Tree from nesting levels: Difference between revisions
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===Functional=== |
===Functional=== |
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Mapping from the sparse list format to a generic tree structure, and using both: |
Mapping from the sparse list format to a generic tree structure, and using both: |
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:# a generic |
:# a generic ''forestFromNestLevels'' function to map from a normalised input list to a generic tree, and |
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:# a standard catamorphism over trees (''foldTree'') to generate both the nested list format, and the round-trip regeneration of a sparse list from the generic tree. |
:# a standard catamorphism over trees (''foldTree'') to generate both the nested list format, and the round-trip regeneration of a sparse list from the generic tree. |
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<lang applescript> |
<lang applescript> |
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Revision as of 01:23, 8 February 2021
Given a flat list of integers greater than zero, representing object nesting
levels, e.g. [1, 2, 4],
generate a tree formed from nested lists of those nesting level integers where:
- Every int appears, in order, at its depth of nesting.
- If the next level int is greater than the previous then it appears in a sub-list of the list containing the previous item
The generated tree data structure should ideally be in a languages nested list format that can
be used for further calculations rather than something just calculated for printing.
An input of [1, 2, 4] should produce the equivalent of: [1, [2, [[4]]]]
where 1 is at depth1, 2 is two deep and 4 is nested 4 deep.
[1, 2, 4, 2, 2, 1] should produce [1, [2, [[4]], 2, 2], 1].
All the nesting integers are in the same order but at the correct nesting
levels.
Similarly [3, 1, 3, 1] should generate [[[3]], 1, [[3]], 1]
- Task
Generate and show here the results for the following inputs:
[][1, 2, 4][3, 1, 3, 1][1, 2, 3, 1][3, 2, 1, 3][3, 3, 3, 1, 1, 3, 3, 3]
AppleScript
Iterative
<lang applescript>on treeFromNestingLevels(input)
set maxLevel to 0
repeat with thisLevel in input
if (thisLevel > maxLevel) then set maxLevel to thisLevel
end repeat
if (maxLevel < 2) then return input
set emptyList to {}
repeat with testLevel from maxLevel to 2 by -1
set output to {}
set subnest to {}
repeat with thisLevel in input
set thisLevel to thisLevel's contents
if ((thisLevel's class is integer) and (thisLevel < testLevel)) then
if (subnest ≠ emptyList) then set subnest to {}
set end of output to thisLevel
else
if (subnest = emptyList) then set end of output to subnest
set end of subnest to thisLevel
end if
end repeat
set input to output
end repeat
return output
end treeFromNestingLevels
-- Task code: local output, astid, input, part1, errMsg set output to {} set astid to AppleScript's text item delimiters repeat with input in {{}, {1, 2, 4}, {3, 1, 3, 1}, {1, 2, 3, 1}, {3, 2, 1, 3}, {3, 3, 3, 1, 1, 3, 3, 3}}
set input to input's contents
set AppleScript's text item delimiters to ", "
set part1 to "{" & input & "} nests to: {"
-- It's a pain having to parse nested lists to text, so throw a deliberate error and parse the error message instead.
try
|| of treeFromNestingLevels(input)
on error errMsg
set AppleScript's text item delimiters to {"{", "}"}
set end of output to part1 & ((text from text item 2 to text item -2 of errMsg) & "}")
end try
end repeat set AppleScript's text item delimiters to linefeed set output to output as text set AppleScript's text item delimiters to astid return output</lang>
- Output:
<lang applescript>"{} nests to: {} {1, 2, 4} nests to: {1, {2, Template:4}} {3, 1, 3, 1} nests to: {Template:3, 1, Template:3, 1} {1, 2, 3, 1} nests to: {1, {2, {3}}, 1} {3, 2, 1, 3} nests to: {{{3}, 2}, 1, Template:3} {3, 3, 3, 1, 1, 3, 3, 3} nests to: {Template:3, 3, 3, 1, 1, Template:3, 3, 3}"</lang>
Recursive
Same task code and output as above. <lang applescript>on treeFromNestingLevels(input)
script recursion
property emptyList : {}
on recurse(input, currentLevel)
set output to {}
set subnest to {}
repeat with thisLevel in input
set thisLevel to thisLevel's contents
if (thisLevel > currentLevel) then
set end of subnest to thisLevel
else
if (subnest ≠ emptyList) then
set end of output to recurse(subnest, currentLevel + 1)
set subnest to {}
end if
set end of output to thisLevel
end if
end repeat
if (subnest ≠ emptyList) then set end of output to recurse(subnest, currentLevel + 1)
return output
end recurse
end script
return recursion's recurse(input, 1)
end treeFromNestingLevels</lang>
Functional
Mapping from the sparse list format to a generic tree structure, and using both:
- a generic forestFromNestLevels function to map from a normalised input list to a generic tree, and
- a standard catamorphism over trees (foldTree) to generate both the nested list format, and the round-trip regeneration of a sparse list from the generic tree.
<lang applescript>
FOREST FROM NEST LEVELS ----------------
-- forestFromNestLevels :: [(Int, a)] -> [Tree a] on forestFromNestLevels(pairs)
script go
on |λ|(xs)
if {} ≠ xs then
set {n, v} to item 1 of xs
script deeper
on |λ|(x)
n < item 1 of x
end |λ|
end script
set {descendants, rs} to ¬
|λ|(rest of xs) of span(deeper)
{Node(v, |λ|(descendants))} & |λ|(rs)
else
{}
end if
end |λ|
end script
|λ|(pairs) of go
end forestFromNestLevels
-- nestedListFromNodeAndList
on nestedList(maybeLevel, xs)
set subTree to concat(xs)
if maybeLevel ≠ missing value then
if {} ≠ subTree then
{maybeLevel, subTree}
else
{maybeLevel}
end if
else
{subTree}
end if
end nestedList
-- treeFromSparseLevelList :: [Int] -> Tree Maybe Int
on treeFromSparseLevelList(xs)
{missing value, ¬
forestFromNestLevels(rooted(normalized(xs)))}
end treeFromSparseLevelList
TESTS -------------------------
on run
set tests to {¬
{}, ¬
{1, 2, 4}, ¬
{3, 1, 3, 1}, ¬
{1, 2, 3, 1}, ¬
{3, 2, 1, 3}, ¬
{3, 3, 3, 1, 1, 3, 3, 3}}
script translate
on |λ|(ns)
set tree to treeFromSparseLevelList(ns)
set bracketNest to root(foldTree(my nestedList, tree))
set returnTrip to foldTree(my levelList, tree)
{showList(ns), showList(bracketNest), showList(returnTrip)}
end |λ|
end script
set testResults to Template:"INPUT", "NESTED", "ROUND-TRIP" & map(translate, tests)
set {firstColWidth, secondColWidth} to map(widest(testResults), {fst, snd})
script display
on |λ|(triple)
intercalate(" -> ", ¬
{justifyRight(firstColWidth, space, item 1 of triple)} & ¬
{justifyLeft(secondColWidth, space, item 2 of triple)} & ¬
{item 3 of triple})
end |λ|
end script
linefeed & unlines(map(display, testResults))
end run
-- widest :: ((a, a) -> a) -> [String] -> Int
on widest(xs)
script
on |λ|(f)
maximum(map(compose(my |length|, mReturn(f)), xs))
end |λ|
end script
end widest
FROM TREE BACK TO SPARSE LIST -------------
-- levelListFromNestedList :: Maybe a -> NestedList -> [a]
on levelList(maybeLevel, xs)
if maybeLevel ≠ missing value then
concat(maybeLevel & xs)
else
concat(xs)
end if
end levelList
NORMALIZED TO A STRICTER GENERIC DATA STRUCTURE ----
-- normalized :: [Int] -> [(Int, Maybe Int)] on normalized(xs)
-- Explicit representation of implicit nodes.
if {} ≠ xs then
set x to item 1 of xs
if 1 > x then
normalized(rest of xs)
else
set h to Template:X, x
if 1 = length of xs then
h
else
if 1 < ((item 2 of xs) - x) then
set ys to h & Template:1 + x, missing value
else
set ys to h
end if
ys & normalized(rest of xs)
end if
end if
else
{}
end if
end normalized
-- rooted :: [(Int, Maybe Int)] -> [(Int, Maybe Int)]
on rooted(pairs)
-- Path from the virtual root to the first explicit node.
if {} ≠ pairs then
set {n, _} to item 1 of pairs
if 1 ≠ n then
script go
on |λ|(x)
{x, missing value}
end |λ|
end script
map(go, enumFromTo(1, n - 1)) & pairs
else
pairs
end if
else
{}
end if
end rooted
GENERIC TREE FUNCTIONS ----------------
-- Node :: a -> [Tree a] -> Tree a on Node(v, xs)
-- {type:"Node", root:v, nest:xs}
{v, xs}
end Node
-- foldTree :: (a -> [b] -> b) -> Tree a -> b
on foldTree(f, tree)
script go
property g : mReturn(f)
on |λ|(tree)
tell g to |λ|(root(tree), map(go, nest(tree)))
end |λ|
end script
|λ|(tree) of go
end foldTree
-- nest :: Tree a -> [a]
on nest(oTree)
item 2 of oTree -- nest of oTree
end nest
-- root :: Tree a -> a on root(oTree)
item 1 of oTree -- root of oTree
end root
OTHER GENERIC ---------------------
-- compose (<<<) :: (b -> c) -> (a -> b) -> a -> c on compose(f, g)
script
property mf : mReturn(f)
property mg : mReturn(g)
on |λ|(x)
mf's |λ|(mg's |λ|(x))
end |λ|
end script
end compose
-- concat :: a -> [a]
on concat(xs)
set lng to length of xs
set acc to {}
repeat with i from 1 to lng
set acc to acc & item i of xs
end repeat
acc
end concat
-- enumFromTo :: Int -> Int -> [Int]
on enumFromTo(m, n)
if m ≤ n then
set lst to {}
repeat with i from m to n
set end of lst to i
end repeat
lst
else
{}
end if
end enumFromTo
-- foldl :: (a -> b -> a) -> a -> [b] -> a
on foldl(f, startValue, xs)
tell mReturn(f)
set v to startValue
set lng to length of xs
repeat with i from 1 to lng
set v to |λ|(v, item i of xs, i, xs)
end repeat
return v
end tell
end foldl
-- fst :: (a, b) -> a
on fst(tpl)
if class of tpl is record then
|1| of tpl
else
item 1 of tpl
end if
end fst
-- intercalate :: String -> [String] -> String
on intercalate(delim, xs)
set {dlm, my text item delimiters} to ¬
{my text item delimiters, delim}
set s to xs as text
set my text item delimiters to dlm
s
end intercalate
-- justifyLeft :: Int -> Char -> String -> String
on justifyLeft(n, cFiller, strText)
if n > length of strText then
text 1 thru n of (strText & replicate(n, cFiller))
else
strText
end if
end justifyLeft
-- justifyRight :: Int -> Char -> String -> String
on justifyRight(n, cFiller, strText)
if n > length of strText then
text -n thru -1 of ((replicate(n, cFiller) as text) & strText)
else
strText
end if
end justifyRight
-- length :: [a] -> Int
on |length|(xs)
set c to class of xs
if list is c or string is c then
length of xs
else
(2 ^ 29 - 1) -- (maxInt - simple proxy for non-finite)
end if
end |length|
-- mReturn :: First-class m => (a -> b) -> m (a -> b)
on mReturn(f)
-- 2nd class handler function lifted into 1st class script wrapper.
if script is class of f then
f
else
script
property |λ| : f
end script
end if
end mReturn
-- map :: (a -> b) -> [a] -> [b]
on map(f, xs)
-- The list obtained by applying f
-- to each element of xs.
tell mReturn(f)
set lng to length of xs
set lst to {}
repeat with i from 1 to lng
set end of lst to |λ|(item i of xs, i, xs)
end repeat
return lst
end tell
end map
-- maximum :: Ord a => [a] -> a
on maximum(xs)
script
on |λ|(a, b)
if a is missing value or b > a then
b
else
a
end if
end |λ|
end script
foldl(result, missing value, xs)
end maximum
-- Egyptian multiplication - progressively doubling a list, appending
-- stages of doubling to an accumulator where needed for binary
-- assembly of a target length
-- replicate :: Int -> String -> String
on replicate(n, s)
-- Egyptian multiplication - progressively doubling a list,
-- appending stages of doubling to an accumulator where needed
-- for binary assembly of a target length
script p
on |λ|({n})
n ≤ 1
end |λ|
end script
script f
on |λ|({n, dbl, out})
if (n mod 2) > 0 then
set d to out & dbl
else
set d to out
end if
{n div 2, dbl & dbl, d}
end |λ|
end script
set xs to |until|(p, f, {n, s, ""})
item 2 of xs & item 3 of xs
end replicate
-- snd :: (a, b) -> b
on snd(tpl)
if class of tpl is record then
|2| of tpl
else
item 2 of tpl
end if
end snd
-- showList :: [a] -> String
on showList(xs)
"[" & intercalate(", ", map(my show, xs)) & "]"
end showList
on show(v)
if list is class of v then
showList(v)
else
v as text
end if
end show
-- span :: (a -> Bool) -> [a] -> ([a], [a])
on span(f)
-- The longest (possibly empty) prefix of xs
-- that contains only elements satisfying p,
-- tupled with the remainder of xs.
-- span(p, xs) eq (takeWhile(p, xs), dropWhile(p, xs))
script
on |λ|(xs)
set lng to length of xs
set i to 0
tell mReturn(f)
repeat while lng > i and |λ|(item (1 + i) of xs)
set i to 1 + i
end repeat
end tell
splitAt(i, xs)
end |λ|
end script
end span
-- splitAt :: Int -> [a] -> ([a], [a])
on splitAt(n, xs)
if n > 0 and n < length of xs then
if class of xs is text then
{items 1 thru n of xs as text, ¬
items (n + 1) thru -1 of xs as text}
else
{items 1 thru n of xs, items (n + 1) thru -1 of xs}
end if
else
if n < 1 then
{{}, xs}
else
{xs, {}}
end if
end if
end splitAt
-- unlines :: [String] -> String
on unlines(xs)
-- A single string formed by the intercalation
-- of a list of strings with the newline character.
set {dlm, my text item delimiters} to ¬
{my text item delimiters, linefeed}
set s to xs as text
set my text item delimiters to dlm
s
end unlines
-- until :: (a -> Bool) -> (a -> a) -> a -> a
on |until|(p, f, x)
set v to x
set mp to mReturn(p)
set mf to mReturn(f)
repeat until mp's |λ|(v)
set v to mf's |λ|(v)
end repeat
v
end |until|</lang>
INPUT -> NESTED -> ROUND-TRIP
[] -> [] -> []
[1, 2, 4] -> [1, [2, [[4]]]] -> [1, 2, 4]
[3, 1, 3, 1] -> [[[3]], 1, [[3]], 1] -> [3, 1, 3, 1]
[1, 2, 3, 1] -> [1, [2, [3]], 1] -> [1, 2, 3, 1]
[3, 2, 1, 3] -> [[[3], 2], 1, [[3]]] -> [3, 2, 1, 3]
[3, 3, 3, 1, 1, 3, 3, 3] -> [[[3, 3, 3]], 1, 1, [[3, 3, 3]]] -> [3, 3, 3, 1, 1, 3, 3, 3]
C++
Uses C++20 <lang cpp>#include <any>
- include <iostream>
- include <iterator>
- include <vector>
using namespace std;
// Make a tree that is a vector of either values or other trees vector<any> MakeTree(input_iterator auto first, input_iterator auto last, int depth = 1) {
vector<any> tree;
while (first < last && depth <= *first)
{
if(*first == depth)
{
// add a single value
tree.push_back(*first);
++first;
}
else // (depth < *b)
{
// add a subtree
tree.push_back(MakeTree(first, last, depth + 1));
first = find(first + 1, last, depth);
}
}
return tree;
}
// Print an input vector or tree void PrintTree(input_iterator auto first, input_iterator auto last) {
cout << "[";
for(auto it = first; it != last; ++it)
{
if(it != first) cout << ", ";
if constexpr (is_integral_v<remove_reference_t<decltype(*first)>>)
{
// for printing the input vector
cout << *it;
}
else
{
// for printing the tree
if(it->type() == typeid(unsigned int))
{
// a single value
cout << any_cast<unsigned int>(*it);
}
else
{
// a subtree
const auto& subTree = any_cast<vector<any>>(*it);
PrintTree(subTree.begin(), subTree.end());
}
}
}
cout << "]";
}
int main(void) {
auto execises = vector<vector<unsigned int>> {
{},
{1, 2, 4},
{3, 1, 3, 1},
{1, 2, 3, 1},
{3, 2, 1, 3},
{3, 3, 3, 1, 1, 3, 3, 3}
};
for(const auto& e : execises)
{
auto tree = MakeTree(e.begin(), e.end());
PrintTree(e.begin(), e.end());
cout << " Nests to:\n";
PrintTree(tree.begin(), tree.end());
cout << "\n\n";
}
} </lang>
- Output:
[] Nests to: [] [1, 2, 4] Nests to: [1, [2, [[4]]]] [3, 1, 3, 1] Nests to: [[[3]], 1, [[3]], 1] [1, 2, 3, 1] Nests to: [1, [2, [3]], 1] [3, 2, 1, 3] Nests to: [[[3], 2], 1, [[3]]] [3, 3, 3, 1, 1, 3, 3, 3] Nests to: [[[3, 3, 3]], 1, 1, [[3, 3, 3]]]
Go
Iterative
<lang go>package main
import "fmt"
type any = interface{}
func toTree(list []int) any {
s := []any{[]any{}}
for _, n := range list {
for n != len(s) {
if n > len(s) {
inner := []any{}
s[len(s)-1] = append(s[len(s)-1].([]any), inner)
s = append(s, inner)
} else {
s = s[0 : len(s)-1]
}
}
s[len(s)-1] = append(s[len(s)-1].([]any), n)
for i := len(s) - 2; i >= 0; i-- {
le := len(s[i].([]any))
s[i].([]any)[le-1] = s[i+1]
}
}
return s[0]
}
func main() {
tests := [][]int{
{},
{1, 2, 4},
{3, 1, 3, 1},
{1, 2, 3, 1},
{3, 2, 1, 3},
{3, 3, 3, 1, 1, 3, 3, 3},
}
for _, test := range tests {
nest := toTree(test)
fmt.Printf("%17s => %v\n", fmt.Sprintf("%v", test), nest)
}
}</lang>
- Output:
[] => []
[1 2 4] => [1 [2 [[4]]]]
[3 1 3 1] => [[[3]] 1 [[3]] 1]
[1 2 3 1] => [1 [2 [3]] 1]
[3 2 1 3] => [[[3] 2] 1 [[3]]]
[3 3 3 1 1 3 3 3] => [[[3 3 3]] 1 1 [[3 3 3]]]
Recursive
<lang go>package main
import "fmt"
type any = interface{}
func toTree(list []int, index, depth int) (int, []any) {
var soFar []any
for index < len(list) {
t := list[index]
if t == depth {
soFar = append(soFar, t)
} else if t > depth {
var deeper []any
index, deeper = toTree(list, index, depth+1)
soFar = append(soFar, deeper)
} else {
index = index - 1
break
}
index = index + 1
}
if depth > 1 {
return index, soFar
}
return -1, soFar
}
func main() {
tests := [][]int{
{},
{1, 2, 4},
{3, 1, 3, 1},
{1, 2, 3, 1},
{3, 2, 1, 3},
{3, 3, 3, 1, 1, 3, 3, 3},
}
for _, test := range tests {
_, nest := toTree(test, 0, 1)
fmt.Printf("%17s => %v\n", fmt.Sprintf("%v", test), nest)
}
}</lang>
- Output:
Same as iterative version.
Haskell
The output notation shown here would be rejected by Haskell because of the inconsistency of the types in each 'list' – sometime integer, sometimes list of integer, sometimes list of list of integer etc.
For the task description's format that can be used for further calculations we can turn to Haskell's Data.Tree types, which give us a Forest (a consistently-typed list of Trees), where a single Tree combines some node value with a Forest of Trees.
The node value will have to be a sum type like `Maybe Int`, where implicit Tree nodes (that have no explicit Int value) have a `Nothing` value.
For display purposes, we can either show the list of Tree records directly, or use the drawForest and drawTree functions defined in the standard Data.Tree module.
We can reverse the translation, from tree back to sparse list, without loss of information, by using a standard fold. See sparseLevelsFromTree below:
<lang haskell>{-# LANGUAGE TupleSections #-}
import Data.Bifunctor (bimap) import Data.Tree (Forest, Tree (..), drawTree, foldTree)
TREE FROM NEST LEVELS (AND BACK) -----------
treeFromSparseLevels :: [Int] -> Tree (Maybe Int) treeFromSparseLevels =
Node Nothing . forestFromNestLevels . rooted . normalised
sparseLevelsFromTree :: Tree (Maybe Int) -> [Int] sparseLevelsFromTree = foldTree go
where go Nothing xs = concat xs go (Just x) xs = x : concat xs
forestFromNestLevels :: [(Int, a)] -> Forest a forestFromNestLevels = go
where
go [] = []
go ((n, v) : xs) =
uncurry (:) $
bimap (Node v . go) go (span ((n <) . fst) xs)
TEST AND DISPLAY -------------------
main :: IO () main =
mapM_
( \xs ->
putStrLn ("From: " <> show xs)
>> let tree = treeFromSparseLevels xs
in putStrLn ((drawTree . fmap show) tree)
>> putStrLn
( "Back to: "
<> show (sparseLevelsFromTree tree)
<> "\n\n"
)
)
[ [],
[1, 2, 4],
[3, 1, 3, 1],
[1, 2, 3, 1],
[3, 2, 1, 3],
[3, 3, 3, 1, 1, 3, 3, 3]
]
MAPPING TO A STRICTER DATA STRUCTURE ---------
-- Path from the virtual root to the first explicit node. rooted :: [(Int, Maybe Int)] -> [(Int, Maybe Int)] rooted [] = [] rooted xs = go $ filter ((1 <=) . fst) xs
where
go xs@((1, mb) : _) = xs
go xs@((n, mb) : _) =
fmap (,Nothing) [1 .. pred n] <> xs
-- Representation of implicit nodes. normalised [] = [] normalised [x] = [(x, Just x)] normalised (x : y : xs)
| 1 < (y - x) = (x, Just x) : (succ x, Nothing) : normalised (y : xs) | otherwise = (x, Just x) : normalised (y : xs)</lang>
- Output:
From: []
Nothing
Back to: []
From: [1,2,4]
Nothing
|
`- Just 1
|
`- Just 2
|
`- Nothing
|
`- Just 4
Back to: [1,2,4]
From: [3,1,3,1]
Nothing
|
+- Nothing
| |
| `- Nothing
| |
| `- Just 3
|
+- Just 1
| |
| `- Nothing
| |
| `- Just 3
|
`- Just 1
Back to: [3,1,3,1]
From: [1,2,3,1]
Nothing
|
+- Just 1
| |
| `- Just 2
| |
| `- Just 3
|
`- Just 1
Back to: [1,2,3,1]
From: [3,2,1,3]
Nothing
|
+- Nothing
| |
| +- Nothing
| | |
| | `- Just 3
| |
| `- Just 2
|
`- Just 1
|
`- Nothing
|
`- Just 3
Back to: [3,2,1,3]
From: [3,3,3,1,1,3,3,3]
Nothing
|
+- Nothing
| |
| `- Nothing
| |
| +- Just 3
| |
| +- Just 3
| |
| `- Just 3
|
+- Just 1
|
`- Just 1
|
`- Nothing
|
+- Just 3
|
+- Just 3
|
`- Just 3
Back to: [3,3,3,1,1,3,3,3]
Julia
<lang julia>function makenested(list)
nesting = 0
str = isempty(list) ? "[]" : ""
for n in list
if n > nesting
str *= "["^(n - nesting)
nesting = n
elseif n < nesting
str *= "]"^(nesting - n) * ", "
nesting = n
end
str *= "$n, "
end
str *= "]"^nesting
return eval(Meta.parse(str))
end
for test in [[], [1, 2, 4], [3, 1, 3, 1], [1, 2, 3, 1], [3, 2, 1, 3], [3, 3, 3, 1, 1, 3, 3, 3]]
result = "$test => $(makenested(test))" println(replace(result, "Any" => ""))
end
</lang>
- Output:
[] => [] [1, 2, 4] => [1, [2, [[4]]]] [3, 1, 3, 1] => [[[3]], 1, [[3]], 1] [1, 2, 3, 1] => [1, [2, [3]], 1] [3, 2, 1, 3] => [[[3], 2], 1, [[3]]] [3, 3, 3, 1, 1, 3, 3, 3] => [[[3, 3, 3]], 1, 1, [[3, 3, 3]]]
Perl
String Eval
<lang perl>#!/usr/bin/perl
use strict; use warnings; use Data::Dump qw(dd pp);
my @tests =
( [] ,[1, 2, 4] ,[3, 1, 3, 1] ,[1, 2, 3, 1] ,[3, 2, 1, 3] ,[3, 3, 3, 1, 1, 3, 3, 3] );
for my $before ( @tests )
{
dd { before => $before };
local $_ = (pp $before) =~ s/\d+/ '['x($&-1) . $& . ']'x($&-1) /ger;
1 while s/\](,\s*)\[/$1/;
my $after = eval;
dd { after => $after };
}</lang>
- Output:
{ before => [] }
{ after => [] }
{ before => [1, 2, 4] }
{ after => [1, [2, [[4]]]] }
{ before => [3, 1, 3, 1] }
{ after => [[[3]], 1, [[3]], 1] }
{ before => [1, 2, 3, 1] }
{ after => [1, [2, [3]], 1] }
{ before => [3, 2, 1, 3] }
{ after => [[[3], 2], 1, [[3]]] }
{ before => [3, 3, 3, 1, 1, 3, 3, 3] }
{ after => [[[3, 3, 3]], 1, 1, [[3, 3, 3]]] }
Iterative
<lang perl>use 5.020_000; # Also turns on `strict` use warnings; use experimental qw<signatures>; use Data::Dump qw<pp>;
sub new_level ( $stack ) {
my $e = [];
push @{ $stack->[-1] }, $e;
push @{ $stack }, $e;
} sub to_tree_iterative ( @xs ) {
my $nested = []; my $stack = [$nested];
for my $x (@xs) {
new_level($stack) while $x > @{$stack};
pop @{$stack} while $x < @{$stack};
push @{$stack->[-1]},$x;
}
return $nested;
} my @tests = ([],[1,2,4],[3,1,3,1],[1,2,3,1],[3,2,1,3],[3,3,3,1,1,3,3,3]); say sprintf('%15s => ', join(' ', @{$_})), pp(to_tree_iterative(@{$_})) for @tests;</lang>
- Output:
=> []
1 2 4 => [1, [2, [[4]]]]
3 1 3 1 => [[[3]], 1, [[3]], 1]
1 2 3 1 => [1, [2, [3]], 1]
3 2 1 3 => [[[3], 2], 1, [[3]]]
3 3 3 1 1 3 3 3 => [[[3, 3, 3]], 1, 1, [[3, 3, 3]]]
Phix
I was thinking along the same lines but admit I had a little peek at the (recursive) python solution.. <lang Phix>function test(sequence s, integer level=1, idx=1)
sequence res = {}, part
while idx<=length(s) do
switch compare(s[idx],level) do
case +1: {idx,part} = test(s,level+1,idx)
res = append(res,part)
case 0: res &= s[idx]
case -1: idx -= 1 exit
end switch
idx += 1
end while
return iff(level=1?res:{idx,res})
end function
constant tests = {{},
{1, 2, 4},
-- {1, 2, 4, 2, 2, 1}, -- (fine too)
{3, 1, 3, 1},
{1, 2, 3, 1},
{3, 2, 1, 3},
{3, 3, 3, 1, 1, 3, 3, 3}}
for i=1 to length(tests) do
sequence ti = tests[i],
res = test(ti),
rpp = ppf(res,{pp_Nest,3,pp_Indent,4})
printf(1,"%v nests to %v\n or %s\n",{ti,res,rpp})
end for</lang>
- Output:
{} nests to {}
or {}
{1,2,4} nests to {1,{2,{{4}}}}
or {1,
{2,
{{4}}}}
{3,1,3,1} nests to {{{3}},1,{{3}},1}
or {{{3}},
1,
{{3}},
1}
{1,2,3,1} nests to {1,{2,{3}},1}
or {1,
{2,
{3}},
1}
{3,2,1,3} nests to {{{3},2},1,{{3}}}
or {{{3},
2},
1,
{{3}}}
{3,3,3,1,1,3,3,3} nests to {{{3,3,3}},1,1,{{3,3,3}}}
or {{{3,
3,
3}},
1,
1,
{{3,
3,
3}}}
iterative
<lang Phix>function nest(sequence input)
if length(input) then
for level=max(input) to 2 by -1 do
sequence output = {}
bool subnest = false
for i=1 to length(input) do
object ii = input[i]
if integer(ii) and ii<level then
subnest = false
output &= ii
elsif not subnest then
output &= Template:Ii
subnest = true
else
output[$] &= {ii}
end if
end for
input = output
end for
end if
return input
end function</lang> Same output (using nest instead of test)
Python
Python: Procedural
Python: Recursive
<lang python>def to_tree(x, index=0, depth=1):
so_far = []
while index < len(x):
this = x[index]
if this == depth:
so_far.append(this)
elif this > depth:
index, deeper = to_tree(x, index, depth + 1)
so_far.append(deeper)
else: # this < depth:
index -=1
break
index += 1
return (index, so_far) if depth > 1 else so_far
if __name__ == "__main__":
from pprint import pformat
def pnest(nest:list, width: int=9) -> str:
text = pformat(nest, width=width).replace('\n', '\n ')
print(f" OR {text}\n")
exercises = [
[],
[1, 2, 4],
[3, 1, 3, 1],
[1, 2, 3, 1],
[3, 2, 1, 3],
[3, 3, 3, 1, 1, 3, 3, 3],
]
for flat in exercises:
nest = to_tree(flat)
print(f"{flat} NESTS TO: {nest}")
pnest(nest)</lang>
- Output:
[] NESTS TO: []
OR []
[1, 2, 4] NESTS TO: [1, [2, [[4]]]]
OR [1,
[2,
[[4]]]]
[3, 1, 3, 1] NESTS TO: [[[3]], 1, [[3]], 1]
OR [[[3]],
1,
[[3]],
1]
[1, 2, 3, 1] NESTS TO: [1, [2, [3]], 1]
OR [1,
[2,
[3]],
1]
[3, 2, 1, 3] NESTS TO: [[[3], 2], 1, [[3]]]
OR [[[3],
2],
1,
[[3]]]
[3, 3, 3, 1, 1, 3, 3, 3] NESTS TO: [[[3, 3, 3]], 1, 1, [[3, 3, 3]]]
OR [[[3,
3,
3]],
1,
1,
[[3,
3,
3]]]
Python: Iterative
<lang python>def to_tree(x: list) -> list:
nested = []
stack = [nested]
for this in x:
while this != len(stack):
if this > len(stack):
innermost = [] # new level
stack[-1].append(innermost) # nest it
stack.append(innermost) # push it
else: # this < stack:
stack.pop(-1)
stack[-1].append(this)
return nested
</lang>
- Output:
Using the same main block it produces the same output as the recursive case above.
Python: Functional
A translation of the sparse level-lists to a stricter generic data structure gives us access to standard tree-walking functions,
allowing for simpler top-level functions, and higher levels of code reuse.
Here, for example, we apply:
- a generic tree-drawing function
- for the return trip from tree to list, a generic catamorphism over trees (foldTree).
<lang python>Tree from nesting levels
from itertools import chain, repeat from operator import add
- treeFromSparseLevels :: [Int] -> Tree Maybe Int
def treeFromSparseLevels(levelList):
A Forest (list of Trees) of (Maybe Int) values,
in which implicit nodes have the value Nothing.
return Node(Nothing())(
forestFromLevels(
rooted(normalized(levelList))
)
)
- sparseLevelsFromTree :: Tree (Maybe Int) -> [Int]
def sparseLevelsFromTree(tree):
Sparse representation of the tree
a list of nest level integers.
def go(x):
return lambda xs: concat(xs) if (
x.get('Nothing', False)
) else [x.get('Just', 0)] + concat(xs)
return foldTree(go)(tree)
- forestFromLevels :: [(Int, a)] -> [Tree a]
def forestFromLevels(nvs):
A list of generic trees derived from a list of
values paired with integers representing
nesting depths.
def go(xs):
if xs:
level, v = xs[0]
children, rest = span(
lambda x: level < x[0]
)(xs[1:])
return [Node(v)(go(children))] + go(rest)
else:
return []
return go(nvs)
- showTree :: Tree Maybe Int -> String
def showTree(tree):
A string representation of
a Maybe Int tree.
return drawTree(
fmapTree(showMaybe)(tree)
)
- ------------------------- TEST -------------------------
- main :: IO ()
def main():
Test the building and display of
normalized forests from level integers.
for xs in [
[],
[1, 2, 4],
[3, 1, 3, 1],
[1, 2, 3, 1],
[3, 2, 1, 3],
[3, 3, 3, 1, 1, 3, 3, 3]
]:
tree = treeFromSparseLevels(xs)
(
print('From: ' + repr(xs)),
print(showTree(tree)),
print(
'Back to: ' + (
repr(sparseLevelsFromTree(tree))
)
),
print()
)
- ------ TRANSLATION TO A CONSISTENT DATA STRUCTURE ------
- normalized :: [Int] -> [(Int, Maybe Int)]
def normalized(xs):
Explicit representation of implicit nodes.
if xs:
x = xs[0]
h = [(x, Just(x))]
return h if 1 == len(xs) else (
h + [(1 + x, Nothing())] if (
1 < (xs[1] - x)
) else h
) + normalized(xs[1:])
else:
return []
- rooted :: [(Int, Maybe Int)] -> [(Int, Maybe Int)]
def rooted(pairs):
Path from the virtual root
to the first explicit node.
def go(xs):
n = xs[0][0]
return xs if 1 == n else (
[(x, Nothing()) for x in range(1, n)] + xs
)
return go([
x for x in pairs if 1 <= x[0]
]) if pairs else []
- ---------------- GENERIC TREE FUNCTIONS ----------------
- Node :: a -> [Tree a] -> Tree a
def Node(v):
Constructor for a Tree node which connects a
value of some kind to a list of zero or
more child trees.
return lambda xs: {'type': 'Tree', 'root': v, 'nest': xs}
- draw :: Tree a -> [String]
def draw(node):
List of the lines of an ASCII
diagram of a tree.
def shift_(h, other, xs):
return list(map(
add,
chain(
[h], (
repeat(other, len(xs) - 1)
)
),
xs
))
def drawSubTrees(xs):
return (
(
['|'] + shift_(
'├─ ', '│ ', draw(xs[0])
) + drawSubTrees(xs[1:])
) if 1 < len(xs) else ['|'] + shift_(
'└─ ', ' ', draw(xs[0])
)
) if xs else []
return (root(node)).splitlines() + (
drawSubTrees(nest(node))
)
- drawForest :: [Tree String] -> String
def drawForest(trees):
A simple unicode character representation of
a list of trees.
return '\n'.join(map(drawTree, trees))
- drawTree :: Tree a -> String
def drawTree(tree):
ASCII diagram of a tree. return '\n'.join(draw(tree))
- fmapTree :: (a -> b) -> Tree a -> Tree b
def fmapTree(f):
A new tree holding the results of
an application of f to each root in
the existing tree.
def go(x):
return Node(
f(x['root'])
)([go(v) for v in x['nest']])
return go
- foldTree :: (a -> [b] -> b) -> Tree a -> b
def foldTree(f):
The catamorphism on trees. A summary
value defined by a depth-first fold.
def go(node):
return f(root(node))([
go(x) for x in nest(node)
])
return go
- nest :: Tree a -> [Tree a]
def nest(t):
Accessor function for children of tree node.
return t.get('nest')
- root :: Tree a -> a
def root(t):
Accessor function for data of tree node.
return t.get('root')
- -------------------- GENERIC OTHER ---------------------
- Just :: a -> Maybe a
def Just(x):
Constructor for an inhabited Maybe (option type) value.
Wrapper containing the result of a computation.
return {'type': 'Maybe', 'Nothing': False, 'Just': x}
- Nothing :: () -> Maybe a
def Nothing():
Constructor for an empty Maybe (option type) value.
Empty wrapper returned where a computation is not possible.
return {'type': 'Maybe', 'Nothing': True}
- concat :: a -> [a]
- concat :: [String] -> String
def concat(xs):
The concatenation of all the elements
in a list or iterable.
def f(ys):
zs = list(chain(*ys))
return .join(zs) if isinstance(ys[0], str) else zs
return (
f(xs) if isinstance(xs, list) else (
chain.from_iterable(xs)
)
) if xs else []
- showMaybe :: Maybe a -> String
def showMaybe(mb):
Stringification of a Maybe value.
return 'Nothing' if (
mb.get('Nothing')
) else 'Just ' + repr(mb.get('Just'))
- span :: (a -> Bool) -> [a] -> ([a], [a])
def span(p):
The longest (possibly empty) prefix of xs
that contains only elements satisfying p,
tupled with the remainder of xs.
span p xs is equivalent to
(takeWhile p xs, dropWhile p xs).
def match(ab):
b = ab[1]
return not b or not p(b[0])
def f(ab):
a, b = ab
return a + [b[0]], b[1:]
def go(xs):
return until(match)(f)(([], xs))
return go
- until :: (a -> Bool) -> (a -> a) -> a -> a
def until(p):
The result of repeatedly applying f until p holds.
The initial seed value is x.
def go(f):
def g(x):
v = x
while not p(v):
v = f(v)
return v
return g
return go
- MAIN ---
if __name__ == '__main__':
main()</lang>
- Output:
From: []
Nothing
Back to: []
From: [1, 2, 4]
Nothing
|
└─ Just 1
|
└─ Just 2
|
└─ Nothing
|
└─ Just 4
Back to: [1, 2, 4]
From: [3, 1, 3, 1]
Nothing
|
├─ Nothing
│ |
│ └─ Nothing
│ |
│ └─ Just 3
|
├─ Just 1
│ |
│ └─ Nothing
│ |
│ └─ Just 3
|
└─ Just 1
Back to: [3, 1, 3, 1]
From: [1, 2, 3, 1]
Nothing
|
├─ Just 1
│ |
│ └─ Just 2
│ |
│ └─ Just 3
|
└─ Just 1
Back to: [1, 2, 3, 1]
From: [3, 2, 1, 3]
Nothing
|
├─ Nothing
│ |
│ ├─ Nothing
│ │ |
│ │ └─ Just 3
│ |
│ └─ Just 2
|
└─ Just 1
|
└─ Nothing
|
└─ Just 3
Back to: [3, 2, 1, 3]
From: [3, 3, 3, 1, 1, 3, 3, 3]
Nothing
|
├─ Nothing
│ |
│ └─ Nothing
│ |
│ ├─ Just 3
│ |
│ ├─ Just 3
│ |
│ └─ Just 3
|
├─ Just 1
|
└─ Just 1
|
└─ Nothing
|
├─ Just 3
|
├─ Just 3
|
└─ Just 3
Back to: [3, 3, 3, 1, 1, 3, 3, 3]
Raku
Iterative
<lang perl6>sub new_level ( @stack --> Nil ) {
my $e = []; push @stack.tail, $e; push @stack, $e;
} sub to_tree_iterative ( @xs --> List ) {
my $nested = []; my @stack = $nested;
for @xs -> Int $x {
new_level(@stack) while $x > @stack;
pop @stack while $x < @stack;
push @stack.tail, $x;
}
return $nested;
} my @tests = (), (1, 2, 4), (3, 1, 3, 1), (1, 2, 3, 1), (3, 2, 1, 3), (3, 3, 3, 1, 1, 3, 3, 3); say .Str.fmt( '%15s => ' ), .&to_tree_iterative for @tests;</lang>
- Output:
=> []
1 2 4 => [1 [2 [[4]]]]
3 1 3 1 => [[[3]] 1 [[3]] 1]
1 2 3 1 => [1 [2 [3]] 1]
3 2 1 3 => [[[3] 2] 1 [[3]]]
3 3 3 1 1 3 3 3 => [[[3 3 3]] 1 1 [[3 3 3]]]
Recursive
<lang perl6>sub to_tree_recursive ( @list, $index is copy, $depth ) {
my @so_far = gather while $index <= @list.end {
my $t = @list[$index];
given $t <=> $depth {
when Order::Same {
take $t;
}
when Order::More {
( $index, my $n1 ) = to_tree_recursive( @list, $index, $depth+1 );
take $n1;
}
when Order::Less {
$index--;
last;
}
}
$index++;
}
my $i = ($depth > 1) ?? $index !! -1; return $i, @so_far;
} my @tests = (), (1, 2, 4), (3, 1, 3, 1), (1, 2, 3, 1), (3, 2, 1, 3), (3, 3, 3, 1, 1, 3, 3, 3); say .Str.fmt( '%15s => ' ), to_tree_recursive( $_, 0, 1 ).[1] for @tests;</lang>
- Output:
=> []
1 2 4 => [1 [2 [[4]]]]
3 1 3 1 => [[[3]] 1 [[3]] 1]
1 2 3 1 => [1 [2 [3]] 1]
3 2 1 3 => [[[3] 2] 1 [[3]]]
3 3 3 1 1 3 3 3 => [[[3 3 3]] 1 1 [[3 3 3]]]
String Eval
<lang perl6>use MONKEY-SEE-NO-EVAL; sub to_tree_string_eval ( @xs --> Array ) {
my @gap = [ |@xs, 0 ] Z- [ 0, |@xs ];
my @open = @gap.map( '[' x * ); my @close = @gap.map( ']' x -* );
my @wrapped = [Z~] @open, @xs, @close.skip;
return EVAL @wrapped.join(',').subst(:g, ']]', '],]') || '[]';
} my @tests = (), (1, 2, 4), (3, 1, 3, 1), (1, 2, 3, 1), (3, 2, 1, 3), (3, 3, 3, 1, 1, 3, 3, 3); say .Str.fmt( '%15s => ' ), .&to_tree_string_eval for @tests;</lang>
- Output:
=> []
1 2 4 => [1 [2 [[4]]]]
3 1 3 1 => [[[3]] 1 [[3]] 1]
1 2 3 1 => [1 [2 [3]] 1]
3 2 1 3 => [[[3] 2] 1 [[3]]]
3 3 3 1 1 3 3 3 => [[[3 3 3]] 1 1 [[3 3 3]]]
Wren
Iterative
<lang ecmascript>import "/seq" for Stack import "/fmt" for Fmt
var toTree = Fn.new { |list|
var nested = []
var s = Stack.new()
s.push(nested)
for (n in list) {
while (n != s.count) {
if (n > s.count) {
var inner = []
s.peek().add(inner)
s.push(inner)
} else {
s.pop()
}
}
s.peek().add(n)
}
return nested
}
var tests = [
[], [1, 2, 4], [3, 1, 3, 1], [1, 2, 3, 1], [3, 2, 1, 3], [3, 3, 3, 1, 1, 3, 3, 3]
] for (test in tests) {
var nest = toTree.call(test)
Fmt.print("$24n => $n", test, nest)
}</lang>
- Output:
[] => []
[1, 2, 4] => [1, [2, [[4]]]]
[3, 1, 3, 1] => [[[3]], 1, [[3]], 1]
[1, 2, 3, 1] => [1, [2, [3]], 1]
[3, 2, 1, 3] => [[[3], 2], 1, [[3]]]
[3, 3, 3, 1, 1, 3, 3, 3] => [[[3, 3, 3]], 1, 1, [[3, 3, 3]]]
Recursive
<lang ecmascript>import "/fmt" for Fmt
var toTree // recursive toTree = Fn.new { |list, index, depth|
var soFar = []
while (index < list.count) {
var t = list[index]
if (t == depth) {
soFar.add(t)
} else if (t > depth) {
var n = toTree.call(list, index, depth+1)
index = n[0]
soFar.add(n[1])
} else {
index = index - 1
break
}
index = index + 1
}
if (depth > 1) return [index, soFar]
return [-1, soFar]
}
var tests = [
[], [1, 2, 4], [3, 1, 3, 1], [1, 2, 3, 1], [3, 2, 1, 3], [3, 3, 3, 1, 1, 3, 3, 3]
] for (test in tests) {
var n = toTree.call(test, 0, 1)
Fmt.print("$24n => $n", test, n[1])
}</lang>
- Output:
Same as iterative version.