Scripted main
It is useful to be able to execute a main() function only when a program is run directly. This is a central feature in programming scripts; the feature can be called scripted main or modulino.
Examples from GitHub.
Sometimes getting the ScriptName is required in order to determine when to run main().
- This is still a draft task, and the current task description has caused mega confusion. See Talk:Scripted Main for numerous attempts to understand the task and to rewrite the task description.
- The task Executable library is written to replace this task. This task's future is in doubt as its aims are not clear enough.
[edit] C
C programs cannot normally do scripted main, because main() is implicitly included by another program, test.c, even though scriptedmain.h omits any main() prototype. However, preprocessor instructions can hide main unless a compiler flag is explicitly set.
Example
$ make
./scriptedmain
Main: The meaning of life is 42
./test
Test: The meaning of life is
Makefile
all: scriptedmain test
./scriptedmain
./test
scriptedmain: scriptedmain.c scriptedmain.h
gcc -o scriptedmain -DSCRIPTEDMAIN scriptedmain.c scriptedmain.h
test: test.c scriptedmain.h scriptedmain.c
gcc -o test test.c scriptedmain.c scriptedmain.h
clean:
-rm scriptedmain
-rm test
-rm scriptedmain.exe
-rm test.exe
scriptedmain.h
int meaning_of_life();
scriptedmain.c
#include <stdio.h>
int meaning_of_life() {
return 42;
}
#ifdef SCRIPTEDMAIN
int main() {
printf("Main: The meaning of life is %d\n", meaning_of_life());
return 0;
}
#endif
test.c
#include "scriptedmain.h"
#include <stdio.h>
extern int meaning_of_life();
int main(int argc, char **argv) {
printf("Test: The meaning of life is %d\n", meaning_of_life());
return 0;
}
[edit] C++
C++ programs cannot normally do scripted main, because main() is implicitly included by another program, test.c, even though scriptedmain.h omits any main() prototype. Preprocessor instructions can hide main() unless a compiler flat is explicitly set.
Example
$ make
./scriptedmain
Main: The meaning of life is 42
./test
Test: The meaning of life is 42
Makefile
all: scriptedmain test
./scriptedmain
./test
scriptedmain: scriptedmain.cpp scriptedmain.h
g++ -o scriptedmain -static-libgcc -static-libstdc++ -DSCRIPTEDMAIN scriptedmain.cpp scriptedmain.h
test: test.cpp scriptedmain.h scriptedmain.cpp
g++ -o test -static-libgcc -static-libstdc++ test.cpp scriptedmain.cpp scriptedmain.h
clean:
-rm scriptedmain
-rm test
-rm scriptedmain.exe
-rm test.exe
scriptedmain.h
int meaning_of_life();
scriptedmain.cpp
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int meaning_of_life() {
return 42;
}
#ifdef SCRIPTEDMAIN
int main() {
cout << "Main: The meaning of life is " << meaning_of_life() << endl;
return 0;
}
#endif
test.cpp
#include "scriptedmain.h"
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
extern int meaning_of_life();
int main() {
cout << "Test: The meaning of life is " << meaning_of_life() << endl;
return 0;
}
[edit] Chicken Scheme
Chicken Scheme has the {{{ -ss }}} flag for the interpreter, but compiled Chicken Scheme programs do not have scripted main unless the behavior is added manually to the code.
scriptedmain.scm
#!/bin/sh
#|
exec csi -ss $0 ${1+"$@"}
exit
|#
(use posix)
(require-extension srfi-1) ; lists
(define (meaning-of-life) 42)
(define (main args)
(display (format "Main: The meaning of life is ~a\n" (meaning-of-life)))
(exit))
(define (program)
(if (string=? (car (argv)) "csi")
(let ((s-index (list-index (lambda (x) (string-contains x "-s")) (argv))))
(if (number? s-index)
(cons 'interpreted (list-ref (argv) (+ 1 s-index)))
(cons 'unknown "")))
(cons 'compiled (car (argv)))))
(if (equal? (car (program)) 'compiled)
(main (cdr (argv))))
test.scm
#!/bin/sh
#|
exec csi -ss $0 ${1+"$@"}
exit
|#
(define (main args)
(load "scriptedmain.scm")
(display (format "Test: The meaning of life is ~a\n" (meaning-of-life)))
(exit))
[edit] Clojure
Uses lein-exec.
scriptedmain.clj:
":";exec lein exec $0 ${1+"$@"}
":";exit
(ns scriptedmain
(:gen-class))
(defn meaning-of-life [] 42)
(defn -main [& args]
(println "Main: The meaning of life is" (meaning-of-life)))
(when (.contains (first *command-line-args*) *source-path*)
(apply -main (rest *command-line-args*)))
test.clj:
":";exec lein exec $0 ${1+"$@"}
":";exit
(ns test
(:gen-class))
(load-string (slurp "scriptedmain.clj"))
(defn -main [& args]
(println "Test: The meaning of life is" (scriptedmain/meaning-of-life)))
(when (.contains (first *command-line-args*) *source-path*)
(apply -main (rest *command-line-args*)))
[edit] Coffeescript
scriptedmain.coffee:
#!/usr/bin/env coffee
meaningOfLife = () -> 42
exports.meaningOfLife = meaningOfLife
main = () ->
console.log "Main: The meaning of life is " + meaningOfLife()
if not module.parent then main()
test.coffee:
#!/usr/bin/env coffee
sm = require "./scriptedmain"
console.log "Test: The meaning of life is " + sm.meaningOfLife()
[edit] Common Lisp
Common Lisp has few standards for POSIX operation. Shebangs and command line arguments are hacks.
In CLISP, this code only works for ./scriptedmain.lisp.
~/.clisprc.lisp
;;; Play nice with shebangs
(set-dispatch-macro-character #\# #\!
(lambda (stream character n)
(declare (ignore character n))
(read-line stream nil nil t)
nil))
scriptedmain.lisp
#!/bin/sh
#|
exec clisp -q -q $0 $0 ${1+"$@"}
exit
|#
;;; Usage: ./scriptedmain.lisp
(defun meaning-of-life () 42)
(defun main (args)
(format t "Main: The meaning of life is ~a~%" (meaning-of-life))
(quit))
;;; With help from Francois-Rene Rideau
;;; http://tinyurl.com/cli-args
(let ((args
#+clisp ext:*args*
#+sbcl sb-ext:*posix-argv*
#+clozure (ccl::command-line-arguments)
#+gcl si:*command-args*
#+ecl (loop for i from 0 below (si:argc) collect (si:argv i))
#+cmu extensions:*command-line-strings*
#+allegro (sys:command-line-arguments)
#+lispworks sys:*line-arguments-list*
))
(if (member (pathname-name *load-truename*)
args
:test #'(lambda (x y) (search x y :test #'equalp)))
(main args)))
test.lisp
#!/bin/sh
#|
exec clisp -q -q $0 $0 ${1+"$@"}
exit
|#
(load "scriptedmain.lisp")
(format t "Test: The meaning of life is ~a~%" (meaning-of-life))
[edit] D
D manages to implement scriptedmain through the use of version directives, which require special options to rdmd and dmd.
scriptedmain.d:
#!/usr/bin/env rdmd -version=scriptedmain
module scriptedmain;
import std.stdio;
int meaningOfLife() {
return 42;
}
version (scriptedmain) {
void main(string[] args) {
writeln("Main: The meaning of life is ", meaningOfLife());
}
}
test.d:
#!/usr/bin/env rdmd -version=test
import scriptedmain;
import std.stdio;
version (test) {
void main(string[] args) {
writeln("Test: The meaning of life is ", meaningOfLife());
}
}
Example:
$ ./scriptedmain.d
Main: The meaning of life is 42
$ ./test.d
Test: The meaning of life is 42
$ dmd scriptedmain.d -version=scriptedmain
$ ./scriptedmain
Main: The meaning of life is 42
$ dmd test.d scriptedmain.d -version=test
$ ./test
Test: The meaning of life is 42
[edit] Dart
scriptedmain.dart:
#!/usr/bin/env dart
#library("scriptedmain");
meaningOfLife() {
return 42;
}
main() {
print("Main: The meaning of life is ${meaningOfLife()}");
}
test.dart:
#!/usr/bin/env dart
#import("scriptedmain.dart", prefix: "scriptedmain");
main() {
print("Test: The meaning of life is ${scriptedmain.meaningOfLife()}");
}
Example:
$ ./scriptedmain.dart
Main: The meaning of life is 42
$ ./test.dart
Test: The meaning of life is 42
[edit] Emacs Lisp
Emacs has scripted main, though older versions require an obscure shebang syntax.
scriptedmain.el
:;exec emacs -batch -l $0 -f main $*
;;; Shebang from John Swaby
;;; http://www.emacswiki.org/emacs/EmacsScripts
(defun meaning-of-life () 42)
(defun main ()
(message "Main: The meaning of life is %d" (meaning-of-life)))
test.el
:;exec emacs -batch -l $0 -f main $*
;;; Shebang from John Swaby
;;; http://www.emacswiki.org/emacs/EmacsScripts
(defun main ()
(setq load-path (cons default-directory load-path))
(load "scriptedmain.el" nil t)
(message "Test: The meaning of life is %d" (meaning-of-life)))
[edit] Erlang
Erlang has scripted main by default. scriptedmain.erl must be compiled before test.erl can access its functions.
Makefile:
all: t
t: scriptedmain.beam test.beam
erl -noshell -s scriptedmain
erl -noshell -s test
scriptedmain.beam: scriptedmain.erl
erlc scriptedmain.erl
test.beam: test.erl
erlc test.erl
clean:
-rm *.beam
scriptedmain.erl:
-module(scriptedmain).
-export([meaning_of_life/0, start/0]).
meaning_of_life() -> 42.
start() ->
io:format("Main: The meaning of life is ~w~n", [meaning_of_life()]),
init:stop().
test.erl:
-module(test).
-export([start/0]).
-import(scriptedmain, [meaning_of_life/0]).
start() ->
io:format("Test: The meaning of life is ~w~n", [meaning_of_life()]),
init:stop().
[edit] F#
Note 1: F# supports the scriptedmain behavior, but F# does not support hybrid script-compiled code files. The following programs work provided that they are compiled and then run, as .fs files, not interpreted or dotslashed as .fsx files.
Note 2: fsharpc has a backwards file ordering: Specify any dependencies BEFORE the code that depends on them.
Note 3: fsharpc also has that unpredictable DOS-flavored command line flag syntax, so the --out requires a colon between it and its value, and -h only generates an error; use --help instead.
Note 4: In Unix, mono is required to run F# executables. In Windows, mono is not required for execution.
Example:
$ make
fsharpc --out:scriptedmain.exe ScriptedMain.fs
fsharpc --out:test.exe ScriptedMain.fs Test.fs
$ mono scriptedmain.exe
Main: The meaning of life is 42
$ mono test.exe
Test: The meaning of life is 42
Makefile:
all: scriptedmain.exe test.exe
scriptedmain.exe: ScriptedMain.fs
fsharpc --nologo --out:scriptedmain.exe ScriptedMain.fs
test.exe: Test.fs ScriptedMain.fs
fsharpc --nologo --out:test.exe ScriptedMain.fs Test.fs
clean:
-rm *.exe
ScriptedMain.fs:
namespace ScriptedMain
module ScriptedMain =
let meaningOfLife = 42
let main =
printfn "Main: The meaning of life is %d" meaningOfLife
Test.fs:
module Test =
open ScriptedMain
let main =
printfn "Test: The meaning of life is %d" ScriptedMain.meaningOfLife
[edit] Factor
Note: The INCLUDE/INCLUDING macros must be added to the ~/.factor-rc configuration file.
Example:
$ ./scriptedmain.factor
Main: The meaning of life is 42
$ ./test.factor
Test: The meaning of life is 42
~/.factor-rc:
! INCLUDING macro that imports source code files in the current directory
USING: kernel vocabs.loader parser sequences lexer vocabs.parser ;
IN: syntax
: include-vocab ( vocab -- ) dup ".factor" append parse-file append use-vocab ;
SYNTAX: INCLUDING: ";" [ include-vocab ] each-token ;
scriptedmain.factor:
#! /usr/bin/env factor
USING: io math.parser ;
IN: scriptedmain
: meaning-of-life ( -- n ) 42 ;
: main ( -- ) meaning-of-life "Main: The meaning of life is " write number>string print ;
MAIN: main
test.factor:
#! /usr/bin/env factor
INCLUDING: scriptedmain ;
USING: io math.parser ;
IN: test
: main ( -- ) meaning-of-life "Test: The meaning of life is " write number>string print ;
MAIN: main
[edit] Forth
Given this awful running reference:
42 constant Douglas-Adams
: go ( -- )
." The meaning of life is " Douglas-Adams . cr ;
The bulk of Forth systems provide a way to generate an executable that enters GO (ar any word) on start.
' go 'MAIN !
program douglas-adams
Which creates a file named 'douglas-adams' that you can then run. If this is all in the same file, you can load the file, test parts of it, and then exit (or shell out) to run the executable.
A unix script requires that '#!' be a comment and that the system have some #!-compatible arguments.
#! /usr/bin/env gforth
42 constant Douglas-Adams
.( The meaning of life is ) Douglas-Adams . cr bye
Adding #! as a comment, as gforth does, is trivial. For a means by which this script could distinguish between 'scripted execution' and otherwise, a symlink like 'forthscript' could easily be used, and the zeroth OS argument tested for, but there's no convention.
#! /usr/bin/env forthscript
42 constant Douglas-Adams
s" forthscript" 0 arg compare 0= [IF]
.( The meaning of life is ) Douglas-Adams . cr bye
[THEN]
cr .( Why aren't you running this as a script? It only provides a constant.)
[edit] Go
Makefile:
include $(GOROOT)/src/Make.inc
TARG=scriptname
GOFILES=scriptname.go
include $(GOROOT)/src/Make.cmd
scriptname.go:
package main
import ("os"; "fmt")
func main() {
program := os.Args[0]
fmt.Println("Program:", program)
}
[edit] Groovy
Example:
$ ./ScriptedMain.groovy
Main: The meaning of life is 42
$ ./Test.groovy
Test: The meaning of life is 42
ScriptedMain.groovy:
#!/usr/bin/env groovy
class ScriptedMain {
static def meaningOfLife = 42
static main(args) {
println "Main: The meaning of life is " + meaningOfLife
}
}
Test.groovy:
#!/usr/bin/env groovy
println "Test: The meaning of life is " + ScriptedMain.meaningOfLife
[edit] Haskell
Haskell has scripted main, but getting scripted main to work with compiled scripts is tricky.
$ runhaskell scriptedmain.hs
Main: The meaning of life is 42
$ runhaskell test.hs
Test: The meaning of life is 42
$ ghc -fforce-recomp -o scriptedmain -main-is ScriptedMain scriptedmain.hs
$ ./scriptedmain
Main: The meaning of life is 42
$ ghc -fforce-recomp -o test -main-is Test test.hs scriptedmain.hs
$ ./test
Test: The meaning of life is 42
scriptedmain.hs
#!/usr/bin/env runhaskell
-- Compile:
--
-- ghc -fforce-recomp -o scriptedmain -main-is ScriptedMain scriptedmain.hs
module ScriptedMain where
meaningOfLife :: Int
meaningOfLife = 42
main :: IO ()
main = putStrLn $ "Main: The meaning of life is " ++ show meaningOfLife
test.hs
#!/usr/bin/env runhaskell
-- Compile:
--
-- ghc -fforce-recomp -o test -main-is Test test.hs scriptedmain.hs
module Test where
import ScriptedMain hiding (main)
main :: IO ()
main = putStrLn $ "Test: The meaning of life is " ++ show meaningOfLife
[edit] Io
ScriptedMain.io:
#!/usr/bin/env io
ScriptedMain := Object clone
ScriptedMain meaningOfLife := 42
main := method(
"Main: The meaning of life is #{ScriptedMain meaningOfLife}" interpolate println
)
if (System args size > 0 and System args at(0) containsSeq("ScriptedMain"), main)
test.io:
#!/usr/bin/env io
main := method(
"Test: The meaning of life is #{ScriptedMain meaningOfLife}" interpolate println
)
if (System args size > 0 and System args at(0) containsSeq("test"), main)
$ ./ScriptedMain.io
Main: The meaning of life is 42
$ ./test.io
Test: The meaning of life is 42
[edit] J
scriptedmain.j:
#!/usr/bin/env jconsole
load 'regex'
meaningOfLife =: 42
main =: monad : 0
echo 'Main: The meaning of life is ', > 'd' (8!:0) meaningOfLife
exit ''
)
program =: monad : 0
if. (#ARGV) > 1 do.
> 1 { ARGV
else.
'Interpreted'
end.
)
shouldrun =: monad : 0
if. '.*scriptedmain.*' rxeq program 0 do.
main 0
end.
)
shouldrun 0
test.j:
#!/usr/bin/env jconsole
load 'scriptedmain.j'
echo 'Test: The meaning of life is ', > 'd' (8!:0) meaningOfLife
exit ''
Example:
$ ./scriptedmain.j
Main: The meaning of life is 42
$ ./test.j
Test: The meaning of life is 42
[edit] Java
Java has scripted main by default.
ScriptedMain.java
public class ScriptedMain {
public static int meaningOfLife() {
return 42;
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println("Main: The meaning of life is " + meaningOfLife());
}
}
Test.java
public class Test {
public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println("Test: The meaning of life is " + ScriptedMain.meaningOfLife());
}
}
[edit] LLVM
LLVM can have scripted main a la C, using the weak attribute.
$ make
llvm-as scriptedmain.ll
llc scriptedmain.bc
gcc -o scriptedmain scriptedmain.s
./scriptedmain
Main: The meaning of life is 42
llvm-as test.ll
llc test.bc
gcc -o test test.s scriptedmain.s
./test
Test: The meaning of life is 42
Makefile
EXECUTABLE_SM=scriptedmain
EXECUTABLE_TEST=test
all: test.ll scriptedmain.s
llvm-as test.ll
llc test.bc
gcc -o $(EXECUTABLE_TEST) test.s scriptedmain.s
./$(EXECUTABLE_TEST)
scriptedmain.s: scriptedmain.ll
llvm-as scriptedmain.ll
llc scriptedmain.bc
gcc -o $(EXECUTABLE_SM) scriptedmain.s
./$(EXECUTABLE_SM)
clean:
-rm $(EXECUTABLE_TEST)
-rm $(EXECUTABLE_SM)
-rm test.s
-rm test.bc
-rm scriptedmain.s
-rm scriptedmain.bc
scriptedmain.ll
@msg_main = internal constant [33 x i8] c"Main: The meaning of life is %d\0A\00"
declare i32 @printf(i8* noalias nocapture, ...)
define i32 @meaning_of_life() {
ret i32 42
}
define weak i32 @main(i32 %argc, i8** %argv) {
%meaning = call i32 @meaning_of_life()
call i32 (i8*, ...)* @printf(i8* getelementptr inbounds ([33 x i8]* @msg_main, i32 0, i32 0), i32 %meaning)
ret i32 0
}
test.ll
@msg_test = internal constant [33 x i8] c"Test: The meaning of life is %d\0A\00"
declare i32 @printf(i8* noalias nocapture, ...)
declare i32 @meaning_of_life()
define i32 @main(i32 %argc, i8** %argv) {
%meaning = call i32 @meaning_of_life()
call i32 (i8*, ...)* @printf(i8* getelementptr inbounds ([33 x i8]* @msg_test, i32 0, i32 0), i32 %meaning)
ret i32 0
}
[edit] Lua
Lua has scripted main by default because files are largely indistinguishable from functions semantically (they compile to Lua functions.) Ellipses is Lua's var-arg syntax for functions, and, therefore, for files as well.
scriptedmain.lua
#!/usr/bin/env lua
function meaningoflife()
return 42
end
function main(arg)
print("Main: The meaning of life is " .. meaningoflife())
end
if type(package.loaded[(...)]) ~= "userdata" then
main(arg)
else
module(..., package.seeall)
end
test.lua
#!/usr/bin/env lua
sm = require("scriptedmain")
print("Test: The meaning of life is " .. sm.meaningoflife())
[edit] Mathematica
scriptedmain.ma
#!/usr/bin/env MathKernel -script
MeaningOfLife[] = 42
ScriptName[] = Piecewise[
{
{"Interpreted", Position[$CommandLine, "-script", 1] == {}}
},
$CommandLine[[Position[$CommandLine, "-script", 1][[1,1]] + 1]]
]
Program = ScriptName[];
If[StringMatchQ[Program, ".*scriptedmain.*"],
Print["Main: The meaning of life is " <> ToString[MeaningOfLife[]]]
]
test.ma:
#!/usr/bin/env MathKernel -script
Get["scriptedmain.ma"]
Print["Test: The meaning of life is " <> ToString[MeaningOfLife[]]]
Example:
$ ./scriptedmain.ma
Main: The meaning of life is 42
$ ./test.ma
Test: The meaning of life is 42
In Mac and Windows, the output will be surrounded by spurious quotes.
[edit] Mozart/Oz
Makefile:
all: run
run: scriptedmain test
./scriptedmain
./test
scriptedmain: scriptedmain.oz
ozc -x scriptedmain.oz
scriptedmain.ozf: scriptedmain.oz
ozc -c scriptedmain.oz
test: scriptedmain.ozf test.oz
ozc -x test.oz
clean:
-rm test
-rm scriptedmain
-rm *.ozf
-rm *.exe
scriptedmain.oz:
functor
export
meaningOfLife: MeaningOfLife
import
System
Application
Property
Regex at 'x-oz://contrib/regex'
define
fun {MeaningOfLife} 42 end
local ScriptName = {Property.get 'application.url'} in
if {Regex.search "scriptedmain" ScriptName} \= false then
{System.printInfo "Main: The meaning of life is "#{Int.toString {MeaningOfLife}}#"\n"}
{Application.exit 0}
end
end
end
test.oz:
functor
import
ScriptedMain
System
Application
Property
Regex at 'x-oz://contrib/regex'
define
local ScriptName = {Property.get 'application.url'} in
if {Regex.search "test" ScriptName} \= false then
{System.printInfo "Test: The meaning of life is "#{Int.toString {ScriptedMain.meaningOfLife}}#"\n"}
{Application.exit 0}
end
end
end
[edit] newLISP
newLISP lacks scripted main, but the feature is easily added.
scriptedmain.lsp
#!/usr/bin/env newlisp
(context 'SM)
(define (SM:meaning-of-life) 42)
(define (main)
(println (format "Main: The meaning of life is %d" (meaning-of-life)))
(exit))
(if (find "scriptedmain" (main-args 1)) (main))
(context MAIN)
test.lsp
#!/usr/bin/env newlisp
(load "scriptedmain.lsp")
(println (format "Test: The meaning of life is %d" (SM:meaning-of-life)))
(exit)
[edit] Node.js
Node.js has scripted main.
scriptedmain.js
#!/usr/bin/env node
function meaningOfLife() { return 42; }
exports.meaningOfLife = meaningOfLife;
function main() {
console.log("Main: The meaning of life is " + meaningOfLife());
}
if (!module.parent) { main(); }
test.js
#!/usr/bin/env node
var sm = require("./scriptedmain");
console.log("Test: The meaning of life is " + sm.meaningOfLife());
[edit] Objective-C
scriptedmain.h:
#import <objc/Object.h>
@interface ScriptedMain: Object {}
+ (int)meaningOfLife;
@end
scriptedmain.m:
#import "scriptedmain.h"
#import <Foundation/Foundation.h>
@implementation ScriptedMain
+ (int)meaningOfLife {
return 42;
}
@end
int __attribute__((weak)) main(int argc, char **argv) {
NSAutoreleasePool *pool = [[NSAutoreleasePool alloc] init];
printf("Main: The meaning of life is %d\n", [ScriptedMain meaningOfLife]);
[pool drain];
return 0;
}
test.m:
#import "scriptedmain.h"
#import <Foundation/Foundation.h>
int main(int argc, char **argv) {
NSAutoreleasePool *pool = [[NSAutoreleasePool alloc] init];
printf("Test: The meaning of life is %d\n", [ScriptedMain meaningOfLife]);
[pool drain];
return 0;
}
$ gcc -o scriptedmain -lobjc -framework foundation scriptedmain.m
$ gcc -o test -lobjc -framework foundation test.m scriptedmain.m
$ ./scriptedmain
Main: The meaning of life is 42
$ ./test
Test: The meaning of life is 42
[edit] OCaml
scriptedmain.ml
if true then ignore begin let kkkk _ _ _ _ _ = 0 in kkkk
"exec" "ocaml" "str.cma" "$0" "$@" + let fi = 0 and exit _ _ = 0 in if false
then exit
fi
true else 0
end;;
(*
Interpret:
./scriptedmain.ml
Compile:
ocamlc -o scriptedmain -linkall str.cma scriptedmain.ml
Run:
./scriptedmain
*)
let meaning_of_life : int = 42
let main () = print_endline ("Main: The meaning of life is " ^ string_of_int meaning_of_life)
let _ =
let program = Sys.argv.(0)
and re = Str.regexp "scriptedmain" in
try let _ = Str.search_forward re program 0 in
main ()
with Not_found -> ()
test.ml
if true then ignore begin let kkkk _ _ _ _ _ _ = 0 in kkkk
"exec" "ocaml" "str.cma" "scriptedmain.cmo" "$0" "$@" + let fi = 0 and exit _ _ = 0 in if false
then exit
fi
true else 0
end;;
(*
Compile:
ocamlc -o test -linkall str.cma scriptedmain.ml test.ml
Interpret:
./test.ml
Run:
./test
*)
let main () = print_endline ("Test: The meaning of life is " ^ string_of_int Scriptedmain.meaning_of_life)
let _ =
let program = Sys.argv.(0)
and re = Str.regexp "test" in
try let _ = Str.search_forward re program 0 in
main ()
with Not_found -> ()
[edit] Octave/MATLAB
Octave and MATLAB have scripted main by default, because only the first function listed in a program are importable by other programs.
meaningoflife.m
#!/usr/bin/env octave -qf
function y = meaningoflife()
y = 42;
endfunction
function main()
printf("Main: The meaning of life is %d", meaningoflife());
endfunction
main();
test.m
#!/usr/bin/env octave -qf
printf("Test: The meaning of life is %d", meaningoflife());
[edit] Pascal
Makefile:
all: scriptedmain
scriptedmain: scriptedmain.pas
fpc -dscriptedmain scriptedmain.pas
test: test.pas scriptedmain
fpc test.pas
clean:
-rm test
-rm scriptedmain
-rm *.o
-rm *.ppu
scriptedmain.pas:
{$IFDEF scriptedmain}
program ScriptedMain;
{$ELSE}
unit ScriptedMain;
interface
function MeaningOfLife () : integer;
implementation
{$ENDIF}
function MeaningOfLife () : integer;
begin
MeaningOfLife := 42
end;
{$IFDEF scriptedmain}
begin
write('Main: The meaning of life is: ');
writeln(MeaningOfLife())
{$ENDIF}
end.
test.pas:
program Test;
uses
ScriptedMain;
begin
write('Test: The meaning of life is: ');
writeln(MeaningOfLife())
end.
Example:
$ make
$ ./scriptedmain
Main: The meaning of life is: 42
$ make test
$ ./test
Test: The meaning of life is: 42
[edit] Perl
Perl has scripted main. The code inside unless(caller) { ... } only runs when Life.pm is the main program.
#!/usr/bin/env perl
# Life.pm
package Life;
use strict;
use warnings;
sub meaning_of_life {
return 42;
}
unless(caller) {
print "Main: The meaning of life is " . meaning_of_life() . "\n";
}
#!/usr/bin/env perl
# death.pl
use strict;
use warnings;
use Life;
print "Life means " . Life::meaning_of_life . ".\n";
print "Death means invisible scary skeletons.\n";
[edit] Perl 6
Perl 6 automatically calls MAIN on direct invocation, but this may be a multi dispatch, so a library may have multiple "scripted mains".
class LUE {
has $.answer = 42;
}
multi MAIN ('test') {
say "ok" if LUE.new.answer == 42;
}
multi MAIN ('methods') {
say ~LUE.^methods;
}
[edit] PHP
PHP does not have scripted main, but the feature is easily added with a regular expression.
scriptedmain.php
<?php
function meaning_of_life() {
return 42;
}
function main($args) {
echo "Main: The meaning of life is " . meaning_of_life() . "\n";
}
if (preg_match("/scriptedmain/", $_SERVER["SCRIPT_NAME"])) {
main($argv);
}
?>
test.php
<?php
require_once("scriptedmain.php");
echo "Test: The meaning of life is " . meaning_of_life() . "\n";
?>
[edit] PicoLisp
PicoLisp normally does it the other way round: It calls main from the command line with the '-' syntax if desired. Create an executable file (chmod +x) "life.l":
#!/usr/bin/picolisp /usr/lib/picolisp/lib.l
(de meaningOfLife ()
42 )
(de lifemain ()
(prinl "Main: The meaning of life is " (meaningOfLife))
(bye) )
and an executable file (chmod +x) "test.l":
#!/usr/bin/picolisp /usr/lib/picolisp/lib.l
(load "life.l")
(prinl "Test: The meaning of life is " (meaningOfLife))
(bye)
Test:
$ ./life.l -lifemain Main: The meaning of life is 42 $ ./test.l Test: The meaning of life is 42
[edit] Python
Python has scripted main.
#!/usr/bin/env python
# life.py
def meaning_of_life():
return 42
if __name__ == "__main__":
print("Main: The meaning of life is %s" % meaning_of_life())
#!/usr/bin/env python
# death.py
from life import meaning_of_life
print("Life means %s." % meaning_of_life())
print("Death means invisible scary skeletons.")
[edit] Scala
Note: Either the current directory (.) must be in the CLASSPATH environment variable, or the CLASSPATH should not be set.
~/.profile:
# Scala
export CLASSPATH=$CLASSPATH:.
or
~/.profile:
(empty)
Example:
$ scala ScriptedMain.scala
Main: The meaning of life is 42
$ scalac ScriptedMain.scala Test.scala
$ scala Test
Test: The meaning of life is 42
ScriptedMain.scala:
Note the omission of shebangs. scalac refuses to compile code with shebangs.
object ScriptedMain {
val meaningOfLife = 42
def main(args: Array[String]) {
println("Main: The meaning of life is " + meaningOfLife)
}
}
Test.scala:
object Test {
def main(args: Array[String]) {
println("Test: The meaning of life is " + ScriptedMain.meaningOfLife)
}
}
[edit] Smalltalk
Note that the ScriptedMain package must be installed in order for test.st to access code from scriptedmain.st.
Example
$ gst-package -t ~/.st package.xml &>/dev/null
$ ./scriptedmain.st
Main: The meaning of life is 42
$ ./test.st
Test: The meaning of life is 42
package.xml
<packages>
<package>
<name>ScriptedMain</name>
<filein>scriptedmain.st</filein>
<file>scriptedmain.st</file>
</package>
</packages>
scriptedmain.st
"exec" "gst" "-f" "$0" "$0" "$@"
"exit"
Object subclass: ScriptedMain [
ScriptedMain class >> meaningOfLife [ ^42 ]
]
| main |
main := [
Transcript show: 'Main: The meaning of life is ', ((ScriptedMain meaningOfLife) printString); cr.
].
(((Smalltalk getArgc) > 0) and: [ ((Smalltalk getArgv: 1) endsWith: 'scriptedmain.st') ]) ifTrue: [
main value.
].
test.st
"exec" "gst" "-f" "$0" "$0" "$@"
"exit"
"
PackageLoader fileInPackage: 'ScriptedMain'.
Transcript show: 'Test: The meaning of life is ', ((ScriptedMain meaningOfLife) printString); cr.
[edit] R
A way to check if code is running at "top level" is to check length(sys.frames()). This value will be zero for a file being run with Rscript, the --file= argument, or at the command line, and will be greater than 0 in all other conditions (such as package loading or code being sourced from another file.)
#!/usr/bin/env Rscript
meaningOfLife <- function() {
42
}
main <- function(args) {
cat("Main: The meaning of life is", meaningOfLife(), "\n")
}
if (length(sys.frames()) > 0) {
args <- commandArgs(trailingOnly = FALSE)
main(args)
q("no")
}
test.R
#!/usr/bin/env Rscript
source("scriptedmain.R")
cat("Test: The meaning of life is", meaningOfLife(), "\n")
q("no")
[edit] Racket
scriptedmain.rkt:
#!/usr/bin/env racket
#lang racket
(provide meaning-of-life)
(define (meaning-of-life) 42)
(module+ main (printf "Main: The meaning of life is ~a\n" (meaning-of-life)))
test.rkt:
#!/usr/bin/env racket
#lang racket
(module+ main
(require "scriptedmain.rkt")
(printf "Test: The meaning of life is ~a\n" (meaning-of-life)))
[edit] REXX
/*REXX program to detect whether or not it is a "scripted main" program.*/
parse upper source . howInvoke .
if howInvoke \== 'COMMAND' then do
/* maybe say something here? */
return ''
end
/* ┌────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
│ At this point, we know that this program was │
│ invoked via the "command line" and not via │
│ another program. │
└────────────────────────────────────────────────┘ */
say 'and away we go ...'
[edit] Ruby
Ruby has scripted main.
# life.rb
def meaning_of_life
42
end
if __FILE__ == $0
puts "Main: The meaning of life is #{meaning_of_life}"
end
# death.rb
require 'life'
puts "Life means #{meaning_of_life}."
puts "Death means invisible scary skeletons."
[edit] Rust
Makefile:
all: scriptedmain
scriptedmain: scriptedmain.rs
rustc scriptedmain.rs
test: test.rs scriptedmain.rs
rustc --lib scriptedmain.rs
rustc test.rs -L .
clean:
-rm test
-rm -rf *.dylib
-rm scriptedmain
-rm -rf *.dSYM
scriptedmain.rs:
#[link(name = "scriptedmain")];
use std;
fn meaning_of_life() -> int {
ret 42;
}
fn main() {
std::io::println("Main: The meaning of life is " + core::int::to_str(meaning_of_life(), 10u));
}
test.rs:
use scriptedmain;
use std;
fn main() {
std::io::println("Test: The meaning of life is " + core::int::to_str(scriptedmain::meaning_of_life(), 10u));
}
Example:
$ make
$ make test
$ ./scriptedmain
Main: The meaning of life is 42
$ ./test
Test: The meaning of life is 42
[edit] SAC
Makefile:
all: scriptedmain
scriptedmain: ScriptedMain.sac
sac2c -o scriptedmain ScriptedMain.sac -Dscriptedmain
test: test.sac ScriptedMain.sac
sac2c ScriptedMain.sac
sac2c -o test test.sac
clean:
-rm test
-rm test.c
-rm libScriptedMainTree.so
-rm libScriptedMainMod.so
-rm libScriptedMainMod.a
-rm scriptedmain
-rm scriptedmain.c
ScriptedMain.sac:
#ifndef scriptedmain
module ScriptedMain;
#endif
use StdIO: all;
use Array: all;
export all;
int meaning_of_life() {
return(42);
}
#ifdef scriptedmain
int main() {
printf("Main: The meaning of life is %d\n", meaning_of_life());
return(0);
}
#endif
test.sac:
use StdIO: all;
use Array: all;
use ScriptedMain: all;
int main() {
printf("Test: The meaning of life is %d\n", meaning_of_life());
return(0);
}
Example:
$ make
$ make test
$ ./scriptedmain
Main: The meaning of life is 42
$ ./test
Test: The meaning of life is 42
[edit] Tcl
proc main {args} {
puts "Directory: [pwd]"
puts "Program: $::argv0"
puts "Number of args: [llength $args]"
foreach arg $args {puts "Arg: $arg"}
}
if {$::argv0 eq [info script]} {
main {*}$::argv
}
[edit] UNIX Shell
Bash has scripted main.
scriptedmain.sh
#!/usr/bin/env sh
meaning_of_life() {
return 42
}
main() {
meaning_of_life
echo "Main: The meaning of life is $?"
}
if [[ "$BASH_SOURCE" == "$0" ]]
then
main
fi
test.sh
#!/usr/bin/env sh
source scriptedmain.sh
meaning_of_life
echo "Test: The meaning of life is $?"
[edit] ZX Spectrum Basic
On the ZX Spectrum, there is no main function as such, however a saved program can be made to start running from a particular line number by providing the line number as a parameter to save command. If the program is being merged as a module, then it does not run automatically. The following example will save the program in memory so that it starts running from line 500:
SAVE "MYPROG" LINE 500: REM For a program with main code starting at line 500
- Draft Programming Tasks
- Basic language learning
- C
- C++
- Chicken Scheme
- Clojure
- Coffeescript
- Common Lisp
- D
- Dart
- Emacs Lisp
- Erlang
- F Sharp
- Factor
- Forth
- Go
- Groovy
- Haskell
- Io
- J
- Java
- LLVM
- Lua
- Mathematica
- Mozart/Oz
- NewLISP
- Node.js
- Objective-C
- OCaml
- Octave
- MATLAB
- Pascal
- Perl
- Perl 6
- PHP
- PicoLisp
- Python
- Scala
- Smalltalk
- R
- Racket
- REXX
- Ruby
- Rust
- SAC
- Tcl
- UNIX Shell
- ZX Spectrum Basic
- Ada/Omit
