a); });
}
Array.unit = function (elem) {
return [elem];
}
Array.lift = function (func) {
return function (elem) { return Array.unit(func(elem)); };
}
inc = function (n) { return n + 1; }
doub = function (n) { return 2 * n; }
listy_inc = Array.lift(inc);
listy_doub = Array.lift(doub);
[3,4,5].bind(listy_inc).bind(listy_doub); // [8, 10, 12]
ES5 Example: Using the list monad to express set comprehension
(function (n) {
// ENCODING A SET COMPREHENSION IN TERMS OF A LIST MONAD
// Pythagorean triples drawn from integers in the range [1..25]
// Each range of integers here represents the set of possible values for the variable.
// Where the test returns true for a particular [x, y, z] triple, we return that triple
// to the expected data type, wrapping it using the unit or return function;
// Where the test returns false, we return the empty list, which vanishes from the
// results set under concatenation, giving us a convenient encoding of filtering.
// {(x, y, z) | x <- [1..n], y <- [x+1..n], z <- [y+1..n], (x^2 + y^2 = z^2)}
return bind(rng(1, n), function (x) {
return bind(rng(1 + x, n), function (y) {
return bind(rng(1 + y, n), function (z) {
return (x * x + y * y === z * z) ? unit([x, y, z]) : [];
})})});
// Monadic return/unit/inject for lists just wraps a value in a list
// a -> [a]
function unit(a) {
return [a];
}
// Bind for lists is simply ConcatMap
// which applies a function f directly to each value in the list,
// and returns the set of results as a concat-flattened list
// [a] -> (a -> [b]) -> [b]
function bind(xs, f) {
return [].concat.apply([], xs.map(f));
}
// we will need some ranges of integers, each expressing a range of possible values
// [m..n]
function rng(m, n) {
return Array.apply(null, Array(n - m + 1))
.map(function (x, i) {
return m + i;
});
}
})(25);
- Output:
[[3, 4, 5], [5, 12, 13], [6, 8, 10], [7, 24, 25], [8, 15, 17], [9, 12, 15], [12, 16, 20], [15, 20, 25]]
jq
Also works with gojq and fq modulo the proviso about "::"
In this entry, we adopt the approach described in the Wikipedia article on monads at [1], specifically:
"A monad can be created by defining a type constructor M and two operations: return :: a -> M a (often also called unit), which receives a value of type a and wraps it into a monadic value of type M a, and bind :: (M a) -> (a -> M b) -> (M b) which receives a function f over type a and can transform monadic values m a applying f to the unwrapped value a, returning a monadic value M b"
In the following, the monadic type `a` can be specified as any JSON value, but for the List monad, it is just "List". Choosing a string has the advantage that we can use jq's support for function names of the form `Namespace::identifier` to give convenient names to the "return" and "bind" functions for the List monad, namely `List::return` and `List::bind`.
Since gojq does not currently support the definition of functions with a Namespace prefix, the following would have to be adapted; one possibility wold be to replace occurrences of `::` in function names by `__`.
Notice that the "return" and "bind" wrappers for List (i.e., `List::return` and `List::bind`) can be tailored to the List monad independently of the wrapper definitions for other monads.
# Constructor:
def Monad($type; $value):
{class: "Monad", $type, $value};
# Is the input a monad of type $Type?
def is_monad($Type):
(type == "object")
and (.class == "Monad")
and (.type == $Type) ;
# input: a value consistent with the "List" monadic type (in practice, a JSON array)
# No checking is done here as the monadic type system is outside the scope of this entry.
def List::return:
Monad("List"; .);
def List::bind(f):
if is_monad("List")
then .value |= f
else error("List::bind error: monadic type of input is \(.type)")
end;
# Two illustrative operations on JSON arrays
def increment: map(. + 1);
def double: map(. * 2);
def ml1:
[3, 4, 5] | List::return;
def ml2:
ml1 | List::bind(increment) | List::bind(double);
"\(ml1.value) -> \(ml2.value)"
- Output:
[3,4,5] -> [8,10,12]
Julia
Julia uses the function bind for binding a channel to a task, but this can be imported and overloaded. The |> syntax in Julia can also be used to chain functions taking one argument.
julia> unit(v) = [v...]
unit (generic function with 1 method)
julia> import Base.bind
julia> bind(v, f) = f.(v)
bind (generic function with 5 methods)
julia> f1(x) = x + 1
f1 (generic function with 1 method)
julia> f2(x) = 2x
f2 (generic function with 1 method)
julia> bind(bind(unit([2, 3, 4]), f1), f2)
3-element Array{Int64,1}:
6
8
10
julia> unit([2, 3, 4]) .|> f1 .|> f2
3-element Array{Int64,1}:
6
8
10
Kotlin
// version 1.2.10
class MList<T : Any> private constructor(val value: List<T>) {
fun <U : Any> bind(f: (List<T>) -> MList<U>) = f(this.value)
companion object {
fun <T : Any> unit(lt: List<T>) = MList<T>(lt)
}
}
fun doubler(li: List<Int>) = MList.unit(li.map { 2 * it } )
fun letters(li: List<Int>) = MList.unit(li.map { "${('@' + it)}".repeat(it) } )
fun main(args: Array<String>) {
val iv = MList.unit(listOf(2, 3, 4))
val fv = iv.bind(::doubler).bind(::letters)
println(fv.value)
}
- Output:
[DDDD, FFFFFF, HHHHHHHH]
Nim
a natural use of a list-wrapped return value is when there can be more than one result from a function, for example square roots have a positive and negative solution, and the inverse sine function has multiple solutions we might be interested in.
import math,sequtils,sugar,strformat
func root(x:float):seq[float] = @[sqrt(x),-sqrt(x)]
func asin(x:float):seq[float] = @[arcsin(x),arcsin(x)+TAU,arcsin(x)-TAU]
func format(x:float):seq[string] = @[&"{x:.2f}"]
#'bind' is a nim keyword, how about an infix operator instead
#our bind is the standard map+cat
func `-->`[T,U](input: openArray[T],f: T->seq[U]):seq[U] =
input.map(f).concat
echo [0.5] --> root --> asin --> format
- Output:
@["0.79", "7.07", "-5.50", "-0.79", "5.50", "-7.07"]
OCaml
Defining the list monad is fairly straightforward:
let bind : 'a list -> ('a -> 'b list) -> 'b list =
fun l f -> List.flatten (List.map f l)
let return x = [x]
For convenience, the example will also use the following definitions:
let (>>) = bind (* operator for inline binding *)
let (let*) = bind (* let pruning for easy bind *)
let print_str_list l =
Format.printf "[%a]" (fun fmt -> Format.pp_print_list Format.pp_print_string fmt) l
First example: increment and print
let incr x = return (x+1)
let hex x = return (Format.sprintf "%#x" x)
(* Version 1 : With explicit calls *)
let () =
let l = bind (bind (List.init 5 (fun x -> x)) incr) hex in
print_str_list l
(* Version 2 : With >> operator *)
let () =
let l = List.init 5 (fun x -> x) >> incr >> hex in
print_str_list l
(* Version 3 : With let pruning *)
let () =
let l =
let* x = List.init 5 (fun x -> x) in
let* y = incr x in hex y
in print_str_list l
Second example: pythegorean triplets
(* Version 1 : with explicit calls *)
let pythegorean_triple n =
let x = List.init n (fun x -> x) in
let y = List.init n (fun x -> x) in
let z = List.init n (fun x -> x) in
bind x (fun x ->
bind y (fun y ->
bind z (fun z ->
if x*x + y*y = z*z then return (x,y,z) else []
)))
(* Version 2 : with >> operator *)
let pythegorean_triple n =
List.init n (fun x -> x) >> fun x ->
List.init n (fun x -> x) >> fun y ->
List.init n (fun x -> x) >> fun z ->
if x*x + y*y = z*z then return (x,y,z) else []
(* Version 3 : with let pruning *)
let pythegorean_triple n =
let* x = List.init n (fun x -> x) in
let* y = List.init n (fun x -> x) in
let* z = List.init n (fun x -> x) in
if x*x + y*y = z*z then return (x,y,z) else []
Perl
With the help of the CPAN module Data::Monad
, we can work with list monads.
use strict;
use feature 'say';
use Data::Monad::List;
# Cartesian product to 'count' in binary
my @cartesian = [(
list_flat_map_multi { scalar_list(join '', @_) }
scalar_list(0..1),
scalar_list(0..1),
scalar_list(0..1)
)->scalars];
say join "\n", @{shift @cartesian};
say '';
# Pythagorean triples
my @triples = [(
list_flat_map_multi { scalar_list(
{ $_[0] < $_[1] && $_[0]**2+$_[1]**2 == $_[2]**2 ? join(',',@_) : () }
) }
scalar_list(1..10),
scalar_list(1..10),
scalar_list(1..10)
)->scalars];
for (@{shift @triples}) {
say keys %$_ if keys %$_;
}
- Output:
000 001 010 011 100 101 110 111 3,4,5 6,8,10
Phix
function bindf(sequence m, integer f) return f(m) end function function unit(sequence m) return m end function function increment(sequence l) return unit(sq_add(l,1)) end function function double(sequence l) return unit(sq_mul(l,2)) end function sequence m1 = unit({3, 4, 5}), m2 = bindf(bindf(m1,increment),double) printf(1,"%v -> %v\n", {m1, m2})
- Output:
{3,4,5} -> {8,10,12}
Python
"""A List Monad. Requires Python >= 3.7 for type hints."""
from __future__ import annotations
from itertools import chain
from typing import Callable
from typing import Iterable
from typing import List
from typing import TypeVar
T = TypeVar("T")
U = TypeVar("U")
class MList(List[T]):
@classmethod
def unit(cls, value: Iterable[T]) -> MList[T]:
return cls(value)
def bind(self, func: Callable[[T], MList[U]]) -> MList[U]:
return MList(chain.from_iterable(map(func, self)))
def __rshift__(self, func: Callable[[T], MList[U]]) -> MList[U]:
return self.bind(func)
if __name__ == "__main__":
# Chained int and string functions.
print(
MList([1, 99, 4])
.bind(lambda val: MList([val + 1]))
.bind(lambda val: MList([f"${val}.00"]))
)
# Same, but using `>>` as the bind operator.
print(
MList([1, 99, 4])
>> (lambda val: MList([val + 1]))
>> (lambda val: MList([f"${val}.00"]))
)
# Cartesian product of [1..5] and [6..10].
print(
MList(range(1, 6)).bind(
lambda x: MList(range(6, 11)).bind(lambda y: MList([(x, y)]))
)
)
# Pythagorean triples with elements between 1 and 25.
print(
MList(range(1, 26)).bind(
lambda x: MList(range(x + 1, 26)).bind(
lambda y: MList(range(y + 1, 26)).bind(
lambda z: MList([(x, y, z)])
if x * x + y * y == z * z
else MList([])
)
)
)
)
- Output:
['$2.00', '$100.00', '$5.00'] ['$2.00', '$100.00', '$5.00'] [(1, 6), (1, 7), (1, 8), (1, 9), (1, 10), (2, 6), (2, 7), (2, 8), (2, 9), (2, 10), (3, 6), (3, 7), (3, 8), (3, 9), (3, 10), (4, 6), (4, 7), (4, 8), (4, 9), (4, 10), (5, 6), (5, 7), (5, 8), (5, 9), (5, 10)] [(3, 4, 5), (5, 12, 13), (6, 8, 10), (7, 24, 25), (8, 15, 17), (9, 12, 15), (12, 16, 20), (15, 20, 25)]
Racket
Vanilla Racket
Note that this also demonstrates how to use Racket's macro system to implement the do syntax.
#lang racket
(define (bind x f) (append-map f x))
(define return list)
(define ((lift f) x) (list (f x)))
(define listy-inc (lift add1))
(define listy-double (lift (λ (x) (* 2 x))))
(bind (bind '(3 4 5) listy-inc) listy-double)
;; => '(8 10 12)
(define (pythagorean-triples n)
(bind (range 1 n)
(λ (x)
(bind (range (add1 x) n)
(λ (y)
(bind (range (add1 y) n)
(λ (z)
(if (= (+ (* x x) (* y y)) (* z z))
(return (list x y z))
'()))))))))
(pythagorean-triples 25)
;; => '((3 4 5) (5 12 13) (6 8 10) (8 15 17) (9 12 15) (12 16 20))
(require syntax/parse/define)
(define-syntax-parser do-macro
[(_ [x {~datum <-} y] . the-rest) #'(bind y (λ (x) (do-macro . the-rest)))]
[(_ e) #'e])
(define (pythagorean-triples* n)
(do-macro
[x <- (range 1 n)]
[y <- (range (add1 x) n)]
[z <- (range (add1 y) n)]
(if (= (+ (* x x) (* y y)) (* z z))
(return (list x y z))
'())))
(pythagorean-triples* 25)
;; => '((3 4 5) (5 12 13) (6 8 10) (8 15 17) (9 12 15) (12 16 20))
With functional package
The functional package has already implemented the list monad.
#lang racket
(require data/monad
data/applicative)
(define (pythagorean-triples n)
(sequence->list
(do [x <- (range 1 n)]
[y <- (range (add1 x) n)]
[z <- (range (add1 y) n)]
(if (= (+ (* x x) (* y y)) (* z z))
(pure (list x y z))
'()))))
(pythagorean-triples 25)
;; => '((3 4 5) (5 12 13) (6 8 10) (8 15 17) (9 12 15) (12 16 20))
Raku
(formerly Perl 6) Raku does not have Monad types built in but they can be emulated/implemented without a great deal of difficulty. List Monads especially are of questionable utility in Raku. Most item types and Listy types have a Cool role in Raku. (Cool being a play on the slang term "cool" as in: "That's cool with me." (That's ok with me). So Ints are pretty much treated like one item lists for operators that work with lists. ("I work on a list." "Here's an Int." "Ok, that's cool.") Explicitly wrapping an Int into a List is worse than useless. It won't do anything Raku can't do natively, and will likely remove some functionality that it would normally have. That being said, just because it is a bad idea (in Raku) doesn't mean it can't be done.
In Raku, bind is essentially map. I'll shadow map here but again, it removes capability, not adds it. Raku also provided "hyper" operators which will descend into data structures and apply an operator / function to each member of that data structure.
Here's a simple, if contrived example. take the numbers from 0 to 9, add 3 to each, find the divisors of those sums and print the list of divisors for each sum... in base 2. Again, a bind function was implemented but it is more limited than if we just used map directly. The built in map method will work with either items or lists, here we need to implement a multi sub to handle either.
The * in the bind blocks are typically referred to as "whatever"; whatever + 3 etc. The guillemot (») is the hyper operator; descend into the data structure and apply the following operator/function to each member.
multi bind (@list, &code) { @list.map: &code };
multi bind ($item, &code) { $item.&code };
sub divisors (Int $int) { gather for 1 .. $int { .take if $int %% $_ } }
put (^10).&bind(* + 3).&bind(&divisors)».&bind(*.base: 2).join: "\n";
- Output:
1 11 1 10 100 1 101 1 10 11 110 1 111 1 10 100 1000 1 11 1001 1 10 101 1010 1 1011 1 10 11 100 110 1100
Ring
# Project : Monads/List monad
func main()
str = "["
for x in [3,4,5]
y = x+1
z = y*2
str = str + z + ", "
next
str = left(str, len(str) -2)
str = str + "]"
see str + nl
Output:
[8, 10, 12]
Ruby
class Array
def bind(f)
flat_map(&f)
end
def self.unit(*args)
args
end
# implementing lift is optional, but is a great helper method for turning
# ordinary funcitons into monadic versions of them.
def self.lift(f)
-> e { self.unit(f[e]) }
end
end
inc = -> n { n + 1 }
str = -> n { n.to_s }
listy_inc = Array.lift(inc)
listy_str = Array.lift(str)
Array.unit(3,4,5).bind(listy_inc).bind(listy_str) #=> ["4", "5", "6"]
# Note that listy_inc and listy_str cannot be composed directly,
# as they don't have compatible type signature.
# Due to duck typing (Ruby will happily turn arrays into strings),
# in order to show this, a new function will have to be used:
doub = -> n { 2*n }
listy_doub = Array.lift(doub)
[3,4,5].bind(listy_inc).bind(listy_doub) #=> [8, 10, 12]
# Direct composition will cause a TypeError, as Ruby cannot evaluate 2*[4, 5, 6]
# Using bind with the composition is *supposed* to fail, no matter the programming language.
comp = -> f, g {-> x {f[g[x]]}}
[3,4,5].bind(comp[listy_doub, listy_inc]) #=> TypeError: Array can't be coerced into Fixnum
# Composition needs to be defined in terms of bind
class Array
def bind_comp(f, g)
bind(g).bind(f)
end
end
[3,4,5].bind_comp(listy_doub, listy_inc) #=> [8, 10, 12]
Swift
The unit/return function is provided by the constructor for a Swift array. I define a unit function simply to keep the terminology straight. Similarly, the flatmap function provides what we need for bind, but I define a bind function explicitly.
I also define an operator that is the same as bind but which makes chaining easier.
My two functions to use are one that retiurns the two number adjacent to the supplied Int and another that returns the square roots (as Double) of an Int if it is positive or an empty list, if it is negative.
precedencegroup MonadPrecedence {
higherThan: BitwiseShiftPrecedence
associativity: left
}
infix operator >>-: MonadPrecedence // Monadic bind
extension Array
{
static func unit(_ x: Element) -> [Element]
{
return [x]
}
func bind<T>(_ f: (Element) -> [T]) -> [T]
{
return flatMap(f)
}
static func >>- <U>(_ m: [Element], _ f: (Element) -> [U]) -> [U]
{
return m.flatMap(f)
}
}
func adjacent(_ x: Int) -> [Int]
{
[x - 1, x + 1]
}
func squareRoots(_ x: Int) -> [Double]
{
guard x >= 0 else { return [] }
return [Double(x).squareRoot(), -(Double(x).squareRoot())]
}
print("\([Int].unit(8).bind(adjacent).bind(squareRoots))")
print("\([Int].unit(8) >>- adjacent >>- squareRoots)")
print("\([Int].unit(0) >>- adjacent >>- squareRoots)")
- Output:
[2.6457513110645907, -2.6457513110645907, 3.0, -3.0] [2.6457513110645907, -2.6457513110645907, 3.0, -3.0] [1.0, -1.0]
uBasic/4tH
s := "[" : Push 5, 4, 3
Do While Used ()
y = Set (x, Pop ()) + 1
s = Join (s, Str (Set (z, y * 2)), ", " )
Loop
Print Show (Set (s, Join (Clip (s, 2), "]")))
- Output:
[8, 10, 12] 0 OK, 0:138
V (Vlang)
struct Mlist {value []int}
fn (m Mlist) bind(f fn (lst []int) Mlist) Mlist {return f(m.value)}
fn unit(lst []int) Mlist {return Mlist{lst}}
fn increment(lst []int) Mlist {
mut lst2 := lst.clone()
for i, v in lst {
lst2[i] = v + 1
}
return unit(lst2)
}
fn double(lst []int) Mlist {
mut lst2 := lst.clone()
for i, v in lst {
lst2[i] = 2 * v
}
return unit(lst2)
}
fn main() {
ml1 := unit([3, 4, 5])
ml2 := ml1.bind(increment).bind(double)
println("${ml1.value} -> ${ml2.value}")
}
- Output:
[3, 4, 5] -> [8, 10, 12]
Wren
class Mlist {
construct new(value) { _value = value }
value { _value }
bind(f) { f.call(_value) }
static unit(lst) { Mlist.new(lst) }
}
var increment = Fn.new { |lst|
var lst2 = lst.map { |v| v + 1 }.toList
return Mlist.unit(lst2)
}
var double = Fn.new { |lst|
var lst2 = lst.map { |v| v * 2 }.toList
return Mlist.unit(lst2)
}
var ml1 = Mlist.unit([3, 4, 5])
var ml2 = ml1.bind(increment).bind(double)
System.print("%(ml1.value) -> %(ml2.value)")
- Output:
[3, 4, 5] -> [8, 10, 12]
zkl
While I'm unsure of the utility of Monads in a dynamic type-less language, it can be done.
Here we create a class to do Monad like things. Unlike Ruby, we can't augment the baked in List/Array object so this more verbose. Also unlike Ruby, we can directly compose as we are applying the composition to each element (vs the list-as-object).
class MList{
fcn init(xs){ var list=vm.arglist }
fcn bind(f) { list=list.apply(f); self }
fcn toString{ list.toString() }
}
inc:=Op("+",1); // '+(1)
str:="toString";
MList(3,4,5).bind(inc).bind(str).println(" == (4,5,6)");
doub:=Op("*",2);
MList(3,4,5).bind(inc).bind(doub).println(" == (8,10,12)");
comp:=Utils.Helpers.fcomp; // comp(f,g) == f.g == f(g(x))
MList(3,4,5).bind(comp(doub,inc)).println(" == (8,10,12)");
- Output:
L("4","5","6") == (4,5,6) L(8,10,12) == (8,10,12) L(8,10,12) == (8,10,12)