# Standard deviation

(Redirected from Standard Deviation)
Standard deviation
You are encouraged to solve this task according to the task description, using any language you may know.

Write a stateful function, class, generator or co-routine that takes a series of floating point numbers, one at a time, and returns the running standard deviation of the series.

The task implementation should use the most natural programming style of those listed for the function in the implementation language; the task must state which is being used. Do not apply Bessel's correction; the returned standard deviation should always be computed as if the sample seen so far is the entire population.

Use this to compute the standard deviation of this demonstration set, ${\displaystyle \{2,4,4,4,5,5,7,9\}}$, which is ${\displaystyle 2}$.

See also:

## 360 Assembly

For maximum compatibility, this program uses only the basic instruction set. Part of the code length is due to the square root algorithm and to the nice output.

`******** Standard deviation of a populationSTDDEV   CSECT         USING  STDDEV,R13SAVEAREA B      STM-SAVEAREA(R15)         DC     17F'0'         DC     CL8'STDDEV'STM      STM    R14,R12,12(R13)         ST     R13,4(R15)         ST     R15,8(R13)         LR     R13,R15         SR     R8,R8           s=0         SR     R9,R9           ss=0         SR     R4,R4           i=0         LA     R6,1         LH     R7,NLOOPI    BXH    R4,R6,ENDLOOPI         LR     R1,R4           i         BCTR   R1,0         SLA    R1,1         LH     R5,T(R1)         ST     R5,WW           ww=t(i)         MH     R5,=H'1000'     w=ww*1000         AR     R8,R5           s=s+w         LR     R15,R5         MR     R14,R5          w*w         AR     R9,R15          ss=ss+w*w         LR     R14,R8          s         SRDA   R14,32         DR     R14,R4          /i         ST     R15,AVG         avg=s/i         LR     R14,R9          ss         SRDA   R14,32         DR     R14,R4          ss/i         LR     R2,R15          ss/i         LR     R15,R8          s         MR     R14,R8          s*s         LR     R3,R15         LR     R15,R4          i         MR     R14,R4          i*i         LR     R1,R15         LA     R14,0         LR     R15,R3         DR     R14,R1          (s*s)/(i*i)         SR     R2,R15         LR     R10,R2          std=ss/i-(s*s)/(i*i)         LR     R11,R10         std         SRA    R11,1           x=std/2         LR     R12,R10         px=stdLOOPWHIL EQU    *         CR     R12,R11         while px<>=x         BE     ENDWHILE         LR     R12,R11         px=x         LR     R15,R10         std         LA     R14,0         DR     R14,R12         /px         LR     R1,R12          px         AR     R1,R15          px+std/px         SRA    R1,1            /2         LR     R11,R1          x=(px+std/px)/2         B      LOOPWHILENDWHILE EQU    *         LR     R10,R11         CVD    R4,P8           i         MVC    C17,MASK17         ED     C17,P8         MVC    BUF+2(1),C17+15         L      R1,WW         CVD    R1,P8         MVC    C17,MASK17         ED     C17,P8         MVC    BUF+10(1),C17+15         L      R1,AVG         CVD    R1,P8         MVC    C18,MASK18         ED     C18,P8         MVC    BUF+17(5),C18+12         CVD    R10,P8          std         MVC    C18,MASK18         ED     C18,P8         MVC    BUF+31(5),C18+12         WTO    MF=(E,WTOMSG)		           B      LOOPIENDLOOPI EQU    *         L      R13,4(0,R13)         LM     R14,R12,12(R13)         XR     R15,R15         BR     R14         DS     0DN        DC     H'8'T        DC     H'2',H'4',H'4',H'4',H'5',H'5',H'7',H'9'WW       DS     FAVG      DS     FP8       DS     PL8MASK17   DC     C' ',13X'20',X'2120',C'-'              MASK18   DC     C' ',10X'20',X'2120',C'.',3X'20',C'-' C17      DS     CL17C18      DS     CL18WTOMSG   DS     0F         DC     H'80',XL2'0000'BUF      DC     CL80'N=1  ITEM=1  AVG=1.234  STDDEV=1.234 '         YREGS           END    STDDEV`
Output:
```N=1  ITEM=2  AVG=2.000  STDDEV=0.000
N=2  ITEM=4  AVG=3.000  STDDEV=1.000
N=3  ITEM=4  AVG=3.333  STDDEV=0.942
N=4  ITEM=4  AVG=3.500  STDDEV=0.866
N=5  ITEM=5  AVG=3.800  STDDEV=0.979
N=6  ITEM=5  AVG=4.000  STDDEV=1.000
N=7  ITEM=7  AVG=4.428  STDDEV=1.399
N=8  ITEM=9  AVG=5.000  STDDEV=2.000```

## Ada

` with Ada.Numerics.Elementary_Functions;  use Ada.Numerics.Elementary_Functions;with Ada.Numerics.Elementary_Functions;  use Ada.Numerics.Elementary_Functions;with Ada.Text_IO;                        use Ada.Text_IO;with Ada.Float_Text_IO;                  use Ada.Float_Text_IO;with Ada.Integer_Text_IO;                use Ada.Integer_Text_IO; procedure Test_Deviation is   type Sample is record      N            : Natural := 0;      Sum          : Float := 0.0;      SumOfSquares : Float := 0.0;   end record;   procedure Add (Data : in out Sample; Point : Float) is   begin      Data.N       := Data.N + 1;      Data.Sum    := Data.Sum    + Point;      Data.SumOfSquares := Data.SumOfSquares + Point ** 2;   end Add;   function Deviation (Data : Sample) return Float is   begin      return Sqrt (Data.SumOfSquares / Float (Data.N) - (Data.Sum / Float (Data.N)) ** 2);   end Deviation;    Data : Sample;   Test : array (1..8) of Integer := (2, 4, 4, 4, 5, 5, 7, 9);begin   for Index in Test'Range loop      Add (Data, Float(Test(Index)));      Put("N="); Put(Item => Index, Width => 1);      Put(" ITEM="); Put(Item => Test(Index), Width => 1);      Put(" AVG="); Put(Item => Float(Data.Sum)/Float(Index), Fore => 1, Aft => 3, Exp => 0);      Put("  STDDEV="); Put(Item => Deviation (Data), Fore => 1, Aft => 3, Exp => 0);      New_line;   end loop;end Test_Deviation; `
Output:
```N=1 ITEM=2 AVG=2.000  STDDEV=0.000
N=2 ITEM=4 AVG=3.000  STDDEV=1.000
N=3 ITEM=4 AVG=3.333  STDDEV=0.943
N=4 ITEM=4 AVG=3.500  STDDEV=0.866
N=5 ITEM=5 AVG=3.800  STDDEV=0.980
N=6 ITEM=5 AVG=4.000  STDDEV=1.000
N=7 ITEM=7 AVG=4.429  STDDEV=1.400
N=8 ITEM=9 AVG=5.000  STDDEV=2.000
```

## ALGOL 68

Translation of: C
Works with: ALGOL 68 version Standard - no extensions to language used
Works with: ALGOL 68G version Any - tested with release 2.8-win32

Note: the use of a UNION to mimic C's enumerated types is "experimental" and probably not typical of "production code". However it is a example of ALGOL 68s conformity CASE clause useful for classroom dissection.

`MODE VALUE = STRUCT(CHAR value),     STDDEV = STRUCT(CHAR stddev),     MEAN = STRUCT(CHAR mean),     VAR = STRUCT(CHAR var),     COUNT = STRUCT(CHAR count),     RESET = STRUCT(CHAR reset); MODE ACTION = UNION ( VALUE, STDDEV, MEAN, VAR, COUNT, RESET ); LONG REAL sum := 0;LONG REAL sum2 := 0;INT num := 0; PROC stat object = (LONG REAL v, ACTION action)LONG REAL:(   LONG REAL m;   CASE action IN  (VALUE):(    num +:= 1;    sum +:= v;    sum2 +:= v*v;    stat object(0, LOC STDDEV)  ),  (STDDEV):    long sqrt(stat object(0, LOC VAR)),  (MEAN):    IF num>0 THEN sum/LONG REAL(num) ELSE 0 FI,  (VAR):(    m := stat object(0, LOC MEAN);    IF num>0 THEN sum2/LONG REAL(num)-m*m ELSE 0 FI  ),  (COUNT):    num,  (RESET):    sum := sum2 := num := 0  ESAC); []LONG REAL v = ( 2,4,4,4,5,5,7,9 ); main:(  LONG REAL sd;   FOR i FROM LWB v TO UPB v DO    sd := stat object(v[i], LOC VALUE);    printf((\$"value: "g(0,6)," standard dev := "g(0,6)l\$, v[i], sd))  OD )`
Output:
```value: 2.000000 standard dev := .000000
value: 4.000000 standard dev := 1.000000
value: 4.000000 standard dev := .942809
value: 4.000000 standard dev := .866025
value: 5.000000 standard dev := .979796
value: 5.000000 standard dev := 1.000000
value: 7.000000 standard dev := 1.399708
value: 9.000000 standard dev := 2.000000
```
Translation of: python
Works with: ALGOL 68 version Standard - no extensions to language used
Works with: ALGOL 68G version Any - tested with release 2.8-win32

A code sample in an object oriented style:

`MODE STAT = STRUCT(  LONG REAL sum,  LONG REAL sum2,  INT num); OP INIT = (REF STAT new)REF STAT:  (init OF class stat)(new); MODE CLASSSTAT = STRUCT(  PROC (REF STAT, LONG REAL #value#)VOID plusab,  PROC (REF STAT)LONG REAL stddev, mean, variance, count,  PROC (REF STAT)REF STAT init); CLASSSTAT class stat; plusab OF class stat := (REF STAT self, LONG REAL value)VOID:(    num OF self +:= 1;    sum OF self +:= value;    sum2 OF self +:= value*value  ); OP +:= = (REF STAT lhs, LONG REAL rhs)VOID: # some syntatic sugar #  (plusab OF class stat)(lhs, rhs); stddev OF class stat := (REF STAT self)LONG REAL:    long sqrt((variance OF class stat)(self)); OP STDDEV = ([]LONG REAL value)LONG REAL: ( # more syntatic sugar #  REF STAT stat = INIT LOC STAT;  FOR i FROM LWB value TO UPB value DO    stat +:= value[i]  OD;  (stddev OF class stat)(stat)); mean OF class stat := (REF STAT self)LONG REAL:    sum OF self/LONG REAL(num OF self); variance OF class stat := (REF STAT self)LONG REAL:(    LONG REAL m = (mean OF class stat)(self);    sum2 OF self/LONG REAL(num OF self)-m*m  ); count OF class stat := (REF STAT self)LONG REAL:    num OF self; init OF class stat := (REF STAT self)REF STAT:(    sum OF self := sum2 OF self := num OF self := 0;    self  ); []LONG REAL value = ( 2,4,4,4,5,5,7,9 ); main:(#  printf((\$"standard deviation operator = "g(0,6)l\$, STDDEV value));#   REF STAT stat = INIT LOC STAT;   FOR i FROM LWB value TO UPB value DO    stat +:= value[i];    printf((\$"value: "g(0,6)," standard dev := "g(0,6)l\$, value[i], (stddev OF class stat)(stat)))  OD#;  printf((\$"standard deviation = "g(0,6)l\$, (stddev OF class stat)(stat)));  printf((\$"mean = "g(0,6)l\$, (mean OF class stat)(stat)));  printf((\$"variance = "g(0,6)l\$, (variance OF class stat)(stat)));  printf((\$"count = "g(0,6)l\$, (count OF class stat)(stat)))# ) `
Output:
```value: 2.000000 standard dev := .000000
value: 4.000000 standard dev := 1.000000
value: 4.000000 standard dev := .942809
value: 4.000000 standard dev := .866025
value: 5.000000 standard dev := .979796
value: 5.000000 standard dev := 1.000000
value: 7.000000 standard dev := 1.399708
value: 9.000000 standard dev := 2.000000
```
Translation of: python
Works with: ALGOL 68 version Standard - no extensions to language used
Works with: ALGOL 68G version Any - tested with release 1.18.0-9h.tiny

A simple - but "unpackaged" - code example, useful if the standard deviation is required on only one set of concurrent data:

`LONG REAL sum, sum2;INT n; PROC sd = (LONG REAL x)LONG REAL:(    sum  +:= x;    sum2 +:= x*x;    n    +:= 1;    IF n = 0 THEN 0 ELSE long sqrt(sum2/n - sum*sum/n/n) FI); sum := sum2 := n := 0;[]LONG REAL values = (2,4,4,4,5,5,7,9);FOR i TO UPB values DO    LONG REAL value = values[i];    printf((\$2(xg(0,6))l\$, value, sd(value)))OD`
Output:
``` 2.000000 .000000
4.000000 1.000000
4.000000 .942809
4.000000 .866025
5.000000 .979796
5.000000 1.000000
7.000000 1.399708
9.000000 2.000000
```

## ALGOL W

Translation of: ALGOL 68

This is an Algol W version of the third, "unpackaged" Algol 68 sample, which was itself translated from Python.

`begin     long real sum, sum2;    integer   n;     long real procedure sd (long real value x) ;    begin        sum  := sum  + x;        sum2 := sum2 + (x*x);        n    := n    + 1;        if n = 0 then 0 else longsqrt(sum2/n - sum*sum/n/n)    end sd;     sum := sum2 := n := 0;     r_format := "A"; r_w := 14; r_d := 6; % set output to fixed point format %     for i := 2,4,4,4,5,5,7,9    do begin        long real val;        val := i;        write(val, sd(val))    end for_i end.`
Output:
```      2.000000        0.000000
4.000000        1.000000
4.000000        0.942809
4.000000        0.866025
5.000000        0.979795
5.000000        1.000000
7.000000        1.399708
9.000000        2.000000
```

## AutoHotkey

 This example is incorrect. It does not return the running standard deviation of the series. Please fix the code and remove this message.

ahk forum: discussion

`std(2),std(4),std(4),std(4),std(5),std(5),std(7)MsgBox % std(9) ; 2 std(x="") {  Static sum:=0, sqr:=0, n:=0  If (x="")                    ; blank parameter: reset     sum := 0, sqr := 0, n := 0  Else     sum += x, sqr += x*x, n++ ; update state  Return sqrt((sqr-sum*sum/n)/n)}`

## AWK

` # syntax: GAWK -f STANDARD_DEVIATION.AWKBEGIN {    n = split("2,4,4,4,5,5,7,9",arr,",")    for (i=1; i<=n; i++) {      temp[i] = arr[i]      printf("%g %g\n",arr[i],stdev(temp))    }    exit(0)}function stdev(arr,  i,n,s1,s2,variance,x) {    for (i in arr) {      n++      x = arr[i]      s1 += x ^ 2      s2 += x    }    variance = ((n * s1) - (s2 ^ 2)) / (n ^ 2)    return(sqrt(variance))} `
Output:
```2 0
4 1
4 0.942809
4 0.866025
5 0.979796
5 1
7 1.39971
9 2
```

## Axiom

 This example is incorrect. It does not return the running standard deviation of the series. Please fix the code and remove this message.
We implement a domain with dependent type T with the operation + and identity 0:
`)abbrev package TESTD TestDomainTestDomain(T : Join(Field,RadicalCategory)): Exports == Implementation where  R ==> Record(n : Integer, sum : T, ssq : T)  Exports == AbelianMonoid with    _+ : (%,T) -> %    _+ : (T,%) -> %    sd : % -> T  Implementation == R add    Rep := R   -- similar representation and implementation    obj : %    0 == [0,0,0]    obj + (obj2:%) == [obj.n + obj2.n, obj.sum + obj2.sum, obj.ssq + obj2.ssq]    obj + (x:T) == obj + [1, x, x*x]    (x:T) + obj == obj + x    sd obj ==       mean : T := obj.sum / (obj.n::T)      sqrt(obj.ssq / (obj.n::T) - mean*mean)`
This can be called using:
`T ==> Expression IntegerD ==> TestDomain(T)items := [2,4,4,4,5,5,7,9+x] :: List T;map(sd, scan(+, items, 0\$D))                                        +---------------+                +-+  +-+   +-+     +-+  |  2              2\|2  \|3  2\|6    4\|6  \|7x  + 64x + 256    (1)  [0,1,-----,----,-----,1,-----,------------------]                3     2    5       7            8                                              Type: List(Expression(Integer))eval subst(last %,x=0)     (2)  2                                                    Type: Expression(Integer)`

## BBC BASIC

Uses the MOD(array()) and SUM(array()) functions.

`      MAXITEMS = 100      FOR i% = 1 TO 8        READ n        PRINT "Value = "; n ", running SD = " FNrunningsd(n)      NEXT      END       DATA 2,4,4,4,5,5,7,9       DEF FNrunningsd(n)      PRIVATE list(), i%      DIM list(MAXITEMS)      i% += 1      list(i%) = n      = SQR(MOD(list())^2/i% - (SUM(list())/i%)^2)`
Output:
```Value = 2, running SD = 0
Value = 4, running SD = 1
Value = 4, running SD = 0.942809043
Value = 4, running SD = 0.866025404
Value = 5, running SD = 0.979795901
Value = 5, running SD = 1
Value = 7, running SD = 1.39970842
Value = 9, running SD = 2
```

## C

`#include <stdio.h>#include <stdlib.h>#include <math.h> typedef enum Action { STDDEV, MEAN, VAR, COUNT } Action; typedef struct stat_obj_struct {   double sum, sum2;   size_t num;   Action action; } sStatObject, *StatObject; StatObject NewStatObject( Action action ){  StatObject so;   so = malloc(sizeof(sStatObject));  so->sum = 0.0;  so->sum2 = 0.0;  so->num = 0;  so->action = action;  return so;}#define FREE_STAT_OBJECT(so) \   free(so); so = NULLdouble stat_obj_value(StatObject so, Action action){  double num, mean, var, stddev;   if (so->num == 0.0) return 0.0;  num = so->num;  if (action==COUNT) return num;  mean = so->sum/num;  if (action==MEAN) return mean;  var = so->sum2/num - mean*mean;  if (action==VAR) return var;  stddev = sqrt(var);  if (action==STDDEV) return stddev;  return 0;} double stat_object_add(StatObject so, double v){  so->num++;  so->sum += v;  so->sum2 += v*v;  return stat_obj_value(so, so->action);}`
`double v[] = { 2,4,4,4,5,5,7,9 }; int main(){  int i;  StatObject so = NewStatObject( STDDEV );   for(i=0; i < sizeof(v)/sizeof(double) ; i++)    printf("val: %lf  std dev: %lf\n", v[i], stat_object_add(so, v[i]));   FREE_STAT_OBJECT(so);  return 0;}`

## C#

`using System;using System.Collections.Generic;using System.Linq; namespace standardDeviation{    class Program    {        static void Main(string[] args)        {            List<double> nums = new List<double> { 2, 4, 4, 4, 5, 5, 7, 9 };            for (int i = 1; i <= nums.Count; i++)                            Console.WriteLine(sdev(nums.GetRange(0, i)));        }         static double sdev(List<double> nums)        {            List<double> store = new List<double>();            foreach (double n in nums)                store.Add((n - nums.Average()) * (n - nums.Average()));                        return Math.Sqrt(store.Sum() / store.Count);        }    }}`
```0
1
0,942809041582063
0,866025403784439
0,979795897113271
1
1,39970842444753
2```

## C++

No attempt to handle different types -- standard deviation is intrinsically a real number.

` #include <assert.h>#include <cmath>#include <vector>#include <iostream> template<int N> struct MomentsAccumulator_{	std::vector<double> m_;	MomentsAccumulator_() : m_(N + 1, 0.0) {}	void operator()(double v)	{		double inc = 1.0;		for (auto& mi : m_)		{			mi += inc;			inc *= v;		}	}}; double Stdev(const std::vector<double>& moments){	assert(moments.size() > 2);	assert(moments[0] > 0.0);	const double mean = moments[1] / moments[0];	const double meanSquare = moments[2] / moments[0];	return sqrt(meanSquare - mean * mean);} int main(void){	std::vector<int> data({ 2, 4, 4, 4, 5, 5, 7, 9 });	MomentsAccumulator_<2> accum;	for (auto d : data)	{		accum(d);		std::cout << "Running stdev:  " << Stdev(accum.m_) << "\n";	}} `

## Clojure

` (defn stateful-std-deviation[x]  (letfn [(std-dev[x]            (let [v (deref (find-var (symbol (str *ns* "/v"))))]              (swap! v conj x)              (let [m (/ (reduce + @v) (count @v))]                (Math/sqrt (/ (reduce + (map #(* (- m %) (- m %)) @v)) (count @v))))))]    (when (nil? (resolve 'v))      (intern *ns* 'v (atom [])))    (std-dev x))) `

## COBOL

Works with: OpenCOBOL version 1.1
`IDENTIFICATION DIVISION.PROGRAM-ID. run-stddev.environment division.input-output section.file-control.  select input-file assign to "input.txt"    organization is line sequential.data division.file section.fd input-file.  01  inp-record.    03  inp-fld  pic 9(03).working-storage section.01  filler pic 9(01)   value 0.  88 no-more-input     value 1.01  ws-tb-data.  03  ws-tb-size         pic 9(03).  03  ws-tb-table.    05  ws-tb-fld     pic s9(05)v9999 comp-3 occurs 0 to 100 times         depending on ws-tb-size.01 ws-stddev       pic s9(05)v9999 comp-3.PROCEDURE DIVISION.  move 0 to ws-tb-size   open  input input-file    read input-file    at end      set no-more-input to true    end-read    perform      test after    until no-more-input      add 1 to ws-tb-size      move inp-fld to ws-tb-fld (ws-tb-size)      call 'stddev' using  by reference ws-tb-data          ws-stddev      display  'inp=' inp-fld ' stddev=' ws-stddev      read input-file at end set no-more-input to true end-read    end-perform  close input-file  stop run.end program run-stddev.IDENTIFICATION DIVISION.PROGRAM-ID. stddev.data division.working-storage section.01 ws-tbx             pic s9(03) comp.01 ws-tb-work.  03  ws-sum          pic s9(05)v9999 comp-3 value +0.  03  ws-sumsq        pic s9(05)v9999 comp-3 value +0.  03  ws-avg          pic s9(05)v9999 comp-3 value +0.linkage section.01  ws-tb-data.  03  ws-tb-size         pic 9(03).  03  ws-tb-table.    05  ws-tb-fld     pic s9(05)v9999 comp-3 occurs 0 to 100 times         depending on ws-tb-size.01  ws-stddev       pic s9(05)v9999 comp-3.PROCEDURE DIVISION using  ws-tb-data  ws-stddev.    compute ws-sum = 0    perform test before varying ws-tbx from 1 by +1 until ws-tbx > ws-tb-size        compute ws-sum = ws-sum + ws-tb-fld (ws-tbx)     end-perform    compute ws-avg rounded = ws-sum / ws-tb-size    compute ws-sumsq = 0    perform test before varying ws-tbx from 1 by +1 until ws-tbx > ws-tb-size        compute ws-sumsq = ws-sumsq        + (ws-tb-fld (ws-tbx) - ws-avg) ** 2.0    end-perform    compute ws-stddev = ( ws-sumsq / ws-tb-size) ** 0.5     goback.end program stddev. `
`sample output:inp=002 stddev=+00000.0000inp=004 stddev=+00001.0000inp=004 stddev=+00000.9427inp=004 stddev=+00000.8660inp=005 stddev=+00000.9797inp=005 stddev=+00001.0000inp=007 stddev=+00001.3996inp=009 stddev=+00002.0000 `

## CoffeeScript

Uses a class instance to maintain state.

` class StandardDeviation    constructor: ->        @sum = 0        @sumOfSquares = 0        @values = 0        @deviation = 0     include: ( n ) ->        @values += 1        @sum += n        @sumOfSquares += n * n        mean = @sum / @values        mean *= mean        @deviation = Math.sqrt @sumOfSquares / @values - mean dev = new StandardDeviationvalues = [ 2, 4, 4, 4, 5, 5, 7, 9 ]tmp = [] for value in values    tmp.push value    dev.include value    console.log """        Values: #{ tmp }        Standard deviation: #{ dev.deviation }     """ `
Output:
```Values: 2
Standard deviation: 0

Values: 2,4
Standard deviation: 1

Values: 2,4,4
Standard deviation: 0.9428090415820626

Values: 2,4,4,4
Standard deviation: 0.8660254037844386

Values: 2,4,4,4,5
Standard deviation: 0.9797958971132716

Values: 2,4,4,4,5,5
Standard deviation: 1

Values: 2,4,4,4,5,5,7
Standard deviation: 1.3997084244475297

Values: 2,4,4,4,5,5,7,9
Standard deviation: 2
```

## Common Lisp

Since we don't care about the sample values once std dev is computed, we only need to keep track of their sum and square sums, hence:
`(defun running-stddev ()  (let ((sum 0) (sq 0) (n 0))    (lambda (x)      (incf sum x) (incf sq (* x x)) (incf n)      (/ (sqrt (- (* n sq) (* sum sum))) n)))) CL-USER> (loop with f = (running-stddev) for i in '(2 4 4 4 5 5 7 9) do	(format t "~a ~a~%" i (funcall f i)))NIL2 0.04 1.04 0.942809054 0.86602545 0.979795935 1.07 1.39970859 2.0`

In the REPL, one step at a time:

`CL-USER> (setf fn (running-stddev))#<Interpreted Closure (:INTERNAL RUNNING-STDDEV) @ #x21b9a492>CL-USER> (funcall fn 2)0.0CL-USER> (funcall fn 4)1.0CL-USER> (funcall fn 4)0.94280905CL-USER> (funcall fn 4)0.8660254CL-USER> (funcall fn 5)0.97979593CL-USER> (funcall fn 5)1.0CL-USER> (funcall fn 7)1.3997085CL-USER> (funcall fn 9)2.0 `

## Component Pascal

 This example is incorrect. Function does not take numbers individually. Please fix the code and remove this message.

BlackBox Component Builder

` MODULE StandardDeviation;IMPORT StdLog, Args,Strings,Math; PROCEDURE Mean(x: ARRAY OF REAL; n: INTEGER; OUT mean: REAL);VAR	i: INTEGER;	total: REAL;BEGIN	total := 0.0;	FOR i := 0 TO n - 1 DO total := total + x[i] END;	mean := total /nEND Mean; PROCEDURE SDeviation(x : ARRAY OF REAL;n: INTEGER): REAL;VAR	i: INTEGER;	mean,sum: REAL;BEGIN	Mean(x,n,mean);	sum := 0.0;	FOR i := 0 TO n - 1 DO		sum:= sum +  ((x[i] - mean) * (x[i] - mean));	END;	RETURN Math.Sqrt(sum/n);END SDeviation; PROCEDURE Do*;VAR	p: Args.Params;	x: POINTER TO ARRAY OF REAL;	i,done: INTEGER;BEGIN	Args.Get(p);	IF p.argc > 0 THEN		NEW(x,p.argc);		FOR i := 0 TO p.argc - 1 DO x[i] := 0.0 END;		FOR i  := 0 TO p.argc - 1 DO			Strings.StringToReal(p.args[i],x[i],done);			StdLog.Int(i + 1);StdLog.String(" :> ");StdLog.Real(SDeviation(x,i + 1));StdLog.Ln		END	ENDEND Do;END StandardDeviation. `

Execute: ^Q StandardDeviation.Do 2 4 4 4 5 5 7 9 ~

Output:
``` 1 :>  0.0
2 :>  1.0
3 :>  0.9428090415820634
4 :>  0.8660254037844386
5 :>  0.9797958971132712
6 :>  1.0
7 :>  1.39970842444753
8 :>  2.0
```

## D

`import std.stdio, std.math; struct StdDev {    real sum = 0.0, sqSum = 0.0;    long nvalues;     void addNumber(in real input) pure nothrow {        nvalues++;        sum += input;        sqSum += input ^^ 2;    }     real getStdDev() const pure nothrow {        if (nvalues == 0)            return 0.0;        immutable real mean = sum / nvalues;        return sqrt(sqSum / nvalues - mean ^^ 2);    }} void main() {    StdDev stdev;     foreach (el; [2.0, 4, 4, 4, 5, 5, 7, 9]) {        stdev.addNumber(el);        writefln("%e", stdev.getStdDev());    }}`
Output:
```0.000000e+00
1.000000e+00
9.428090e-01
8.660254e-01
9.797959e-01
1.000000e+00
1.399708e+00
2.000000e+00```

See: #Pascal

## E

This implementation produces two (function) objects sharing state. It is idiomatic in E to separate input from output (read from write) rather than combining them into one object.

The algorithm is
Translation of: Perl
and the results were checked against #Python.
`def makeRunningStdDev() {    var sum := 0.0    var sumSquares := 0.0    var count := 0.0     def insert(v) {        sum += v        sumSquares += v ** 2        count += 1    }     /** Returns the standard deviation of the inputs so far, or null if there        have been no inputs. */    def stddev() {        if (count > 0) {            def meanSquares := sumSquares/count            def mean := sum/count            def variance := meanSquares - mean**2            return variance.sqrt()        }    }     return [insert, stddev]}`
`? def [insert, stddev] := makeRunningStdDev()# value: <insert>, <stddev> ? [stddev()]# value: [null] ? for value in [2,4,4,4,5,5,7,9] {>     insert(value)>     println(stddev())> }0.01.00.94280904158206260.86602540378443860.97979589711327161.01.39970842444752972.0`

## Elixir

Translation of: Erlang
`defmodule Standard_deviation do  def add_sample( pid, n ), do: send( pid, {:add, n} )   def create, do: spawn_link( fn -> loop( [] ) end )   def destroy( pid ), do: send( pid, :stop )   def get( pid ) do    send( pid, {:get, self} )    receive do      { :get, value, _pid } -> value    end  end   def task do    pid = create    for x <- [2,4,4,4,5,5,7,9], do: add_print( pid, x, add_sample(pid, x) )    destroy( pid )  end   defp add_print( pid, n, _add ) do    IO.puts "Standard deviation #{ get(pid) } when adding #{ n }"  end   defp loop( ns ) do    receive do      {:add, n} -> loop( [n | ns] )      {:get, pid} ->        send( pid, {:get, loop_calculate( ns ), self} )        loop( ns )      :stop -> :ok    end  end   defp loop_calculate( ns ) do    average = loop_calculate_average( ns )    :math.sqrt( loop_calculate_average( for x <- ns, do: :math.pow(x - average, 2) ) )  end   defp loop_calculate_average( ns ), do: Enum.sum( ns ) / length( ns )end Standard_deviation.task`
Output:
```Standard deviation 0.0 when adding 2
Standard deviation 1.0 when adding 4
Standard deviation 0.9428090415820634 when adding 4
Standard deviation 0.8660254037844386 when adding 4
Standard deviation 0.9797958971132712 when adding 5
Standard deviation 1.0 when adding 5
Standard deviation 1.3997084244475302 when adding 7
Standard deviation 2.0 when adding 9
```

## Emacs Lisp

This implementation uses a temporary buffer (the central data structure of emacs) to have simple local variables.

`(defun running-std (x)  ; ensure that we have a float to avoid potential integer math errors.  (setq x (float x))  ; define variables to use  (defvar running-sum 0 "the running sum of all known values")  (defvar running-len 0 "the running number of all known values")  (defvar running-squared-sum 0 "the running squared sum of all known values")  ; and make them local to this buffer  (make-local-variable 'running-sum)  (make-local-variable 'running-len)  (make-local-variable 'running-squared-sum)  ; now process the new value  (setq running-sum (+ running-sum x))  (setq running-len (1+ running-len))  (setq running-squared-sum (+ running-squared-sum (* x x)))  ; and calculate the new standard deviation  (sqrt (- (/ running-squared-sum               running-len) (/ (* running-sum running-sum)                                  (* running-len running-len )))))`
`(with-temp-buffer  (loop for i in '(2 4 4 4 5 5 7 9) do         (insert (number-to-string (running-std i)))        (newline))  (message (buffer-substring (point-min) (1- (point-max))))) "0.01.00.94280904158206360.86602540378443860.97979589711327161.01.3997084244475312.0"`

Emacs Lisp with built-in Emacs Calc

` (setq x '[2 4 4 4 5 5 7 9])(string-to-number (calc-eval (format "sqrt(vpvar(%s))" x)))`

## Erlang

` -module( standard_deviation ). -export( [add_sample/2, create/0, destroy/1, get/1, task/0] ). -compile({no_auto_import,[get/1]}). add_sample( Pid, N ) -> Pid ! {add, N}. create() -> erlang:spawn_link( fun() -> loop( [] ) end ). destroy( Pid ) -> Pid ! stop. get( Pid ) ->	Pid ! {get, erlang:self()},	receive	{get, Value, Pid} -> Value	end. task() ->	Pid = create(),	[add_print(Pid, X, add_sample(Pid, X)) || X <- [2,4,4,4,5,5,7,9]],	destroy( Pid ). add_print( Pid, N, _Add ) -> io:fwrite( "Standard deviation ~p when adding ~p~n", [get(Pid), N] ). loop( Ns ) ->	receive	{add, N} -> loop( [N | Ns] );	{get, Pid} ->		Pid ! {get, loop_calculate( Ns ), erlang:self()},		loop( Ns );	stop -> ok	end. loop_calculate( Ns ) ->	Average = loop_calculate_average( Ns ),	math:sqrt( loop_calculate_average([math:pow(X - Average, 2) || X <- Ns]) ). loop_calculate_average( Ns ) -> lists:sum( Ns ) / erlang:length( Ns ). `
Output:
```9> standard_deviation:task().
Standard deviation 0.0 when adding 2
Standard deviation 1.0 when adding 4
Standard deviation 0.9428090415820634 when adding 4
Standard deviation 0.8660254037844386 when adding 4
Standard deviation 0.9797958971132712 when adding 5
Standard deviation 1.0 when adding 5
Standard deviation 1.3997084244475302 when adding 7
Standard deviation 2.0 when adding 9
```

## Factor

`USING: accessors io kernel math math.functions math.parsersequences ;IN: standard-deviator TUPLE: standard-deviator sum sum^2 n ; : <standard-deviator> ( -- standard-deviator )    0.0 0.0 0 standard-deviator boa ; : current-std ( standard-deviator -- std )    [ [ sum^2>> ] [ n>> ] bi / ]    [ [ sum>> ] [ n>> ] bi / sq ] bi - sqrt ; : add-value ( value standard-deviator -- )    [ nip [ 1 + ] change-n drop ]    [ [ + ] change-sum drop ]    [ [ [ sq ] dip + ] change-sum^2 drop ] 2tri ; : main ( -- )    { 2 4 4 4 5 5 7 9 }    <standard-deviator> [ [ add-value ] curry each ] keep    current-std number>string print ;`

## Forth

`: f+! ( x addr -- ) dup f@ f+ f! ; : st-count ( stats -- n )                  f@ ;: st-sum   ( stats -- sum )       float+   f@ ;: st-sumsq ( stats -- sum*sum ) 2 floats + f@ ; : st-mean ( stats -- mean )  dup st-sum st-count f/ ; : st-variance ( stats -- var )  dup st-sumsq  dup st-mean fdup f* dup st-count f*  f-  st-count f/ ; : st-stddev ( stats -- stddev )  st-variance fsqrt ; : st-add ( fnum stats -- )  dup    1e dup f+!  float+  fdup dup f+!  float+  fdup f*  f+!  std-stddev ;`

This variation is more numerically stable when there are large numbers of samples or large sample ranges.

`: st-count ( stats -- n )                f@ ;: st-mean  ( stats -- mean )    float+   f@ ;: st-nvar  ( stats -- n*var ) 2 floats + f@ ; : st-variance ( stats -- var ) dup st-nvar st-count f/ ;: st-stddev ( stats -- stddev ) st-variance fsqrt ; : st-add ( x stats -- )  dup  1e dup f+!			\ update count  fdup dup st-mean f- fswap  ( delta x )  fover dup st-count f/  ( delta x delta/n )  float+ dup f+!		\ update mean  ( delta x )  dup f@ f-  f*  float+ f+!	\ update nvar  st-stddev ;`

Usage example:

`create stats 0e f, 0e f, 0e f, 2e stats st-add f. \ 0.4e stats st-add f. \ 1.4e stats st-add f. \ 0.9428090415820634e stats st-add f. \ 0.8660254037844395e stats st-add f. \ 0.9797958971132715e stats st-add f. \ 1.7e stats st-add f. \ 1.399708424447539e stats st-add f. \ 2. `

## Fortran

Works with: Fortran version 2003 and later
` program standard_deviation  implicit none  integer(kind=4), parameter :: dp = kind(0.0d0)   real(kind=dp), dimension(:), allocatable :: vals  integer(kind=4) :: i   real(kind=dp), dimension(8) :: sample_data = (/ 2, 4, 4, 4, 5, 5, 7, 9 /)   do i = lbound(sample_data, 1), ubound(sample_data, 1)    call sample_add(vals, sample_data(i))    write(*, fmt='(''#'',I1,1X,''value = '',F3.1,1X,''stddev ='',1X,F10.8)') &      i, sample_data(i), stddev(vals)  end do   if (allocated(vals)) deallocate(vals)contains  ! Adds value :val: to array :population: dynamically resizing array  subroutine sample_add(population, val)    real(kind=dp), dimension(:), allocatable, intent (inout) :: population    real(kind=dp), intent (in) :: val     real(kind=dp), dimension(:), allocatable :: tmp    integer(kind=4) :: n     if (.not. allocated(population)) then      allocate(population(1))      population(1) = val    else      n = size(population)      call move_alloc(population, tmp)       allocate(population(n + 1))      population(1:n) = tmp      population(n + 1) = val    endif  end subroutine sample_add   ! Calculates standard deviation for given set of values  real(kind=dp) function stddev(vals)    real(kind=dp), dimension(:), intent(in) :: vals    real(kind=dp) :: mean    integer(kind=4) :: n     n = size(vals)    mean = sum(vals)/n    stddev = sqrt(sum((vals - mean)**2)/n)  end function stddevend program standard_deviation `
Output:
```#1 value = 2.0 stddev = 0.00000000
#2 value = 4.0 stddev = 1.00000000
#3 value = 4.0 stddev = 0.94280904
#4 value = 4.0 stddev = 0.86602540
#5 value = 5.0 stddev = 0.97979590
#6 value = 5.0 stddev = 1.00000000
#7 value = 7.0 stddev = 1.39970842
#8 value = 9.0 stddev = 2.00000000
```

### Old style, four ways

Early computers loaded the entire programme and its working storage into memory and left it there throughout the run. Uninitialised variables would start with whatever had been left in memory at their address by whatever last used those addresses, though some systems would clear all of memory to zero or possibly some other value before each load. Either way, if a routine was invoked a second time, its variables would have the values left in them by their previous invocation. The DATA statement allows initial values to be specified, and allows repeat counts when specifying such values as well. It is not an executable statement: it is not re-executed on second and subsequent invocations of the containing routine. Thus, it is easy to have a routine employ counters and the like, visible only within themselves and initialised to zero or whatever suited.

With more complex operating systems, routines that relied on retaining values across invocations might no longer work - perhaps a fresh version of the routine would be loaded to memory (perhaps at odd intervals), or, on exit, the working storage would be discarded. There was a half-way scheme, whereby variables that had appeared in DATA statements would be retained while the others would be discarded. This subtle indication has been discarded in favour of the explicit SAVE statement, naming those variables whose values are to be retained between invocations, though compilers might also offer an option such as "automatic" (for each invocation always allocate then discard working memory) and "static" (retain values), possibly introducing non-standard keywords as well. Otherwise, the routines would have to use storage global to them such as additional parameters, or, COMMON storage and in later Fortran, the MODULE arrangements for shared items. The persistence of such storage can still be limited, but by naming them in the main line can be ensured for the life of the run. The other routines with access to such storage could enable re-initialisation, additional reports, or multiple accumulations, etc.

Since the standard deviation can be calculated in a single pass through the data, producing values for the standard deviation of all values so far supplied is easily done without re-calculation. Accuracy is quite another matter. Calculations using deviances from a working mean are much better, and capturing the first X as the working mean would be easy, just test on N = 0. The sum and sum-of-squares method is quite capable of generating a negative variance, but the second method cannot, because the terms being added in to V are never negative. This is demonstrated by comparing the results computed from StdDev(A), StdDev(A + 10), StdDev(A + 100), StdDev(A + 1000), etc.

Incidentally, Fortran implementations rarely enable re-entrancy for the WRITE statement, so, since here the functions are invoked in a WRITE statement, the functions cannot themselves use WRITE statements, say for debugging.

`       REAL FUNCTION STDDEV(X)	!Standard deviation for successive values.       REAL X		!The latest value.       REAL V		!Scratchpad.       INTEGER N	!Ongoing: count of the values.       REAL EX,EX2	!Ongoing: sum of X and X**2.       SAVE N,EX,EX2		!Retain values from one invocation to the next.       DATA N,EX,EX2/0,0.0,0.0/	!Initial values.        N = N + 1		!Another value arrives.        EX = X + EX		!Augment the total.        EX2 = X**2 + EX2	!Augment the sum of squares.        V = EX2/N - (EX/N)**2	!The variance, but, it might come out negative!        STDDEV = SIGN(SQRT(ABS(V)),V)	!Protect the SQRT, but produce a negative result if so.      END FUNCTION STDDEV	!For the sequence of received X values.       REAL FUNCTION STDDEVP(X)	!Standard deviation for successive values.       REAL X		!The latest value.       INTEGER N	!Ongoing: count of the values.       REAL A,V		!Ongoing: average, and sum of squared deviations.       SAVE N,A,V		!Retain values from one invocation to the next.       DATA N,A,V/0,0.0,0.0/	!Initial values.        N = N + 1		!Another value arrives.        V = (N - 1)*(X - A)**2 /N + V	!First, as it requires the existing average.        A = (X - A)/N + A		!= [x + (n - 1).A)]/n: recover the total from the average.        STDDEVP = SQRT(V/N)	!V can never be negative, even with limited precision.      END FUNCTION STDDEVP	!For the sequence of received X values.       REAL FUNCTION STDDEVW(X)	!Standard deviation for successive values.       REAL X		!The latest value.       REAL V,D		!Scratchpads.       INTEGER N	!Ongoing: count of the values.       REAL EX,EX2	!Ongoing: sum of X and X**2.       REAL W		!Ongoing: working mean.       SAVE N,EX,EX2,W		!Retain values from one invocation to the next.       DATA N,EX,EX2/0,0.0,0.0/	!Initial values.        IF (N.LE.0) W = X	!Take the first value as the working mean.        N = N + 1		!Another value arrives.        D = X - W		!Its deviation from the working mean.        EX = D + EX		!Augment the total.        EX2 = D**2 + EX2	!Augment the sum of squares.        V = EX2/N - (EX/N)**2	!The variance, but, it might come out negative!        STDDEVW = SIGN(SQRT(ABS(V)),V)	!Protect the SQRT, but produce a negative result if so.      END FUNCTION STDDEVW	!For the sequence of received X values.       REAL FUNCTION STDDEVPW(X)	!Standard deviation for successive values.       REAL X		!The latest value.       INTEGER N	!Ongoing: count of the values.       REAL A,V		!Ongoing: average, and sum of squared deviations.       REAL W		!Ongoing: working mean.       SAVE N,A,V,W		!Retain values from one invocation to the next.       DATA N,A,V/0,0.0,0.0/	!Initial values.        IF (N.LE.0) W = X	!Oh for self-modifying code!        N = N + 1		!Another value arrives.        D = X - W		!Its deviation from the working mean.        V = (N - 1)*(D - A)**2 /N + V	!First, as it requires the existing average.        A = (D - A)/N + A		!= [x + (n - 1).A)]/n: recover the total from the average.        STDDEVPW = SQRT(V/N)	!V can never be negative, even with limited precision.      END FUNCTION STDDEVPW	!For the sequence of received X values.       PROGRAM TEST      INTEGER I		!A stepper.      REAL A(8)		!The example data.      DATA A/2.0,3*4.0,2*5.0,7.0,9.0/	!Alas, another opportunity to use @ passed over.      REAL B		!An offsetting base.      WRITE (6,1)    1 FORMAT ("Progressive calculation of the standard deviation."/     1 " I",7X,"A(I)       EX EX2      Av V*N      Ed Ed2     wAv V*N")      B = 1000000		!Provoke truncation error.      DO I = 1,8			!Step along the data series,        WRITE (6,2) I,INT(A(I) + B),		!No fractional part, so I don't want F11.0.     1   STDDEV(A(I) + B),STDDEVP(A(I) + B),	!Showing progressive values.     2  STDDEVW(A(I) + B),STDDEVPW(A(I) + B)	!These with a working mean.    2   FORMAT (I2,I11,1X,4F12.6)		!Should do for the example.      END DO				!On to the next value.      END `

Output: the second pair of columns have the calculations done with a working mean and thus accumulate deviations from that.

```       Progressive calculation of the standard deviation.
I       A(I)       EX EX2      Av V*N      Ed Ed2     wAv V*N
1          2     0.000000    0.000000    0.000000    0.000000
2          4     1.000000    1.000000    1.000000    1.000000
3          4     0.942809    0.942809    0.942809    0.942809
4          4     0.866025    0.866025    0.866025    0.866025
5          5     0.979796    0.979796    0.979796    0.979796
6          5     1.000000    1.000000    1.000000    1.000000
7          7     1.399708    1.399708    1.399708    1.399708
8          9     2.000000    2.000000    2.000000    2.000000
```
```I       A(I)       EX EX2      Av V*N      Ed Ed2     wAv V*N
1         12     0.000000    0.000000    0.000000    0.000000
2         14     1.000000    1.000000    1.000000    1.000000
3         14     0.942809    0.942809    0.942809    0.942809
4         14     0.866025    0.866025    0.866025    0.866025
5         15     0.979796    0.979796    0.979796    0.979796
6         15     1.000000    1.000000    1.000000    1.000000
7         17     1.399708    1.399708    1.399708    1.399708
8         19     2.000000    2.000000    2.000000    2.000000
```
```I       A(I)       EX EX2      Av V*N      Ed Ed2     wAv V*N
1        102     0.000000    0.000000    0.000000    0.000000
2        104     1.000000    1.000000    1.000000    1.000000
3        104     0.942809    0.942809    0.942809    0.942809
4        104     0.866025    0.866025    0.866025    0.866025
5        105     0.979796    0.979796    0.979796    0.979796
6        105     1.000000    0.999999    1.000000    1.000000
7        107     1.399708    1.399708    1.399708    1.399708
8        109     2.000000    1.999999    2.000000    2.000000
```
```I       A(I)       EX EX2      Av V*N      Ed Ed2     wAv V*N
1       1002     0.000000    0.000000    0.000000    0.000000
2       1004     1.000000    1.000000    1.000000    1.000000
3       1004     0.942809    0.942809    0.942809    0.942809
4       1004     0.866025    0.866028    0.866025    0.866025
5       1005     0.979796    0.979798    0.979796    0.979796
6       1005     1.000000    1.000004    1.000000    1.000000
7       1007     1.399708    1.399711    1.399708    1.399708
8       1009     2.000000    1.999997    2.000000    2.000000
```
```I       A(I)       EX EX2      Av V*N      Ed Ed2     wAv V*N
1      10002    -2.000000    0.000000    0.000000    0.000000
2      10004    -1.000000    1.000000    1.000000    1.000000
3      10004    -0.666667    0.942809    0.942809    0.942809
4      10004     1.936492    0.866072    0.866025    0.866025
5      10005     2.181742    0.979829    0.979796    0.979796
6      10005     2.309401    1.000060    1.000000    1.000000
7      10007     1.801360    1.399745    1.399708    1.399708
8      10009     2.645751    1.999987    2.000000    2.000000
```
```I       A(I)       EX EX2      Av V*N      Ed Ed2     wAv V*N
1     100002    19.493589    0.000000    0.000000    0.000000
2     100004     7.416198    1.000000    1.000000    1.000000
3     100004    -7.333333    0.942809    0.942809    0.942809
4     100004    20.093531    0.865650    0.866025    0.866025
5     100005    -1.280625    0.979531    0.979796    0.979796
6     100005   -16.492422    1.000305    1.000000    1.000000
7     100007    17.851427    1.399895    1.399708    1.399708
8     100009    20.566963    1.999835    2.000000    2.000000
```
```I       A(I)       EX EX2      Av V*N      Ed Ed2     wAv V*N
1    1000002   -80.024994    0.000000    0.000000    0.000000
2    1000004   158.767120    1.000000    1.000000    1.000000
3    1000004   -89.146576    0.942809    0.942809    0.942809
4    1000004    90.795097    0.869074    0.866025    0.866025
5    1000005   193.357590    0.981953    0.979796    0.979796
6    1000005   238.361069    0.999691    1.000000    1.000000
7    1000007   153.462296    1.399519    1.399708    1.399708
8    1000009   151.284500    1.997653    2.000000    2.000000
```

Speaking loosely, to square a number of d digits accurately requires the ability to represent 2d digits accurately, with more digits needed if many such squares are to be added together accurately. In this example, 1000 when squared, is pushing at the limits of single precision. The average&variance method is resistant to this problem (and does not generate negative variances either!) because it manipulates differences from the running average, but it is still better to use a working mean.

In other words, a two-pass method will be more accurate (where the second pass calculates the variance by accumulating deviations from the actual average, itself calculated with a working mean) but at the cost of that second pass and the saving of all the values. Higher precision variables for the accumulations are the easiest way towards accurate results.

## Go

Algorithm to reduce rounding errors from WP article.

State maintained with a closure.

`package main import (    "fmt"    "math") func newRsdv() func(float64) float64 {    var n, a, q  float64    return func(x float64) float64 {        n++        a1 := a+(x-a)/n        q, a = q+(x-a)*(x-a1), a1        return math.Sqrt(q/n)    }} func main() {    r := newRsdv()    for _, x := range []float64{2,4,4,4,5,5,7,9} {        fmt.Println(r(x))    }}`
Output:
```0
1
0.9428090415820634
0.8660254037844386
0.9797958971132713
1
1.3997084244475304
2
```

## Groovy

Solution:

`List samples = [] def stdDev = { def sample ->    samples << sample    def sum = samples.sum()    def sumSq = samples.sum { it * it }    def count = samples.size()    (sumSq/count - (sum/count)**2)**0.5} [2,4,4,4,5,5,7,9].each {    println "\${stdDev(it)}"}`
Output:
```0
1
0.9428090416999145
0.8660254037844386
0.9797958971132712
1
1.3997084243469262
2```

## Haskell

We store the state in the `ST` monad using an `STRef`.

`import Data.List (genericLength)import Data.STRefimport Control.Monad.ST sd :: RealFloat a => [a] -> asd l = sqrt \$ sum (map ((^2) . subtract mean) l) / n  where n = genericLength l        mean = sum l / n sdAccum :: RealFloat a => ST s (a -> ST s a)sdAccum = do    accum <- newSTRef []    return \$ \x -> do        modifySTRef accum (x:)        list <- readSTRef accum        return \$ sd list main = mapM_ print results  where results = runST \$ do                    runningSD <- sdAccum                    mapM runningSD [2, 4, 4, 4, 5, 5, 7, 9]`

## Haxe

`using Lambda; class Main {	static function main():Void {		var nums = [2, 4, 4, 4, 5, 5, 7, 9];		for (i in 1...nums.length+1)						Sys.println(sdev(nums.slice(0, i)));	} 	static function average<T:Float>(nums:Array<T>):Float {		return nums.fold(function(n, t) return n + t, 0) / nums.length;	} 	static function sdev<T:Float>(nums:Array<T>):Float {		var store = [];		var avg = average(nums);		for (n in nums) {			store.push((n - avg) * (n - avg));		} 		return Math.sqrt(average(store));	}}`
```0
1
0.942809041582063
0.866025403784439
0.979795897113271
1
1.39970842444753
2```

## HicEst

`REAL :: n=8, set(n), sum=0, sum2=0 set = (2,4,4,4,5,5,7,9) DO k = 1, n   WRITE() 'Adding ' // set(k) // 'stdev = ' // stdev(set(k))ENDDO END ! end of "main" FUNCTION stdev(x)   USE : sum, sum2, k   sum = sum + x   sum2 = sum2 + x*x   stdev = ( sum2/k - (sum/k)^2) ^ 0.5 END`
```Adding 2 stdev = 0
Adding 4 stdev = 1
Adding 4 stdev = 0.9428090416
Adding 4 stdev = 0.8660254038
Adding 5 stdev = 0.9797958971
Adding 5 stdev = 1
Adding 7 stdev = 1.399708424
Adding 9 stdev = 2```

## Icon and Unicon

`rocedure main() stddev() # reset state / emptyevery  s := stddev(![2,4,4,4,5,5,7,9]) do   write("stddev (so far) := ",s) end procedure stddev(x)  /: running standard deviationstatic X,sumX,sum2X    if /x then {   # reset state      X := []      sumX := sum2X := 0.      }   else {         # accumulate      put(X,x)      sumX +:= x      sum2X +:= x^2      return sqrt( (sum2X / *X) - (sumX / *X)^2 )      }end`
Output:
```stddev (so far) := 0.0
stddev (so far) := 1.0
stddev (so far) := 0.9428090415820626
stddev (so far) := 0.8660254037844386
stddev (so far) := 0.9797958971132716
stddev (so far) := 1.0
stddev (so far) := 1.39970842444753
stddev (so far) := 2.0```

## J

J is block-oriented; it expresses algorithms with the semantics of all the data being available at once. It does not have native lexical closure or coroutine semantics. It is possible to implement these semantics in J; see Moving Average for an example. We will not reprise that here.

`   mean=: +/ % #   dev=: - mean   stddevP=: [: %:@mean *:@dev          NB. A) 3 equivalent defs for stddevP   stddevP=: [: mean&.:*: dev           NB. B) uses Under (&.:) to apply inverse of *: after mean   stddevP=: %:@(mean@:*: - *:@mean)    NB. C) sqrt of ((mean of squares) - (square of mean))     stddevP\ 2 4 4 4 5 5 7 90 1 0.942809 0.866025 0.979796 1 1.39971 2`

Alternatives:
Using verbose names for J primitives.

`   of     =: @:   sqrt   =: %:            sum    =: +/   squares=: *:   data   =: ]   mean   =: sum % #    stddevP=: sqrt of mean of squares of (data-mean)    stddevP\ 2 4 4 4 5 5 7 90 1 0.942809 0.866025 0.979796 1 1.39971 2`
Translation of: R

Or we could take a cue from the R implementation and reverse the Bessel correction to stddev:

`   require'stats'   (%:@:(%~<:)@:# * stddev)\ 2 4 4 4 5 5 7 90 1 0.942809 0.866025 0.979796 1 1.39971 2`

## Java

`public class StdDev {    int n = 0;    double sum = 0;    double sum2 = 0;     public double sd(double x) {	n++;	sum += x;	sum2 += x*x; 	return Math.sqrt(sum2/n - sum*sum/n/n);    }     public static void main(String[] args) {        double[] testData = {2,4,4,4,5,5,7,9};        StdDev sd = new StdDev();         for (double x : testData) {            System.out.println(sd.sd(x));        }    }}`

## JavaScript

Uses a closure.

`function running_stddev() {    var n = 0;    var sum = 0.0;    var sum_sq = 0.0;    return function(num) {        n++;        sum += num;        sum_sq += num*num;        return Math.sqrt( (sum_sq / n) - Math.pow(sum / n, 2) );    }} var sd = running_stddev();var nums = [2,4,4,4,5,5,7,9];var stddev = [];for (var i in nums)     stddev.push( sd(nums[i]) ); // using WSHWScript.Echo(stddev.join(', ');`
Output:
`0, 1, 0.942809041582063, 0.866025403784439, 0.979795897113273, 1, 1.39970842444753, 2`

## jq

#### Observations from a file or array

We first define a filter, "simulate", that, if given a file of observations, will emit the standard deviations of the observations seen so far. The current state is stored in a JSON object, with this structure:

```{ "n": _, "ssd": _, "mean": _ }
```

where "n" is the number of observations seen, "mean" is their average, and "ssd" is the sum of squared deviations about that mean.

The challenge here is to ensure accuracy for very large n, without sacrificing efficiency. The key idea in that regard is that if m is the mean of a series of n observations, x, we then have for any a:

```SIGMA( (x - a)^2 ) == SIGMA( (x-m)^2 ) + n * (a-m)^2 == SSD + n*(a-m)^2
where SSD is the sum of squared deviations about the mean.
```
`# Compute the standard deviation of the observations # seen so far, given the current state as input:def standard_deviation: .ssd / .n | sqrt; def update_state(observation):   def sq: .*.;  ((.mean * .n + observation) / (.n + 1)) as \$newmean  | (.ssd + .n * ((.mean - \$newmean) | sq)) as \$ssd  | { "n": (.n + 1),      "ssd":  (\$ssd + ((observation - \$newmean) | sq)),      "mean": \$newmean }; def initial_state: { "n": 0, "ssd": 0, "mean": 0 }; # Given an array of observations presented as input:def simulate:  def _simulate(i; observations):    if (observations|length) <= i then empty    else update_state(observations[i])       | standard_deviation, _simulate(i+1; observations)    end ;  . as \$in | initial_state | _simulate(0; \$in); # Begin:simulate`

Example 1

```# observations.txt
2
4
4
4
5
5
7
9
```
Output:
` \$ jq -s -f Dynamic_standard_deviation.jq observations.txt010.94280904158206340.86602540378443860.97979589711327110.99999999999999991.39970842444753021.9999999999999998 `

#### Observations from a stream

Recent versions of jq (after 1.4) support retention of state while processing a stream. This means that any generator (including generators that produce items indefinitely) can be used as the source of observations, without first having to capture all the observations, e.g. in a file or array.

`# requires jq version > 1.4def simulate(stream):   foreach stream as \$observation    (initial_state;     update_state(\$observation);     standard_deviation);`

Example 2:

```simulate( range(0;10) )
```
Output:
```0
0.5
0.816496580927726
1.118033988749895
1.4142135623730951
1.707825127659933
2
2.29128784747792
2.581988897471611
2.8722813232690143
```

#### Observations from an external stream

The following illustrates how jq can be used to process observations from an external (potentially unbounded) stream, one at a time. Here we use bash to manage the calls to jq.

The definitions of the filters update_state/1 and initial_state/0 are as above but are repeated so that this script is self-contained.

`#!/bin/bash # jq is assumed to be on PATH PROGRAM='def standard_deviation: .ssd / .n | sqrt; def update_state(observation):   def sq: .*.;  ((.mean * .n + observation) / (.n + 1)) as \$newmean  | (.ssd + .n * ((.mean - \$newmean) | sq)) as \$ssd  | { "n": (.n + 1),      "ssd":  (\$ssd + ((observation - \$newmean) | sq)),      "mean": \$newmean }; def initial_state: { "n": 0, "ssd": 0, "mean": 0 }; # Input should be [observation, null] or [observation, state]def standard_deviations:  . as \$in  | if type == "array" then      (if .[1] == null then initial_state else .[1] end) as \$state      | \$state | update_state(\$in[0])      | standard_deviation, .    else empty    end; standard_deviations'state=nullwhile read -p "Next observation: " observationdo  result=\$(echo "[ \$observation, \$state ]" | jq -c "\$PROGRAM")  sed -n 1p <<< "\$result"  state=\$(sed -n 2p <<< "\$result")done`

Example 3

`\$ ./standard_deviation_server.shNext observation: 100Next observation: 205Next observation: 08.16496580927726 `

## Julia

Use a closure to create a running standard deviation function.

` function makerunningstd()    a = zero(Float64)    b = zero(Float64)    n = zero(Int64)    function runningstd(x)        a += x        b += x^2        n += 1        std = sqrt(n*b - a^2)/n        return std    end    return runningstdend test = [2, 4, 4, 4, 5, 5, 7, 9] rstd = makerunningstd() println("Perform a running standard deviation of ", test)for i in test    println(i, " => ", rstd(i))end `
Output:
```Perform a running standard deviation of [2,4,4,4,5,5,7,9]
2 => 0.0
4 => 1.0
4 => 0.9428090415820635
4 => 0.8660254037844386
5 => 0.9797958971132712
5 => 1.0
7 => 1.3997084244475302
9 => 2.0
```

## Liberty BASIC

Using a global array to maintain the state. Implements definition explicitly.

`     dim SD.storage\$( 100)   '   can call up to 100 versions, using ID to identify.. arrays are global.                            '   holds (space-separated) number of data items so far, current sum.of.values and current sum.of.squares     for i =1 to 8        read x        print "New data "; x; " so S.D. now = "; using( "###.######", standard.deviation( 1, x))    next i     end function standard.deviation( ID, in)  if SD.storage\$( ID) ="" then SD.storage\$( ID) ="0 0 0"  num.so.far =val( word\$( SD.storage\$( ID), 1))  sum.vals   =val( word\$( SD.storage\$( ID), 2))  sum.sqs    =val( word\$( SD.storage\$( ID), 3))  num.so.far =num.so.far +1  sum.vals   =sum.vals   +in  sum.sqs    =sum.sqs    +in^2   ' standard deviation = square root of (the average of the squares less the square of the average)  standard.deviation   =(               ( sum.sqs /num.so.far)      -    ( sum.vals /num.so.far)^2)^0.5   SD.storage\$( ID) =str\$( num.so.far) +" " +str\$( sum.vals) +" " +str\$( sum.sqs)end function     Data 2, 4, 4, 4, 5, 5, 7, 9 `
```New data 2 so S.D. now =   0.000000
New data 4 so S.D. now =   1.000000
New data 4 so S.D. now =   0.942809
New data 4 so S.D. now =   0.866025
New data 5 so S.D. now =   0.979796
New data 5 so S.D. now =   1.000000
New data 7 so S.D. now =   1.399708
New data 9 so S.D. now =   2.000000
```

## Lua

Uses a closure. Translation of JavaScript.

`function stdev()  local sum, sumsq, k = 0,0,0  return function(n)    sum, sumsq, k = sum + n, sumsq + n^2, k+1    return math.sqrt((sumsq / k) - (sum/k)^2)  endend ldev = stdev()for i, v in ipairs{2,4,4,4,5,5,7,9} do  print(ldev(v))end`

## Mathematica

`runningSTDDev[n_] := (If[Not[ValueQ[\$Data]], \$Data = {}];  StandardDeviation[AppendTo[\$Data, n]])`

## MATLAB / Octave

The simple form is, computing only the standand deviation of the whole data set:

`  x = [2,4,4,4,5,5,7,9];  n = length (x);   m  = mean (x);  x2 = mean (x .* x);  dev= sqrt (x2 - m * m)  dev = 2 `

When the intermediate results are also needed, one can use this vectorized form:

`  m = cumsum(x) ./ [1:n];	% running mean  x2= cumsum(x.^2) ./ [1:n];   % running squares    dev = sqrt(x2 - m .* m)  dev =   0.00000   1.00000   0.94281   0.86603   0.97980   1.00000   1.39971   2.00000  `

Here is a vectorized one line solution as a function

` function  stdDevEval(n)disp(sqrt(sum((n-sum(n)/length(n)).^2)/length(n)));end `

## МК-61/52

`0	П4	П5	П6	С/П	П0	ИП5	+	П5	ИП0x^2	ИП6	+	П6	КИП4	ИП6	ИП4	/	ИП5	ИП4/	x^2	-	КвКор	БП	04`

Instruction: В/О С/П number С/П number С/П ...

## Nim

`import math, strutils var sdSum, sdSum2, sdN = 0.0proc sd(x): float =  sdN    += 1  sdSum  += float(x)  sdSum2 += float(x*x)  sqrt(sdSum2/sdN - sdSum*sdSum/sdN/sdN) for value in [2,4,4,4,5,5,7,9]:  echo value, " ", formatFloat(sd(value), precision = 0)`
Output:
```2 0
4 1
4 0.942809
4 0.866025
5 0.979796
5 1
7 1.39971
9 2```

## Objeck

Translation of: Java
` use Structure; bundle Default {  class StdDev {    nums : FloatVector;     New() {      nums := FloatVector->New();    }     function : Main(args : String[]) ~ Nil {      sd := StdDev->New();      test_data := [2.0, 4.0, 4.0, 4.0, 5.0, 5.0, 7.0, 9.0];      each(i : test_data) {        sd->AddNum(test_data[i]);        sd->GetSD()->PrintLine();      };    }     method : public : AddNum(num : Float) ~ Nil {      nums->AddBack(num);    }     method : public : native : GetSD() ~ Float {      sq_diffs := 0.0;      avg := nums->Average();      each(i : nums) {        num := nums->Get(i);        sq_diffs += (num - avg) * (num - avg);      };       return (sq_diffs / nums->Size())->SquareRoot();    }  }} `

## Objective-C

`#import <Foundation/Foundation.h> @interface SDAccum : NSObject{  double sum, sum2;  unsigned int num;}-(double)value: (double)v;-(unsigned int)count;-(double)mean;-(double)variance;-(double)stddev;@end @implementation SDAccum-(double)value: (double)v{  sum += v;  sum2 += v*v;  num++;  return [self stddev];}-(unsigned int)count{  return num;}-(double)mean{  return (num>0) ? sum/(double)num : 0.0;}-(double)variance{  double m = [self mean];  return (num>0) ? (sum2/(double)num - m*m) : 0.0;}-(double)stddev{  return sqrt([self variance]);}@end int main(){  @autoreleasepool {     double v[] = { 2,4,4,4,5,5,7,9 };     SDAccum *sdacc = [[SDAccum alloc] init];     for(int i=0; i < sizeof(v)/sizeof(*v) ; i++)      printf("adding %f\tstddev = %f\n", v[i], [sdacc value: v[i]]);   }  return 0;}`

### Blocks

Works with: Mac OS X version 10.6+
Works with: iOS version 4+
`#import <Foundation/Foundation.h> typedef double (^Func)(double); // a block that takes a double and returns a double Func sdCreator() {  __block int n = 0;  __block double sum = 0;  __block double sum2 = 0;  return ^(double x) {    sum += x;    sum2 += x*x;    n++;    return sqrt(sum2/n - sum*sum/n/n);  };} int main(){  @autoreleasepool {     double v[] = { 2,4,4,4,5,5,7,9 };     Func sdacc = sdCreator();     for(int i=0; i < sizeof(v)/sizeof(*v) ; i++)      printf("adding %f\tstddev = %f\n", v[i], sdacc(v[i]));   }  return 0;}`

## OCaml

`let sqr x = x *. x let stddev l =  let n, sx, sx2 =    List.fold_left      (fun (n, sx, sx2) x -> succ n, sx +. x, sx2 +. sqr x)      (0, 0., 0.) l  in  sqrt ((sx2 -. sqr sx /. float n) /. float n) let _ =  let l = [ 2.;4.;4.;4.;5.;5.;7.;9. ] in  Printf.printf "List: ";  List.iter (Printf.printf "%g  ") l;  Printf.printf "\nStandard deviation: %g\n" (stddev l)`
Output:
```List: 2  4  4  4  5  5  7  9
Standard deviation: 2
```

## Oforth

Oforth does not have global variables that can be used to create statefull functions.

Here, we create a channel to hold current list of numbers. Constraint is that this channel can't hold mutable objects. On the other hand, stddev function is thread safe and can be called by tasks running in parallel.

`Channel new [ ] over send drop Constant new: StdValues : stddev(x){| l |   StdValues receive x + dup ->l StdValues send drop   l map(#sq) sum l size asFloat / l avg sq - sqrt}`
Output:
```>[ 2, 4, 4, 4, 5, 5, 7, 9 ] apply(#[ stddev println ])
0
1
0.942809041582063
0.866025403784439
0.979795897113272
1
1.39970842444753
2
ok
>
```

## ooRexx

Works with: oorexx
`sdacc = .SDAccum~newx = .array~of(2,4,4,4,5,5,7,9)sd = 0do i = 1 to x~size   sd = sdacc~value(x[i])end say "std dev = "sd  ::class SDAccum::method sum attribute::method sum2 attribute::method count attribute::method init  self~sum = 0.0  self~sum2 = 0.0  self~count = 0::method value  expose sum sum2 count  parse arg x  sum = sum + x  sum2 = sum2 + x*x  count = count + 1  return self~stddev::method mean  expose sum count  return sum/count::method variance  expose sum2  count  m = self~mean  return sum2/count - m*m::method stddev  return self~sqrt(self~variance)::method sqrt  arg n  if n = 0 then return 0  ans = n / 2  prev = n  do until prev = ans    prev = ans    ans = ( prev + ( n / prev ) ) / 2  end  return ans`

## PARI/GP

Uses the Cramer-Young updating algorithm. For demonstration it displays the mean and variance at each step.

`newpoint(x)={  myT=x;  myS=0;  myN=1;  [myT,myS]/myN};addpoint(x)={  myT+=x;  myN++;  myS+=(myN*x-myT)^2/myN/(myN-1);  [myT,myS]/myN};addpoints(v)={  print(newpoint(v[1]));  for(i=2,#v,print(addpoint(v[i])));  print("Mean: ",myT/myN);  print("Standard deviation: ",sqrt(myS/myN))};addpoints([2,4,4,4,5,5,7,9])`

## Pascal

### Std.Pascal

Translation of: AWK
`program stddev;uses math;const  n=8;var  arr: array[1..n] of real =(2,4,4,4,5,5,7,9);function stddev(n: integer): real;var   i: integer;   s1,s2,variance,x: real;begin    for i:=1 to n do    begin      x:=arr[i];      s1:=s1+power(x,2);      s2:=s2+x    end;    variance:=((n*s1)-(power(s2,2)))/(power(n,2));    stddev:=sqrt(variance)end;var   i: integer;begin    for i:=1 to n do    begin      writeln(i,' item=',arr[i]:2:0,' stddev=',stddev(i):18:15)    endend.`
Output:
```1 item= 2 stddev= 0.000000000000000
2 item= 4 stddev= 1.000000000000000
3 item= 4 stddev= 0.942809041582064
4 item= 4 stddev= 0.866025403784439
5 item= 5 stddev= 0.979795897113271
6 item= 5 stddev= 1.000000000000000
7 item= 7 stddev= 1.399708424447530
8 item= 9 stddev= 2.000000000000000```

### Delphi

`program prj_CalcStdDerv; {\$APPTYPE CONSOLE} uses  Math; var Series:Array of Extended;    UserString:String;  function AppendAndCalc(NewVal:Extended):Extended; begin  setlength(Series,high(Series)+2);  Series[high(Series)] := NewVal;  result := PopnStdDev(Series);end; const data:array[0..7] of Extended =  (2,4,4,4,5,5,7,9); var rr: Extended;begin  setlength(Series,0);  for rr in data do    begin      writeln(rr,' -> ',AppendAndCalc(rr));    end;  Readln;end. `
Output:
``` 2.0000000000000000E+0000 ->  0.0000000000000000E+0000
4.0000000000000000E+0000 ->  1.0000000000000000E+0000
4.0000000000000000E+0000 ->  9.4280904158206337E-0001
4.0000000000000000E+0000 ->  8.6602540378443865E-0001
5.0000000000000000E+0000 ->  9.7979589711327124E-0001
5.0000000000000000E+0000 ->  1.0000000000000000E+0000
7.0000000000000000E+0000 ->  1.3997084244475303E+0000
9.0000000000000000E+0000 ->  2.0000000000000000E+0000
```

## Perl

`{     package SDAccum;    sub new {	my \$class = shift;	my \$self = {};	\$self->{sum} = 0.0;	\$self->{sum2} = 0.0;	\$self->{num} = 0;	bless \$self, \$class;	return \$self;    }    sub count {	my \$self = shift;	return \$self->{num};    }    sub mean {	my \$self = shift;	return (\$self->{num}>0) ? \$self->{sum}/\$self->{num} : 0.0;    }    sub variance {	my \$self = shift;	my \$m = \$self->mean;	return (\$self->{num}>0) ? \$self->{sum2}/\$self->{num} - \$m * \$m : 0.0;    }    sub stddev {	my \$self = shift;	return sqrt(\$self->variance);    }    sub value {	my \$self = shift;	my \$v = shift;	\$self->{sum} += \$v;	\$self->{sum2} += \$v * \$v;	\$self->{num}++;	return \$self->stddev;    }}`
`my \$sdacc = SDAccum->new;my \$sd; foreach my \$v ( 2,4,4,4,5,5,7,9 ) {    \$sd = \$sdacc->value(\$v);}print "std dev = \$sd\n";`

A much shorter version using a closure and a property of the variance:

`# <(x - <x>)²> = <x²> - <x>²{    my \$num, \$sum, \$sum2;    sub stddev {	my \$x = shift;	\$num++;	return sqrt(	    (\$sum2 += \$x**2) / \$num -	    ((\$sum += \$x) / \$num)**2	);    }} print stddev(\$_), "\n" for qw(2 4 4 4 5 5 7 9);`
Output:
```0
1
0.942809041582063
0.866025403784439
0.979795897113272
1
1.39970842444753
2```

## Perl 6

Works with: Rakudo Star version 2010.08

Using a closure:

`sub sd (@a) {    my \$mean = @a R/ [+] @a;    sqrt @a R/ [+] map (* - \$mean)**2, @a;} sub sdaccum {    my @a;    return { push @a, \$^x; sd @a; };} my &f = sdaccum;say f \$_ for 2, 4, 4, 4, 5, 5, 7, 9;`

Using a state variable:

`# remember that <(x-<x>)²> = <x²> - <x>²sub stddev(\$x) {    sqrt        (.[2] += \$x**2) / ++.[0] -        ((.[1] += \$x) / .[0])**2    given state @;} say stddev \$_ for <2 4 4 4 5 5 7 9>;`
Output:
```0
1
0.942809041582063
0.866025403784439
0.979795897113271
1
1.39970842444753
2```

## Phix

demo\rosetta\Standard_deviation.exw contains a copy of this code and a version that could be the basis for a library version that can handle multiple active data sets concurrently.

`atom sdn = 0, sdsum = 0, sdsumsq = 0 procedure sdadd(atom n)    sdn += 1    sdsum += n    sdsumsq += n*nend procedure function sdavg()    return sdsum/sdnend function function sddev()    return sqrt(sdsumsq/sdn - power(sdsum/sdn,2))end function --test code:constant testset = {2, 4, 4, 4, 5, 5, 7, 9}integer tifor i=1 to length(testset) do    ti = testset[i]    sdadd(ti)    printf(1,"N=%d Item=%d Avg=%5.3f StdDev=%5.3f\n",{i,ti,sdavg(),sddev()})end for`
Output:
```N=1 Item=2 Avg=2.000 StdDev=0.000
N=2 Item=4 Avg=3.000 StdDev=1.000
N=3 Item=4 Avg=3.333 StdDev=0.943
N=4 Item=4 Avg=3.500 StdDev=0.866
N=5 Item=5 Avg=3.800 StdDev=0.980
N=6 Item=5 Avg=4.000 StdDev=1.000
N=7 Item=7 Avg=4.429 StdDev=1.400
N=8 Item=9 Avg=5.000 StdDev=2.000
```

## PHP

This is just straight PHP class usage, respecting the specifications "stateful" and "one at a time":

`<?phpclass sdcalc {    private  \$cnt, \$sumup, \$square;     function __construct() {       \$this->reset();    }    # callable on an instance    function reset() {       \$this->cnt=0; \$this->sumup=0; \$this->square=0;    }    function add(\$f) {        \$this->cnt++;        \$this->sumup  += \$f;        \$this->square += pow(\$f, 2);        return \$this->calc();    }    function calc() {        if (\$this->cnt==0 || \$this->sumup==0) {            return 0;        } else {            return sqrt(\$this->square / \$this->cnt - pow((\$this->sumup / \$this->cnt),2));        }    } } # start test, adding test data one by one\$c = new sdcalc();foreach ([2,4,4,4,5,5,7,9] as \$v) {    printf('Adding %g: result %g%s', \$v, \$c->add(\$v), PHP_EOL);}`

This will produce the output:

```Adding 2: result 0
Adding 4: result 1
Adding 4: result 0.942809
Adding 4: result 0.866025
Adding 5: result 0.979796
Adding 5: result 1
Adding 7: result 1.39971
Adding 9: result 2
```

## PicoLisp

`(scl 2) (de stdDev ()   (curry ((Data)) (N)      (push 'Data N)      (let (Len (length Data)  M (*/ (apply + Data) Len))         (sqrt            (*/               (sum                  '((N) (*/ (- N M) (- N M) 1.0))                  Data )               1.0               Len )            T ) ) ) ) (let Fun (stdDev)   (for N (2.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 5.0 5.0 7.0 9.0)      (prinl (format N *Scl) " -> " (format (Fun N) *Scl)) ) )`
Output:
```2.00 -> 0.00
4.00 -> 1.00
4.00 -> 0.94
4.00 -> 0.87
5.00 -> 0.98
5.00 -> 1.00
7.00 -> 1.40
9.00 -> 2.00```

## PL/I

`*process source attributes xref; stddev: proc options(main);   declare a(10) float init(1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10);   declare stdev float;   declare i fixed binary;       stdev=std_dev(a);   put skip list('Standard deviation', stdev);       std_dev: procedure(a) returns(float);     declare a(*) float, n fixed binary;     n=hbound(a,1);     begin;       declare b(n) float, average float;       declare i fixed binary;       do i=1 to n;         b(i)=a(i);       end;       average=sum(a)/n;       put skip data(average);       return( sqrt(sum(b**2)/n - average**2) );     end;   end std_dev;  end;`
Output:
```AVERAGE= 5.50000E+0000;
Standard deviation       2.87228E+0000 ```

## PowerShell

This implementation takes the form of an advanced function which can act like a cmdlet and receive input from the pipeline.

`function Get-StandardDeviation {    begin {        \$avg = 0        \$nums = @()    }    process {        \$nums += \$_        \$avg = (\$nums | Measure-Object -Average).Average        \$sum = 0;        \$nums | ForEach-Object { \$sum += (\$avg - \$_) * (\$avg - \$_) }        [Math]::Sqrt(\$sum / \$nums.Length)    }}`

Usage as follows:

```PS> 2,4,4,4,5,5,7,9 | Get-StandardDeviation
0
1
0.942809041582063
0.866025403784439
0.979795897113271
1
1.39970842444753
2```

## PureBasic

`;Define our Standard deviation functionDeclare.d Standard_deviation(x) ; Main programIf OpenConsole()  Define i, x  Restore MyList  For i=1 To 8    Read.i x    PrintN(StrD(Standard_deviation(x)))  Next i  Print(#CRLF\$+"Press ENTER to exit"): Input()EndIf ;Calculation procedure, with memoryProcedure.d Standard_deviation(In)  Static in_summa, antal  Static in_kvadrater.q  in_summa+in  in_kvadrater+in*in  antal+1  ProcedureReturn Pow((in_kvadrater/antal)-Pow(in_summa/antal,2),0.50)EndProcedure ;data sectionDataSectionMyList:  Data.i  2,4,4,4,5,5,7,9EndDataSection`
Output:
``` 0.0000000000
1.0000000000
0.9428090416
0.8660254038
0.9797958971
1.0000000000
1.3997084244
2.0000000000
```

## Python

### Python: Using a function with attached properties

The program should work with Python 2.x and 3.x, although the output would not be a tuple in 3.x

`>>> from math import sqrt>>> def sd(x):    sd.sum  += x    sd.sum2 += x*x    sd.n    += 1.0    sum, sum2, n = sd.sum, sd.sum2, sd.n    return sqrt(sum2/n - sum*sum/n/n) >>> sd.sum = sd.sum2 = sd.n = 0>>> for value in (2,4,4,4,5,5,7,9):    print (value, sd(value))  (2, 0.0)(4, 1.0)(4, 0.94280904158206258)(4, 0.8660254037844386)(5, 0.97979589711327075)(5, 1.0)(7, 1.3997084244475311)(9, 2.0)>>>`

### Python: Using a class instance

`>>> class SD(object): # Plain () for python 3.x	def __init__(self):		self.sum, self.sum2, self.n = (0,0,0)	def sd(self, x):		self.sum  += x		self.sum2 += x*x		self.n    += 1.0		sum, sum2, n = self.sum, self.sum2, self.n		return sqrt(sum2/n - sum*sum/n/n) >>> sd_inst = SD()>>> for value in (2,4,4,4,5,5,7,9):	print (value, sd_inst.sd(value))`

#### Python: Callable class

You could rename the method `sd` to `__call__` this would make the class instance callable like a function so instead of using `sd_inst.sd(value)` it would change to `sd_inst(value)` for the same results.

### Python: Using a Closure

Works with: Python version 3.x
`>>> from math import sqrt>>> def sdcreator():	sum = sum2 = n = 0	def sd(x):		nonlocal sum, sum2, n 		sum  += x		sum2 += x*x		n    += 1.0		return sqrt(sum2/n - sum*sum/n/n)	return sd >>> sd = sdcreator()>>> for value in (2,4,4,4,5,5,7,9):	print (value, sd(value))  2 0.04 1.04 0.9428090415824 0.8660254037845 0.9797958971135 1.07 1.399708424459 2.0`

### Python: Using an extended generator

Works with: Python version 2.5+
`>>> from math import sqrt>>> def sdcreator():	sum = sum2 = n = 0	while True:		x = yield sqrt(sum2/n - sum*sum/n/n) if n else None 		sum  += x		sum2 += x*x		n    += 1.0 >>> sd = sdcreator()>>> sd.send(None)>>> for value in (2,4,4,4,5,5,7,9):	print (value, sd.send(value))  2 0.04 1.04 0.9428090415824 0.8660254037845 0.9797958971135 1.07 1.399708424459 2.0`

### Python: In a couple of 'functional' lines

`>>> myMean = lambda MyList : reduce(lambda x, y: x + y, MyList) / float(len(MyList))>>> myStd = lambda MyList : (reduce(lambda x,y : x + y , map(lambda x: (x-myMean(MyList))**2 , MyList)) / float(len(MyList)))**.5 >>> print myStd([2,4,4,4,5,5,7,9])2.0 `

## R

### Built-in Std Dev fn

`#The built-in standard deviation function applies the Bessel correction.  To reverse this, we can apply an uncorrection.#If na.rm is true, missing data points (NA values) are removed. reverseBesselCorrection <- function(x, na.rm=FALSE) {   if(na.rm) x <- x[!is.na(x)]   len <- length(x)   if(len < 2) stop("2 or more data points required")   sqrt((len-1)/len) } testdata <- c(2,4,4,4,5,5,7,9) reverseBesselCorrection(testdata)*sd(testdata) #2`

### From scratch

`#Again, if na.rm is true, missing data points (NA values) are removed. uncorrectedsd <- function(x, na.rm=FALSE) {   len <- length(x)   if(len < 2) stop("2 or more data points required")   mu <- mean(x, na.rm=na.rm)   ssq <- sum((x - mu)^2, na.rm=na.rm)   usd <- sqrt(ssq/len)   usd } uncorrectedsd(testdata) #2`

## Racket

` #lang racket(require math)(define running-stddev  (let ([ns '()])    (λ(n) (set! ns (cons n ns)) (stddev ns))));; run it on each number, return the last result(last (map running-stddev '(2 4 4 4 5 5 7 9))) `

## REXX

These REXX versions use   running sums.

### show running sums

`/*REXX program calculates and displays the standard deviation of a given set of numbers.*/parse arg #                                      /*obtain optional arguments from the CL*/if #=''  then  #=2 4 4 4 5 5 7 9                 /*None specified?  Then use the default*/n=words(#);    \$=0;       \$\$=0                   /*N:  # items; \$,\$\$:  sums to be zeroed*/n=words(#);  L=length(n);  \$=0;  \$\$=0            /*# items;  item width;  couple of sums*/                                                 /* [↓]  process each number in the list*/     do j=1  for n;  _=word(#,j);     \$=\$+_;           \$\$=\$\$+_**2     say  '   item'  right(j,L)":"    right(_,4)    '  average='    left(\$/j,12),          '   standard deviation='    sqrt(\$\$/j - (\$/j)**2)     end   /*j*/                       /* [↑]  prettify output with whitespace*/say 'standard deviation: ' sqrt(\$\$/n - (\$/n)**2) /*calculate & display the std deviation*/exit                                             /*stick a fork in it,  we're all done. *//*──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────*/sqrt: procedure; parse arg x; if x=0  then return 0; d=digits(); h=d+6; m.=9; numeric form      numeric digits; parse value format(x,2,1,,0) 'E0' with g 'E' _ .;   g=g * .5'e'_ % 2                   do j=0  while h>9;      m.j=h;               h=h%2+1;        end  /*j*/                   do k=j+5  to 0  by -1;  numeric digits m.k;  g=(g+x/g)*.5;   end  /*k*/      numeric digits d;                    return g/1`

output   when using the default input of:   2   4   4   4   5   5   7   9

```   item 1:    2    average= 2               standard deviation= 0
item 2:    4    average= 3               standard deviation= 1
item 3:    4    average= 3.33333333      standard deviation= 0.942809047
item 4:    4    average= 3.5             standard deviation= 0.866025404
item 5:    5    average= 3.8             standard deviation= 0.979795897
item 6:    5    average= 4               standard deviation= 1
item 7:    7    average= 4.42857143      standard deviation= 1.39970843
item 8:    9    average= 5               standard deviation= 2
standard deviation:  2
```

### only show standard deviation

`/*REXX program calculates and displays the standard deviation of a given set of numbers.*/parse arg #                                      /*obtain optional arguments from the CL*/if #=''  then  #=2 4 4 4 5 5 7 9                 /*None specified?  Then use the default*/n=words(#);    \$=0;       \$\$=0                   /*N:  # items; \$,\$\$:  sums to be zeroed*/                                                 /* [↓]  process each number in the list*/   do j=1  for n; _=word(#,j); \$=\$+_; \$\$=\$\$+_**2 /*perform summation on two sets of #'s.*/   end   /*j*/say 'standard deviation: ' sqrt(\$\$/n - (\$/n)**2) /*calculate & display the std deviation*/exit                                             /*stick a fork in it,  we're all done. *//*──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────*/sqrt: procedure; parse arg x; if x=0  then return 0; d=digits(); h=d+6; m.=9; numeric form      numeric digits; parse value format(x,2,1,,0) 'E0' with g 'E' _ .;   g=g * .5'e'_ % 2                   do j=0  while h>9;      m.j=h;               h=h%2+1;        end  /*j*/                   do k=j+5  to 0  by -1;  numeric digits m.k;  g=(g+x/g)*.5;   end  /*k*/      numeric digits d;                    return g/1`

output   when using the default input of:   2   4   4   4   5   5   7   9

```standard deviation:  2
```

## Ruby

### Object

Uses an object to keep state.

"Simplification of the formula [...] for standard deviation [...] can be memorized as taking the square root of (the average of the squares less the square of the average)." c.f. wikipedia.

`class StdDevAccumulator  def initialize    @n, @sum, @sumofsquares = 0, 0.0, 0.0  end   def <<(num)    # return self to make this possible:  sd << 1 << 2 << 3 # => 0.816496580927726    @n += 1    @sum += num    @sumofsquares += num**2    self  end   def stddev    Math.sqrt( (@sumofsquares / @n) - (@sum / @n)**2 )  end   def to_s    stddev.to_s  endend sd = StdDevAccumulator.newi = 0[2,4,4,4,5,5,7,9].each {|n| puts "adding #{n}: stddev of #{i+=1} samples is #{sd << n}" }`
```adding 2: stddev of 1 samples is 0.0
adding 4: stddev of 2 samples is 1.0
adding 4: stddev of 3 samples is 0.942809041582063
adding 4: stddev of 4 samples is 0.866025403784439
adding 5: stddev of 5 samples is 0.979795897113272
adding 5: stddev of 6 samples is 1.0
adding 7: stddev of 7 samples is 1.39970842444753
adding 9: stddev of 8 samples is 2.0```

### Closure

`def sdaccum  n, sum, sum2 = 0, 0.0, 0.0  lambda do |num|    n += 1    sum += num    sum2 += num**2    Math.sqrt( (sum2 / n) - (sum / n)**2 )  endend sd = sdaccum[2,4,4,4,5,5,7,9].each {|n| print sd.call(n), ", "}`
`0.0, 1.0, 0.942809041582063, 0.866025403784439, 0.979795897113272, 1.0, 1.39970842444753, 2.0, `

## Run BASIC

`dim sdSave\$(100) 'can call up to 100 versions                  'holds (space-separated) number of data , sum of values and sum of squaressd\$ = "2,4,4,4,5,5,7,9" for num = 1 to 8 stdData = val(word\$(sd\$,num,","))  sumVal = sumVal + stdData  sumSqs = sumSqs + stdData^2   ' standard deviation = square root of (the average of the squares less the square of the average)  standDev   =((sumSqs / num) - (sumVal /num) ^ 2) ^ 0.5   sdSave\$(num) = str\$(num);" ";str\$(sumVal);" ";str\$(sumSqs)  print num;" value in = ";stdData; " Stand Dev = "; using("###.######", standDev) next num`
```1 value in = 2 Stand Dev =   0.000000
2 value in = 4 Stand Dev =   1.000000
3 value in = 4 Stand Dev =   0.942809
4 value in = 4 Stand Dev =   0.866025
5 value in = 5 Stand Dev =   0.979796
6 value in = 5 Stand Dev =   1.000000
7 value in = 7 Stand Dev =   1.399708
8 value in = 9 Stand Dev =   2.000000```

## SAS

` *--Load the test data;data test1;   input x @@;   obs=_n_;datalines;2 4 4 4 5 5 7 9;run; *--Create a dataset with the cummulative data for each set of data for which the SD should be calculated;data test2 (drop=i obs);   set test1;   y=x;   do i=1 to n;      set test1 (rename=(obs=setid)) nobs=n point=i;      if obs<=setid then output;   end;proc sort;   by setid;run; *--Calulate the standards deviation (and mean) using PROC MEANS;proc means data=test2 vardef=n noprint; *--use vardef=n option to calculate the population SD;   by setid;   var y;   output out=stat1 n=n mean=mean std=sd;run; *--Output the calculated standard deviations;proc print data=stat1 noobs;   var n sd /*mean*/;run; `
Output:
```N       SD

1    0.00000
2    1.00000
3    0.94281
4    0.86603
5    0.97980
6    1.00000
7    1.39971
8    2.00000
```

## Scala

### Generic for any numeric type

Library: Scala
`import scala.math.sqrt object StddevCalc extends App {   def calcAvgAndStddev[T](ts: Iterable[T])(implicit num: Fractional[T]): (T, Double) = {    def avg(ts: Iterable[T])(implicit num: Fractional[T]): T = {      num.div(ts.sum, num.fromInt(ts.size)) // Leaving with type of function T    }     val mean = avg(ts) // Leave val type of T    val stdDev = // Root of mean diffs      sqrt(num.toDouble(        ts.foldLeft(num.zero)((b, a) =>          num.plus(b, num.times(num.minus(a, mean), num.minus(a, mean))))) /        ts.size)    (mean, stdDev)  }   def calcAvgAndStddev(ts: Iterable[BigDecimal]): (Double, Double) = // Overloaded for BigDecimal    calcAvgAndStddev(ts.map(_.toDouble))   println(calcAvgAndStddev(List(2.0E0, 4.0, 4, 4, 5, 5, 7, 9)))  println(calcAvgAndStddev(Set(1.0, 2, 3, 4)))  println(calcAvgAndStddev(0.1 to 1.1 by 0.05))  println(calcAvgAndStddev(List(BigDecimal(120), BigDecimal(1200))))}`

## Scheme

` (define (standart-deviation-generator)  (let ((nums '()))    (lambda (x)       (set! nums (cons x nums))      (let* ((mean (/ (apply + nums) (length nums)))      (mean-sqr (lambda (y) (expt (- y mean) 2)))      (variance (/ (apply + (map mean-sqr nums)) (length nums))))    (sqrt variance))))) (let loop ((f (standart-deviation-generator))           (input '(2 4 4 4 5 5 7 9)))  (if (not (null? input))    (begin      (display (f (car input)))      (newline)      (loop f (cdr input))))) `

## Scilab

Scilab has the built-in function stdev to compute the standard deviation of a sample so it is straightforward to have the standard deviation of a sample with a correction of the bias.

`T=[2,4,4,4,5,5,7,9];stdev(T)*sqrt((length(T)-1)/length(T))`
Output:
```-->T=[2,4,4,4,5,5,7,9];
-->stdev(T)*sqrt((length(T)-1)/length(T))
ans  =     2.```

## Sidef

Using an object to keep state:

`class StdDevAccumulator(n=0, sum=0, sumofsquares=0) {  method <<(num) {    n += 1;    sum += num;    sumofsquares += num**2;    self;  }   method stddev {    Math.sqrt(sumofsquares/n - Math.pow(sum/n, 2));  }   method to_s {    self.stddev.to_s;  }} var i = 0;var sd = StdDevAccumulator.new;[2,4,4,4,5,5,7,9].each {|n|    say "adding #{n}: stddev of #{i+=1} samples is #{sd << n}"}`
Output:
```adding 2: stddev of 1 samples is 0
adding 4: stddev of 2 samples is 1
adding 4: stddev of 3 samples is 0.9428090415820633658677924828064653857143
adding 4: stddev of 4 samples is 0.8660254037844386467637231707529361834714
adding 5: stddev of 5 samples is 0.9797958971132712392789136298823565567864
adding 5: stddev of 6 samples is 1
adding 7: stddev of 7 samples is 1.399708424447530341827019471260509366836
adding 9: stddev of 8 samples is 2
```

Using static variables:

`func stddev(x) {    static(num=0, sum=0, sum2=0);    num++;    sqrt(        (sum2 += x**2) / num -        (((sum += x) / num)**2)    );} %n(2 4 4 4 5 5 7 9).each { say stddev(_) };`
Output:
```0
1
0.9428090415820633658677924828064653857143
0.8660254037844386467637231707529361834714
0.9797958971132712392789136298823565567864
1
1.399708424447530341827019471260509366836
2
```

## Smalltalk

Works with: GNU Smalltalk
`Object subclass: SDAccum [    |sum sum2 num|    SDAccum class >> new [  |o|         o := super basicNew.        ^ o init.    ]    init [ sum := 0. sum2 := 0. num := 0 ]    value: aValue [       sum := sum + aValue.      sum2 := sum2 + ( aValue * aValue ).      num := num + 1.      ^ self stddev    ]    count [ ^ num ]    mean [ num>0 ifTrue: [^ sum / num] ifFalse: [ ^ 0.0 ] ]    variance [ |m| m := self mean.               num>0 ifTrue: [^ (sum2/num) - (m*m) ] ifFalse: [ ^ 0.0 ]             ]    stddev [ ^ (self variance) sqrt ] ].`
`|sdacc sd|sdacc := SDAccum new. #( 2 4 4 4 5 5 7 9 ) do: [ :v | sd := sdacc value: v ].('std dev = %1' % { sd }) displayNl.`

## SQL

Works with: Postgresql
`-- the minimal tableCREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS teststd (n DOUBLE PRECISION NOT NULL); -- code modularity with view, we could have used a common table expression insteadCREATE VIEW  vteststd AS  SELECT COUNT(n) AS cnt,  SUM(n) AS tsum,  SUM(POWER(n,2)) AS tsqrFROM teststd; -- you can of course put this code into every queryCREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION std_dev() RETURNS DOUBLE PRECISION AS \$\$ SELECT SQRT(tsqr/cnt - (tsum/cnt)^2) FROM vteststd;\$\$ LANGUAGE SQL; -- test data is: 2,4,4,4,5,5,7,9INSERT INTO teststd VALUES (2);SELECT std_dev() AS std_deviation;INSERT INTO teststd VALUES (4);SELECT std_dev() AS std_deviation;INSERT INTO teststd VALUES (4);SELECT std_dev() AS std_deviation;INSERT INTO teststd VALUES (4);SELECT std_dev() AS std_deviation;INSERT INTO teststd VALUES (5);SELECT std_dev() AS std_deviation;INSERT INTO teststd VALUES (5);SELECT std_dev() AS std_deviation;INSERT INTO teststd VALUES (7);SELECT std_dev() AS std_deviation;INSERT INTO teststd VALUES (9);SELECT std_dev() AS std_deviation;-- cleanup test dataDELETE FROM teststd; `

With a command like psql <rosetta-std-dev.sql you will get an output like this: (duplicate lines generously deleted, locale is DE)

```CREATE TABLE
FEHLER:  Relation »vteststd« existiert bereits
CREATE FUNCTION
INSERT 0 1
std_deviation
---------------
0
(1 Zeile)

INSERT 0 1
std_deviation
---------------
1
0.942809041582063
0.866025403784439
0.979795897113272
1
1.39970842444753
2
DELETE 8
```

## Swift

`import Darwinclass stdDev{     var n:Double = 0.0    var sum:Double = 0.0    var sum2:Double = 0.0     init(){         let testData:[Double] = [2,4,4,4,5,5,7,9];        for x in testData{             var a:Double = calcSd(x)            println("value \(Int(x)) SD = \(a)");        }     }     func calcSd(x:Double)->Double{         n += 1        sum += x        sum2 += x*x        return sqrt( sum2 / n - sum*sum / n / n)    } }var aa = stdDev()`
Output:
```value 2 SD = 0.0
value 4 SD = 1.0
value 4 SD = 0.942809041582063
value 4 SD = 0.866025403784439
value 5 SD = 0.979795897113271
value 5 SD = 1.0
value 7 SD = 1.39970842444753
value 9 SD = 2.0
```

Functional:

` func standardDeviation(arr : [Double]) -> Double{    let length = Double(arr.count)    let avg = arr.reduce(0, { \$0 + \$1 }) / length    let sumOfSquaredAvgDiff = arr.map { pow(\$0 - avg, 2.0)}.reduce(0, {\$0 + \$1})    return sqrt(sumOfSquaredAvgDiff / length)} let responseTimes = [ 18.0, 21.0, 41.0, 42.0, 48.0, 50.0, 55.0, 90.0 ] standardDeviation(responseTimes) // 20.8742514835862standardDeviation([2,4,4,4,5,5,7,9]) // 2.0 `

## Tcl

### With a Class

Works with: Tcl version 8.6
or
Library: TclOO
`oo::class create SDAccum {    variable sum sum2 num    constructor {} {        set sum 0.0        set sum2 0.0        set num 0    }    method value {x} {        set sum2 [expr {\$sum2 + \$x**2}]        set sum [expr {\$sum + \$x}]        incr num        return [my stddev]    }    method count {} {        return \$num    }    method mean {} {        expr {\$sum / \$num}    }    method variance {} {        expr {\$sum2/\$num - [my mean]**2}    }    method stddev {} {        expr {sqrt([my variance])}    }} # Demonstrationset sdacc [SDAccum new]foreach val {2 4 4 4 5 5 7 9} {    set sd [\$sdacc value \$val]}puts "the standard deviation is: \$sd"`
Output:
`the standard deviation is: 2.0`

### With a Coroutine

Works with: Tcl version 8.6
`# Make a coroutine out of a lambda applicationcoroutine sd apply {{} {    set sum 0.0    set sum2 0.0    set sd {}    # Keep processing argument values until told not to...    while {[set val [yield \$sd]] ne "stop"} {        incr n        set sum [expr {\$sum + \$val}]        set sum2 [expr {\$sum2 + \$val**2}]        set sd [expr {sqrt(\$sum2/\$n - (\$sum/\$n)**2)}]    }}} # Demonstrationforeach val {2 4 4 4 5 5 7 9} {    set sd [sd \$val]}sd stopputs "the standard deviation is: \$sd"`

## TI-83 BASIC

On the TI-83 family, standard deviation of a population is a builtin function (σx):

```• Press [STAT] select [EDIT] followed by [ENTER]
• then enter for list L1 in the table : 2, 4, 4, 4, 5, 5, 7, 9
• Or enter {2,4,4,4,5,5,7,9}→L1
• Press [STAT] select [CALC] then [1-Var Stats] select list L1 followed by [ENTER]
• Then σx (=2) gives the standard deviation of the population
```

## VBScript

`data = Array(2,4,4,4,5,5,7,9) For i = 0 To UBound(data)	WScript.StdOut.Write "value = " & data(i) &_		" running sd = " & sd(data,i)	WScript.StdOut.WriteLineNext Function sd(arr,n)	mean = 0	variance = 0	For j = 0 To n		mean = mean + arr(j)	Next	mean = mean/(n+1)	For k = 0 To n		variance = variance + ((arr(k)-mean)^2)	Next	variance = variance/(n+1)	sd = FormatNumber(Sqr(variance),6)End Function`
Output:
```value = 2 running sd = 0.000000
value = 4 running sd = 1.000000
value = 4 running sd = 0.942809
value = 4 running sd = 0.866025
value = 5 running sd = 0.979796
value = 5 running sd = 1.000000
value = 7 running sd = 1.399708
value = 9 running sd = 2.000000
```

## Visual Basic

Note that the helper function `avg` is not named `average` to avoid a name conflict with `WorksheetFunction.Average` in MS Excel.

`Function avg(what() As Variant) As Variant    'treats non-numeric strings as zero    Dim L0 As Variant, total As Variant    For L0 = LBound(what) To UBound(what)        If IsNumeric(what(L0)) Then total = total + what(L0)    Next    avg = total / (1 + UBound(what) - LBound(what))End Function Function standardDeviation(fp As Variant) As Variant    Static list() As Variant    Dim av As Variant, tmp As Variant, L0 As Variant     'add to sequence if numeric    If IsNumeric(fp) Then        On Error GoTo makeArr   'catch undimensioned list        ReDim Preserve list(UBound(list) + 1)        On Error GoTo 0        list(UBound(list)) = fp    End If     'get average    av = avg(list())     'the actual work    For L0 = 0 To UBound(list)        tmp = tmp + ((list(L0) - av) ^ 2)    Next    tmp = Sqr(tmp / (UBound(list) + 1))     standardDeviation = tmp     Exit FunctionmakeArr:    If 9 = Err.Number Then        ReDim list(0)    Else        'something's wrong        Err.Raise Err.Number    End If    Resume NextEnd Function Sub tester()    Dim x As Variant    x = Array(2, 4, 4, 4, 5, 5, 7, 9)    For L0 = 0 To UBound(x)        Debug.Print standardDeviation(x(L0))    NextEnd Sub`
Output:
``` 0
1
0.942809041582063
0.866025403784439
0.979795897113271
1
1.39970842444753
2
```

## XPL0

`include c:\cxpl\codes;          \intrinsic 'code' declarationsint  A, I;real N, S, S2;[A:= [2,4,4,4,5,5,7,9];N:= 0.0;  S:= 0.0;  S2:= 0.0;for I:= 0 to 8-1 do        [N:= N + 1.0;        S:= S + float(A(I));        S2:= S2 + float(sq(A(I)));        RlOut(0, sqrt((S2/N) - sq(S/N)));        ];CrLf(0);]`
Output:
```    0.00000    1.00000    0.94281    0.86603    0.97980    1.00000    1.39971    2.00000
```

## zkl

`fcn sdf{ fcn(x,xs){       m:=xs.append(x.toFloat()).sum(0.0)/xs.len();       (xs.reduce('wrap(p,x){(x-m)*(x-m) +p},0.0)/xs.len()).sqrt()     }.fp1(L())}`
Output:
```zkl: T(2,4,4,4,5,5,7,9).pump(Void,sdf())
2

zkl: sd:=sdf(); sd(2);sd(4);sd(4);sd(4);sd(5);sd(5);sd(7);sd(9)
2
```