Primality by trial division

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Task
Primality by trial division
You are encouraged to solve this task according to the task description, using any language you may know.
Write a boolean function that tells whether a given integer is prime. Remember that 1 and all non-positive numbers are not prime.

Use trial division. Even numbers may be eliminated right away. A loop from 3 to √(n) will suffice, but other loops are allowed.

Contents

[edit] ActionScript

function isPrime(n:int):Boolean
{
if(n < 2) return false;
if(n == 2) return true;
if((n & 1) == 0) return false;
for(var i:int = 3; i <= Math.sqrt(n); i+= 2)
if(n % i == 0) return false;
return true;
}

[edit] Ada

function Is_Prime(Item : Positive) return Boolean is
Result : Boolean := True;
Test : Natural;
begin
if Item /= 2 and Item mod 2 = 0 then
Result := False;
else
Test := 3;
while Test < Integer(Sqrt(Float(Item))) loop
if Item mod Test = 0 then
Result := False;
exit;
end if;
Test := Test + 2;
end loop;
end if;
return Result;
end Is_Prime;

[edit] ALGOL 68

Works with: ALGOL 68 version Revision 1 - no extensions to language used

Works with: ALGOL 68G version Any - tested with release 1.18.0-9h.tiny

COMMENT
  This routine is used in more than one place, and is essentially a
  template that can by used for many different types, eg INT, LONG INT...
USAGE
  MODE ISPRIMEINT = INT, LONG INT, etc
  PR READ "prelude/is_prime.a68" PR
END COMMENT
PROC is prime = ( ISPRIMEINT p )BOOL:
  IF p <= 1 OR ( NOT ODD p AND p/= 2) THEN
    FALSE
  ELSE
    BOOL prime := TRUE;
    FOR i FROM 3 BY 2 TO ENTIER sqrt(p)
      WHILE prime := p MOD i /= 0 DO SKIP OD;
    prime
  FI;
main:( 
INT upb=100;
printf(($" The primes up to "g(-3)" are:"l$,upb));
FOR i TO upb DO
IF is prime(i) THEN
printf(($g(-4)$,i))
FI
OD;
printf($l$)
)

Output:

The primes up to 100 are:
   2   3   5   7  11  13  17  19  23  29  31  37  41  43  47  53  59  61  67  71  73  79  83  89  97

[edit] AutoHotkey

Discussion

MsgBox % IsPrime(1995937) 
Loop
MsgBox % A_Index-3 . " is " . (IsPrime(A_Index-3) ? "" : "not ") . "prime."
 
IsPrime(n,k=2) { ; testing primality with trial divisors not multiple of 2,3,5, up to sqrt(n)
d := k+(k<7 ? 1+(k>2) : SubStr("6-----4---2-4---2-4---6-----2",Mod(k,30),1))
Return n < 3 ? n>1 : Mod(n,k) ? (d*d <= n ? IsPrime(n,d) : 1) : 0
}

[edit] AWK

$ awk 'func prime(n){for(d=2;d<=sqrt(n);d++)if(!(n%d)){return 0};return 1}{print prime($1)}'

Or more legibly, and with n <= 1 handling

function prime(n) {
if (n <= 1) return 0
for (d = 2; d <= sqrt(n); d++)
if (!(n % d)) return 0
return 1
}
 
{print prime($1)}

[edit] BASIC

Works with: QuickBasic version 4.5

Returns 1 for prime, 0 for non-prime

FUNCTION prime% (n!)
STATIC i AS INTEGER
IF n = 2 THEN
prime = 1
ELSEIF n <= 1 OR n MOD 2 = 0 THEN
prime = 0
ELSE
prime = 1
FOR i = 3 TO INT(SQR(n)) STEP 2
IF n MOD i = 0 THEN
prime = 0
EXIT FUNCTION
END IF
NEXT i
END IF
END FUNCTION
 
' Test and display primes 1 .. 50
DECLARE FUNCTION prime% (n!)
FOR n = 1 TO 50
IF prime(n) = 1 THEN PRINT n;
NEXT n

Output:

 2  3  5  7  11  13  17  19  23  29  31  37  41  43  47

[edit] C

#include <math.h>
#define FALSE 0
#define TRUE 1
int isPrime( unsigned int n )
{
unsigned int i;
if ( n == 2 )
return TRUE;
if ( n <= 1 || ( n & 1 ) == 0 )
return FALSE;
for ( i = 3 ; i <= sqrt( n ) ; i += 2 )
if ( n % i == 0 )
return FALSE;
return TRUE;
}

[edit] C++

#include <cmath>
 
bool is_prime(unsigned int n)
{
if (n <= 1)
return false;
if (n == 2)
return true;
for (unsigned int i = 2; i <= sqrt(n); ++i)
if (n % i == 0)
return false;
return true;
}

[edit] C#

static bool isPrime(int n)
{
if (n <= 1) return false;
for (int i = 2; i <= Math.Sqrt(n); i++)
if (n % i == 0) return false;
return true;
}

[edit] Clojure

The symbol # is a shortcut for creating lambda functions; the arguments in such a function are %1, %2, %3... (or simply % if there is only one argument). Thus, #(< (* % %) n) is equivalent to (fn [x] (< (* x x) n)) or more mathematically f(x) = x * x < n.

 (defn divides? [k n] (= (rem n k) 0))
 
 (defn prime? [n]
   (if (< n 2)
     false
     (empty? (filter #(divides? % n) (take-while #(<= (* % %) n) (range 2 n))))))

[edit] Common Lisp

 
(defun primep (a)
(cond ((= a 2) T)
((or (<= a 1) (= (mod a 2) 0)) nil)
((loop for i from 3 to (sqrt a) by 2 do
(if (= (mod a i) 0)
(return nil))) nil)
(T T)))
 
 
(defun primep (n)
"Is N prime?"
(and (> n 1)
(or (= n 2) (oddp n))
(loop for i from 3 to (isqrt n) by 2
never (zerop (rem n i)))))
 

[edit] D

import std.math: sqrt;
bool isPrime(int n) {
if (n == 2)
return true;
if (n <= 1 || (n & 1) == 0)
return false;
 
for(int i = 3; i <= sqrt(cast(float)n); i += 2)
if (n % i == 0)
return false;
return true;
}

[edit] Version with excluded multiplies of 2 and 3

/** 
* to compile:
* $ dmd -run prime_trial.d
* to optimize:
* $ dmd -O -inline -release prime_trial.d
*/

module prime_trial;
 
import std.conv : to;
import std.stdio : writefln;
 
/// Adapted from: http://www.devx.com/vb2themax/Tip/19051
bool
isprime(Integer)(in Integer number)
{
/* manually test 1, 2, 3 and multiples of 2 and 3 */
if (number == 2 || number == 3)
return true;
else if (number < 2 || number % 2 == 0 || number % 3 == 0)
return false;
 
/* we can now avoid to consider multiples
* of 2 and 3. This can be done really simply
* by starting at 5 and incrementing by 2 and 4
* alternatively, that is:
* 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 25, 29, 31, 35, 37, ...
* we don't need to go higher than the square root of the number */

for (Integer divisor = 5, increment = 2; divisor*divisor <= number;
divisor += increment, increment = 6 - increment)
if (number % divisor == 0)
return false;
 
return true; // if we get here, the number is prime
}
 
/// print all prime numbers less then a given limit
void main(char[][] args)
{
const limit = (args.length == 2) ? to!(uint)(args[1]) : 100;
for (uint i = 0; i < limit; ++i)
if (isprime(i))
writefln(i);
}

[edit] E

Translation of: D

 
def isPrime(n :int) {
if (n == 2) {
return true
} else if (n <= 1 || n %% 2 == 0) {
return false
} else {
def limit := (n :float64).sqrt().ceil()
var divisor := 1
while ((divisor += 2) <= limit) {
if (n %% divisor == 0) {
return false
}
}
return true
}
}

[edit] Erlang

is_prime(N) when N == 2 -> true;
is_prime(N) when N < 2 orelse N rem 2 == 0 -> false;
is_prime(N) -> is_prime(N,3).
 
is_prime(N,K) when K*K > N -> true;
is_prime(N,K) when N rem K == 0 -> false;
is_prime(N,K) -> is_prime(N,K+2).
 

[edit] Factor

USING: combinators kernel math math.functions math.ranges sequences ;
 
: prime? ( n -- ? )
{
{ [ dup 2 < ] [ drop f ] }
{ [ dup even? ] [ 2 = ] }
[ 3 over sqrt 2 <range> [ mod 0 > ] with all? ]
} cond ;

[edit] FALSE

[0\$2=$[@~@@]?~[$$2>\1&&[\~\
  3[\$@$@1+\$*>][\$@$@$@$@\/*=[%\~\$]?2+]#%
]?]?%]p:

[edit] Forth

: prime? ( n -- ? )
       dup 2 < if      drop false
  else dup 2 = if      drop true
  else dup 1 and 0= if drop false
  else 3
       begin 2dup dup * >=
       while 2dup mod 0=
             if       2drop false exit
             then 2 +
       repeat         2drop true
  then then then ;

[edit] Fortran

Works with: Fortran version 90 and later

 FUNCTION isPrime(number)
LOGICAL :: isPrime
INTEGER, INTENT(IN) :: number
INTEGER :: i
 
IF(number==2) THEN
isPrime = .TRUE.
ELSE IF(number < 2 .OR. MOD(number,2) == 0) THEN
isPRIME = .FALSE.
ELSE
isPrime = .TRUE.
DO i = 3, INT(SQRT(REAL(number))), 2
IF(MOD(number,i) == 0) THEN
isPrime = .FALSE.
EXIT
END IF
END DO
END IF
END FUNCTION

[edit] Groovy

def isPrime = {
it == 2 ||
it > 1 &&
(2..Math.max(2, (int) Math.sqrt(it))).every{ k -> it % k != 0 }
}
 
(0..20).grep(isPrime)

Sample output:

[2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19]

[edit] Haskell

Without square roots:

divides k n = n `mod` k == 0

isPrime :: Integer -> Bool
isPrime n | n < 2     = False
          | otherwise = not $ any (`divides` n) $ takeWhile (\k -> k*k <= n) (2:[3,5..])

[edit] HicEst

   DO n = 1, 1E6
Euler = n^2 + n + 41
IF( Prime(Euler) == 0 ) WRITE(Messagebox) Euler, ' is NOT prime for n =', n
ENDDO ! e.g. 1681 = 40^2 + 40 + 41 is NOT prime
END
 
FUNCTION Prime(number)
Prime = number == 2
IF( (number > 2) * MOD(number,2) ) THEN
DO i = 3, number^0.5, 2
IF(MOD(number,i) == 0) THEN
Prime = 0
RETURN
ENDIF
ENDDO
Prime = 1
ENDIF
END

[edit] Icon and Unicon

Procedure shown without a main program.

[edit] Icon

procedure isprime(n)                            #: return n if prime (using trial division) or fail
if not n = integer(n) | n < 2 then fail # ensure n is an integer greater than 1
every if 0 = (n % (2 to sqrt(n))) then fail
return n
end
 

[edit] Unicon

The Icon solution works in Unicon.

[edit] J

Generally, this task should be accomplished in J using 1&p:. Here we take an approach that's more comparable with the other examples on this page.
isprime=: 3 : 'if. 3>:y do. 1<y else. 0 *./@:< y|~2+i.<.%:y end.'

[edit] Java

public static boolean prime(long a){
if(a == 2){
return true;
}else if(a <= 1 || a % 2 == 0){
return false;
}
for(long n= 3; n <= (long)Math.sqrt(a); n+= 2){
if(a % n == 0){ return false; }
}
return true;
}

[edit] By Regular Expression

public static boolean prime(int n) {
return !new String(new char[n]).matches(".?|(..+?)\\1+");
}

[edit] Joy

From http://www.latrobe.edu.au/philosophy/phimvt/joy/jp-imper.html

 
DEFINE prime ==
2
[ [dup * >] nullary [rem 0 >] dip and ]
[ succ ]
while
dup * < .
 

[edit] Logo

to prime? :n
  if :n < 2 [output "false]
  if :n = 2 [output "true]
  if equal? 0 modulo :n 2 [output "false]
  for [i 3 [sqrt :n] 2] [if equal? 0 modulo :n :i [output "false]]
  output "true
end

[edit] LSE64

over : 2 pick
2dup : over over
even? : 1 & 0 =

# trial n d yields "n d 0/1 false" or "n d+2 true"
trial : 2 +                 true
trial : 2dup % 0 =   then 0 false
trial : 2dup dup * < then 1 false
trial-loop : trial &repeat

# prime? n yields flag
prime? : 3 trial-loop >flag drop drop
prime? : dup even? then drop false
prime? : dup 2 =   then drop true
prime? : dup 2 <   then drop false

[edit] M4

 
define(`testnext',
`ifelse(eval($2*$2>$1),1,
1,
`ifelse(eval($1%$2==0),1,
0,
`testnext($1,eval($2+2))')')')
define(`isprime',
`ifelse($1,2,
1,
`ifelse(eval($1<=1 || $1%2==0),1,
0,
`testnext($1,3)')')')
 
isprime(9)
isprime(11)
 

Output:

0
1

[edit] Mathematica

IsPrime[n_Integer] :=
Module[{k = 2},
If[n <= 1, Return False];
If[n == 2, Return True];
While[k <= Sqrt[n],
If[Mod[n, k] == 0, Return[False], k++]
];
Return[True]
]

[edit] MATLAB

function isPrime = primalityByTrialDivision(n)
 
if n == 2
isPrime = true;
return
elseif (mod(n,2) == 0) || (n <= 1)
isPrime = false;
return
end
 
%First n mod (3 to sqrt(n)) is taken. This will me a vector where the
%first element is equal to n mod 3 and the last element is equal to n
%mod sqrt(n). Then the all function is applied to that vector. If all
%of the elements of this vector are non-zero (meaning n is prime) then
%all() returns true. Otherwise, n is composite, so it returns false.
%This return value is then assigned to the variable isPrime.
isPrime = all(mod(n, (3:round(sqrt(n))) ));
 
end

Sample Output:

>> arrayfun(@primalityByTrialDivision,(1:14))
 
ans =
 
0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0

[edit] MAXScript

 fn isPrime n =
(
if n == 2 then
(
return true
)
else if (n <= 1) OR (mod n 2 == 0) then
(
return false
)
 
for i in 3 to (sqrt n) by 2 do
(
if mod n i == 0 then return false
)
true
)
 

[edit] MUMPS

ISPRIME(N)
QUIT:(N=2) 1
NEW I,TP
SET TP=+'$PIECE((N/2),".",2)
IF 'TP FOR I=3:2:(N**.5) SET TP=+'$PIECE((N/I),".",2) Q:TP
KILL I
QUIT 'TP

Usage (0 is false, nonzero is true):

USER>W $$ISPRIME^ROSETTA(2)
1
USER>W $$ISPRIME^ROSETTA(4)
0
USER>W $$ISPRIME^ROSETTA(7)
1
USER>W $$ISPRIME^ROSETTA(97)
1
USER>W $$ISPRIME^ROSETTA(99)
0

[edit] OCaml

let is_prime n =
if n = 2 then true
else if n < 2 || n mod 2 = 0 then false
else
let rec loop k =
if k * k > n then true
else if n mod k = 0 then false
else loop (k+2)
in loop 3

[edit] Octave

This function works on vectors and matrix.

function b = isthisprime(n)
for r = 1:rows(n)
for c = 1:columns(n)
b(r,c) = false;
if ( n(r,c) == 2 )
b(r,c) = true;
elseif ( (n(r,c) < 2) || (mod(n(r,c),2) == 0) )
b(r,c) = false;
else
b(r,c) = true;
for i = 3:2:sqrt(n(r,c))
if ( mod(n(r,c), i) == 0 )
b(r,c) = false;
break;
endif
endfor
endif
endfor
endfor
endfunction
 
% as test, print prime numbers from 1 to 100
p = [1:100];
pv = isthisprime(p);
disp(p( pv ));

[edit] Pascal

Translation of: BASIC

program primes;
 
function prime(n: integer): boolean;
var
i: integer; max: real;
begin
if n = 2 then
prime := true
else if (n <= 1) or (n mod 2 = 0) then
prime := false
else begin
prime := true; i := 3; max := sqrt(n);
while i <= max do begin
if n mod i = 0 then begin
prime := false; exit
end;
i := i + 2
end
end
end;
 
{ Test and display primes 0 .. 50 }
var
n: integer;
begin
for n := 0 to 50 do
if (prime(n)) then
write(n, ' ');
end.

Output:

2 3 5 7 11 13 17 19 23 29 31 37 41 43 47

[edit] Perl

A more idiomatic solution:

sub prime { my $n = shift || $_;
$n % $_ or return for 2 .. sqrt $n;
$n > 1
}
 
print join(', ' => grep prime, 1..100), "\n";

[edit] By Regular Expression

Translation of: Python

sub isprime {
('1' x shift) !~ /^1?$|^(11+?)\1+$/
}
 
# A quick test
print join(', ', grep(isprime($_), 0..39)), "\n";

[edit] Perl 6

Works with: Rakudo Star version 2010.08

sub prime (Int $n --> Bool) {
$n > 1 and $n %% none 2, 3, *+2 ... sqrt $n;
}

Testing:

say "$_ is{ "n't" x !prime($_) } prime." for 1 .. 100;

[edit] PHP

<?php
function prime($a) {
if (($a % 2 == 0 && $a != 2) || $a < 2)
return false;
$limit = sqrt($a);
for ($i = 2; $i <= $limit; $i++)
if ($a % $i == 0)
return false;
return true;
}
 
foreach (range(1, 100) as $x)
if (prime($x)) echo "$x\n";
 
?>

[edit] By Regular Expression

<?php
function prime($a) {
return !preg_match('/^1?$|^(11+?)\1+$/', str_repeat('1', $a));
}
?>

[edit] PicoLisp

(de prime? (N)
(or
(= N 2)
(and
(> N 1)
(bit? 1 N)
(for (D 3 T (+ D 2))
(T (> D (sqrt N)) T)
(T (=0 (% N D)) NIL) ) ) ) )

[edit] PowerShell

function isPrime ($n) {
if ($n -eq 1) {
return $false
} else {
return (@(2..[Math]::Sqrt($n) | Where-Object { $n % $_ -eq 0 }).Length -eq 0)
}
}

[edit] PureBasic

Procedure.i IsPrime(n)
Protected k
 
If n = 2
ProcedureReturn #True
EndIf
 
If n <= 1 Or n % 2 = 0
ProcedureReturn #False
EndIf
 
For k = 3 To Int(Sqr(n)) Step 2
If n % k = 0
ProcedureReturn #False
EndIf
Next
 
ProcedureReturn #True
EndProcedure

[edit] Python

The simplest primality test, using trial division:

Works with: Python version 2.5

def prime(a):
return not (a < 2 or any(a % x == 0 for x in xrange(2, int(a**0.5) + 1)))

Another test. Exclude even numbers first:

def prime2(a):
if a == 2: return True
if a < 2 or a % 2 == 0: return False
return not any(a % x == 0 for x in xrange(3, int(a**0.5) + 1, 2))

Yet another test. Exclude multiples of 2 and 3, see http://www.devx.com/vb2themax/Tip/19051:

Works with: Python version 2.4

def prime3(a):
if a < 2: return False
if a == 2 or a == 3: return True # manually test 2 and 3
if a % 2 == 0 or a % 3 == 0: return False # exclude multiples of 2 and 3
 
maxDivisor = a**0.5
d, i = 5, 2
while d <= maxDivisor:
if a % d == 0: return False
d += i
i = 6 - i # this modifies 2 into 4 and viceversa
 
return True

[edit] By Regular Expression

Regular expression by "Abigail".
(An explanation is given in "The Story of the Regexp and the Primes").

>>> import re
>>> def isprime(n):
return not re.match(r'^1?$|^(11+?)\1+$', '1' * n)
 
>>> # A quick test
>>> [i for i in range(40) if isprime(i)]
[2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29, 31, 37]
 

[edit] R

isPrime <- function(n) {
if (n == 2) return(TRUE)
if ( (n <= 1) || ( n %% 2 == 0 ) ) return(FALSE)
for( i in 3:sqrt(n) ) {
if ( n %% i == 0 ) return(FALSE)
}
TRUE
}
print(lapply(1:100, isPrime))

[edit] Ruby

def prime(a)
if a == 2
true
elsif a <= 1 || a % 2 == 0
false
else
divisors = Enumerable::Enumerator.new(3..Math.sqrt(a), :step, 2)
# this also creates an enumerable object: divisors = (3..Math.sqrt(a)).step(2)
 !divisors.any? { |d| a % d == 0 }
end
end

The mathn package in the stdlib for Ruby 1.9.2 contains this compact Prime#prime? method:

  def prime?(value, generator = Prime::Generator23.new)
return false if value < 2
for num in generator
q,r = value.divmod num
return true if q < num
return false if r == 0
end
end

Without any fancy stuff:

def primes(limit)
(enclose = lambda { |primes|
primes.last.succ.upto(limit) do |trial_pri|
if primes.find { |pri| (trial_pri % pri).zero? }.nil?
return enclose.call(primes << trial_pri)
end
end
primes
}).call([2])
end

[edit] By Regular Expression

def isprime(n)
'1'*n !~ /^1?$|^(11+?)\1+$/
end

[edit] Scala

def isPrime(n: Int) = n > 1 && (Iterator.from(2) takeWhile (d => d * d <= n) forall (n % _ != 0))

[edit] Scheme

Works with: Scheme version R5RS

(define (prime? number)
(define (*prime? divisor)
(or (> (* divisor divisor) number)
(and (> (modulo number divisor) 0)
(*prime? (+ divisor 1)))))
(and (> number 1)
(*prime? 2)))

[edit] SNOBOL4

define('isprime(n)i,max') :(isprime_end)
isprime isprime = n
le(n,1) :s(freturn)
eq(n,2) :s(return)
eq(remdr(n,2),0) :s(freturn)
max = sqrt(n); i = 1
isp1 i = le(i + 2,max) i + 2 :f(return)
eq(remdr(n,i),0) :s(freturn)f(isp1)
isprime_end

[edit] By Patterns

Using the Abigail regex transated to Snobol patterns.

        define('rprime(n)str,pat1,pat2,m1') :(end_rprime)
rprime str = dupl('1',n); rprime = n
pat1 = ('1' | '')
pat2 = ('11' arbno('1')) $ m1 (*m1 arbno(*m1))
str pos(0) (pat1 | pat2) rpos(0) :s(freturn)f(return)
end_rprime
 
* # Test and display primes 0 .. 50
loop rprimes = rprimes rprime(n) ' '
n = lt(n,50) n + 1 :s(loop)
output = rprimes
end

Output:

2 3 5 7 11 13 17 19 23 29 31 37 41 43 47

[edit] Standard ML

fun is_prime n =
if n = 2 then true
else if n < 2 orelse n mod 2 = 0 then false
else let
fun loop k =
if k * k > n then true
else if n mod k = 0 then false
else loop (k+2)
in loop 3
end

[edit] Tcl

proc is_prime n {
if {$n <= 1} {return false}
if {$n == 2} {return true}
if {$n % 2 == 0} {return false}
for {set i 3} {$i <= sqrt($n)} {incr i 2} {
if {$n % $i == 0} {return false}
}
return true
}

[edit] TI-83 BASIC

Prompt A
If A=2:Then
Disp "PRIME"
Stop
End

If (fPart(A/2)=0 and A>0) or A<2:Then
Disp "NOT PRIME"
Stop
End

1→P
For(B,3,int(√(A)))
If FPart(A/B)=0:Then
0→P
√(A)→B
End
B+1→B
End

If P=1:Then
Disp "PRIME"
Else
Disp "NOT PRIME"
End

[edit] Ursala

excludes even numbers, and loops only up to the approximate square root or until a factor is found

 
#import std
#import nat
 
prime = ~<{0,1}&& -={2,3}!| ~&h&& (all remainder)^Dtt/~& iota@K31
 

test program to try it on a few numbers:

 
#cast %bL
 
test = prime* <5,6,7>
 

output:

<true,false,true>

[edit] V

like joy

[prime?
    2
    [[dup * >] [true] [false] ifte [% 0 >] dip and]
      [succ]
    while
    dup * <].

Using it

|11 prime?
=true
|4 prime?
=false
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