Pascal's triangle

Pascal's triangle
You are encouraged to solve this task according to the task description, using any language you may know.

Pascal's triangle is an interesting math concept. Its first few rows look like this:

   1
  1 1
 1 2 1
1 3 3 1

where each element of each row is either 1 or the sum of the two elements right above it. For example, the next row would be 1 (since the first element of each row doesn't have two elements above it), 4 (1 + 3), 6 (3 + 3), 4 (3 + 1), and 1 (since the last element of each row doesn't have two elements above it). Each row n (starting with row 0 at the top) shows the coefficients of the binomial expansion of (x + y)ⁿ.

Write a function that prints out the first n rows of the triangle (with f(1) yielding the row consisting of only the element 1). This can be done either by summing elements from the previous rows or using a binary coefficient or combination function. Behavior for n <= 0 does not need to be uniform, but should be noted.

Ada

<ada> -- Pascals triangle

with Ada.Integer_Text_Io; use Ada.Integer_Text_Io; with Ada.Text_Io; use Ada.Text_Io;

procedure Pascals_Triangle is

  type Row is array(Positive range <>) of Integer;
  type Row_Access is access Row;
  type Triangle is array(Positive range <>) of Row_Access;
  function General_Triangle(Depth : Positive) return Triangle is
     Result : Triangle(1..Depth);
  begin
     for I in Result'range loop
        Result(I) := new Row(1..I);
        for J in 1..I loop
           if J = Result(I)'First or else J = Result(I)'Last then
              Result(I)(J) := 1;
           else
              Result(I)(J) := Result(I - 1)(J - 1) + Result(I - 1)(J);
           end if; 
        end loop;
     end loop;
     return Result;
  end General_Triangle;
  procedure Print(Item : Triangle) is
  begin
     for I in Item'range loop
        for J in 1..I loop
           Put(Item => Item(I)(J), Width => 3);
        end loop;
        New_Line;
     end loop;
  end Print;

begin

  Print(General_Triangle(7));

end Pascals_Triangle; </ada>

Common Lisp

To evaluate, call (pascal n). For n < 1, it simply returns nil.

<lisp>(defun pascal (n)

  (genrow n '(1)))

(defun genrow (n l)

  (if (< 0 n)
     (progn
        (print l)
        (genrow (- n 1) (cons 1 (newrow l))))))

(defun newrow (l)

  (if (> 2 (length l))
     '(1)
     (cons (+ (car l) (cadr l)) (newrow (cdr l)))))</lisp>

D

There is similarity between Pascal's triangle and Sierpinski triangle. Their difference are the initial line and the operation that act on the line element to produce next line. The following is a generic pascal's triangle implementation for positive number of lines output (n). <d>import std.stdio, std.string, std.format : fmx = format ;

string Pascal(alias dg, T, T initValue)(int n) {

 string output ;
 void append(T[] l) {
   output ~= repeat(" ", (n - l.length + 1)*2) ;
   foreach(e; l) output ~= fmx("%4s", fmx("%4s",e)) ;
   output ~= "\n" ;
 }
 if(n > 0) {
   T[][] lines = initValue ;
   append(lines[0]) ;
   for(int i = 1 ; i < n ; i++) {
     lines ~= lines[i-1] ~ initValue ; // length + 1
     for(int j = 1 ; j < lines[i-1].length ; j++)
       lines[i][j] = dg(lines[i-1][j], lines[i-1][j-1]) ;
     append(lines[i]) ;
   }
 }       
 return output ;

}

string delegate(int n) GenericPascal(alias dg, T, T initValue)(){

 mixin Pascal!(dg, T, initValue) ;
 return &Pascal ;

}

char xor(char a, char b) { return a == b ? '_' : '*' ; }

void main() {

 auto pascal     = GenericPascal!((int a, int b) { return a + b; }, int ,  1 ) ;
 auto sierpinski = GenericPascal!(xor, char, '*') ;

 foreach(i ; [1,5,9])  writef(pascal(i)) ;
 // an order 4 sierpinski triangle is a 2^4 lines generic pascal triangle with xor operation
 foreach(i ; [16]) writef(sierpinski(i)) ; 

}</d>

Fortran

Works with: Fortran version 90 and later

Prints nothing for n<=0. Output formatting breaks down for n>20

PROGRAM Pascals_Triangle

  CALL Print_Triangle(8)

END PROGRAM Pascals_Triangle

SUBROUTINE Print_Triangle(n)

  IMPLICIT NONE
  INTEGER, INTENT(IN) :: n
  INTEGER :: c, i, j, k, spaces

  DO i = 0, n-1
     c = 1
     spaces = 3 * (n - 1 - i)
     DO j = 1, spaces
        WRITE(*,"(A)", ADVANCE="NO") " "
     END DO
     DO k = 0, i
        WRITE(*,"(I6)", ADVANCE="NO") c
        c = c * (i - k) / (k + 1)
     END DO
     WRITE(*,*)
  END DO

END SUBROUTINE Print_Triangle

Haskell

An approach using the "think in whole lists" principle: Each row in the triangle can be calculated from the previous row by adding a shifted version of itself to it, keeping the ones at the ends. The Prelude function zipWith can be used to add two lists, but it won't keep the old values when one list is shorter. So we need a similar function

zapWith :: (a -> a -> a) -> [a] -> [a] -> [a]
zapWith f xs [] = xs
zapWith f [] ys = ys
zapWith f (x:xs) (y:ys) = f x y : zapWith f xs ys

Now we can shift a list and add it to itself, extending it by keeping the ends:

extendWith f [] = []
extendWith f xs@(x:ys) = x : zapWith f xs ys

And for the whole (infinite) triangle, we just iterate this operation, starting with the first row:

pascal = iterate (extendWith (+)) [1]

For the first n rows, we just take the first n elements from this list, as in

*Main> take 6 pascal
[[1],[1,1],[1,2,1],[1,3,3,1],[1,4,6,4,1],[1,5,10,10,5,1]]

Java

Summing from Previous Rows

Works with: Java version 1.5+

This implementation prints nothing for n <= 0. <java>import java.util.LinkedList; ...//class definition, etc. public static void genPyrN(int rows){ if(rows <= 0) return; //save the last row here LinkedList<Integer> last= new LinkedList<Integer>(); last.add(1);//it's row 0...it starts with 1 for(int i= 0;i <= rows;++i){ //work on the next row LinkedList<Integer> thisRow= new LinkedList<Integer>(); for(int j= 0;j < i;++j){//loop the number of elements in this row if(j == last.size() || j == 0){//if we're on the ends thisRow.add(1); }else{//otherwise, sum from the last row thisRow.add(last.get(j - 1) + last.get(j)); } } thisRow.add(1); last= thisRow;//save this row System.out.println(thisRow); } }</java>