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Line 1: [[Category:Encyclopedia]] See also [[TL;DR]] (Brief descriptions of languages). {\|class="wikitable sortable" ![[:Category:Programming Languages\|Language]] Line 14 ⟶ 16: !Design goals \|- ! {{anchor\|ACL2\|[[ACL2]]}} \|[[functional programming\|functional]] \|{{yes}} \|strong \|unsafe \|implicit \| \|dynamic \|immutable reference \|{{yes}} \|Theorem proving \|Be logically sound, mimic Common Lisp \|- ! {{anchor\|ActionScript\|[[ActionScript]]}} \|[[imperative programming\|imperative]], [[object-oriented]],[[:Category:Programming paradigm/Distributed\|distributed]] \|{{yes}}\|Yes, [[wp:Ecma_International\|ECMA]]}} \|strong \|safe Line 27 ⟶ 46: \| \|- ! {{anchor\|Ada\|[[Ada]]}} \|[[concurrent programming\|concurrent]], [[:Category:Programming paradigm/Distributed\|distributed]], [[generic programming\|generic]], [[imperative programming\|imperative]], [[object-oriented]] \|{{yes}}\|Yes, [[ANSI]], [[ISO]], ANSI/MIL-STD-1815A-1983, [http://www.iso.org/iso/iso_catalogue/catalogue_tc/catalogue_detail.htm?csnumber=22983 ISO/IEC 8652], [http://www.iso.org/iso/iso_catalogue/catalogue_tc/catalogue_detail.htm?csnumber=38828 ISO/IEC TR 24718], [http://vak.ru/lib/exe/fetch.php/book/gost/pdf/gost-27831-88.pdf GOST 27831-88]}} \|strong \|safe Line 40 ⟶ 61: \|Reliability and maintenance, Programming as a human activity, Efficiency [http://www.adaic.com/standards/05rm/html/RM-0-3.html Language Reference Manual] \|- ! {{anchor\|ALGOL_68\|[[ALGOL 68]]}} \|[[concurrent programming\|concurrent]], [[imperative programming\|imperative]] \|{{yes}}\|Yes, [http://vak.ru/lib/exe/fetch.php/book/gost/pdf/gost-27974-88.pdf GOST 27974-88]}} \|strong ~~\|soft, weak, meek, firm and strong - depending on context.~~ \|safe \|explicit Line 53 ⟶ 76: \|Completeness and clarity of design, Orthogonal design, Security, Efficiency (Static mode checking, Mode-independent parsing, Independent compilation, Loop optimization, Representations in minimal & larger character sets) \|- ~~! {{anchor\|AutoHotkey\|[[AutoHotkey]]}}~~ ! {{anchor\|ALGOL_W\|[[ALGOL W]]}} \|[[imperative programming\|imperative]] \|{{no}} \|strong \|safe \|explicit \|nominative \|static or dynamic (programmer chosen) \|by value, by reference or by name (programmer chosen) \|{{yes}} \|Application, Education \| \|- ! {{anchor\|AmbientTalk\|[[AmbientTalk]]}} \|[[concurrent programming\|concurrent]] \| \|strong \|safe \|explicit \|duck \|dynamic \|by value \| \|Mobile ad hoc networks \| \|- ! {{anchor\|Arturo\|[[Arturo]]}} \|[[generic programming\|generic]], [[imperative programming\|imperative]], [[functional programming\|functional]], [[reflective programming\|reflective]], [[stack\|stack]]-based \|{{no\|No, see [https://arturo-lang.io/documentation/ official documentation]}} \|strong \| \|implicit \| \|dynamic \|by value, by reference (literals) \|{{yes}} \|General, Scripting, DSLs, Templating, Portable apps, GUI applications \|Simplicity, Expressiveness, Portability \|- ! {{anchor\|AutoHotkey\|[[AutoHotkey]]}} \|[[imperative programming\|imperative]], [[classless-objects\|classless]] \|{{no}} \|untyped Line 66 ⟶ 136: \|simplicity, speed, stability \|- ! {{anchor\|AutoIt\|[[AutoIt]]}} \|[[imperative programming\|imperative]] \| \| \| \| \| \| \|by value or by reference \| \|General, scripting, GUI and tasks automation \|Simplicity \|- ! {{anchor\|BASIC\|[[BASIC]]}} \|[[procedural programming\|procedural]] \|{{yes}}\|Yes, [[ANSI]], [[ISO]]}} \|varies by dialect \| Line 79 ⟶ 166: \|Simplicity \|- ! {{anchor\|Blade\|[[Blade]]}} \|[[imperative programming\|imperative]], [[object-oriented]], [[functional programming\|functional]] \|{{no}} \|strong \|safe \|implicit \|nominative \|dynamic \|by value, by reference (through pointers) \|{{yes}} \|Scripting, Application \|Simple, Lightweight, CLI, Web, Desktop, Mobile \|- ! {{anchor\|C\|[[C]]}} \|[[imperative programming\|imperative]] \|{{yes}}\|Yes, [[ANSI]] [[C89]], [[ISO]] [[C90]]/[[C99]]}} \|weak \|unsafe Line 92 ⟶ 196: \|Low level access, Minimal constraint \|- ! {{anchor\|C_sharp\|[[C sharp\|C#]]}} \|[[imperative programming\|imperative]], [[object-oriented]], [[generic programming\|generic]], [[reflective programming\|reflective]], [[functional programming\|functional]], [[event-driven programming\|event-driven]] \|{{yes}}\|Yes, [[wp:Ecma_International\|ECMA]], [[ISO]]}} \|strong \|safe (unsafe allowed) Line 100 ⟶ 206: \|nominative \|static, dynamic (for interop) \|by value, by reference (through managed pointers [explicitly in, out, or in-out]) \| \|{{yes}} \|Application \|Rapid application development \|- ! {{anchor\|C++\|[[C++]]}} \|[[imperative programming\|imperative]], [[object-oriented]], [[generic programming\|generic]] \|{{yes}}\|Yes, [[ISO]] [[C++98]]/[[C++11]]}} \|strong \|safe (unsafe allowed) Line 118 ⟶ 226: \|Abstraction, Efficiency, Compatibility \|- ! {{anchor\|Chapel\|[[Chapel]]}} \|[[concurrent]], [[generic programming\|generic]], [[object-oriented]], [[imperative programming\|imperative]], [[:Category:Programming paradigm/Distributed\|distributed]], [[reflective programming\|reflective]] \|{{no\|No, still under development, a [http://chapel.cray.com/spec/spec-0.93.pdf preliminary language specification] exists}} \|strong \|safe \|explicit, partially inferred \|nominative \|static \|by value, by reference \|No \|High Performance Computing \|Programmer productivity (compared to C/Fortran), performance \|- ! {{anchor\|Clean\|[[Clean]]}} \|[[functional programming\|functional]], [[generic programming\|generic]] Line 131 ⟶ 256: \|Correctness, Modularity \|- ! {{anchor\|Clojure\|[[Clojure]]}} \|[[functional programming\|functional]], [[concurrent programming\|concurrent]] Line 144 ⟶ 271: \| \|- ! {{anchor\|COBOL\|[[COBOL]]}} \|[[imperative programming\|imperative]], [[object-oriented]] \|{{yes\|Yes, [[ANSI]] 68, 74, 85 (and subsequent revisions); ECMA; [[ISO]] 1989:2023 (and previous version in 1978, 1985, 2002, 2014)}} ~~\|{{yes}}~~ \|strong \|safe \| \|explicit \| \| \|static \|by value, by reference \| \|{{no}} \|Business and Financial Applications \|Readability \|- ! {{anchor\|ColdFusion\|[[ColdFusion]]}} \|[[procedural programming\|procedural]], [[object-oriented]] Line 170 ⟶ 301: \|Rapid Application Development, Ease of use \|- ! {{anchor\|Common Lisp\|[[Common Lisp]]}} \|[[imperative programming\|imperative]], [[functional programming\|functional]], [[object-oriented]] Line 183 ⟶ 316: \|Standardize [[Lisp]] \|- ! {{anchor\|D\|[[D]]}} \|[[imperative programming\|imperative]], [[object-oriented]], [[generic programming\|generic]] Line 196 ⟶ 331: \|Compilability, Correctness, Efficiency \|- ! {{anchor\|Dao\|[[Dao]]}} \|[[object-oriented]] Line 209 ⟶ 346: \| \|- ! {{anchor\|Dyalect\|[[Dyalect]]}} \|[[imperative programming\|imperative]], [[object-oriented]], [[functional programming\|functional]] \|{{no}} \|strong \|safe \|implicit \|duck \|dynamic \|by reference \|{{yes}} \|Application \|Portable dynamic scripting language with consistent design and modern syntax \|- ! {{anchor\|Dylan\|[[Dylan]]}} \|[[imperative programming\|imperative]], [[object-oriented]], [[functional programming\|functional]], [[procedural programming\|procedural]] Line 222 ⟶ 375: \| \|- ! {{anchor\|E\|[[E]]}} \|[[imperative programming\|imperative]], [[object-oriented]], [[object-capability]], [[communicating event loops]] Line 235 ⟶ 390: \|<!-- Design goals -->Familiarity to [[C]]/[[Java]]/[[JavaScript\|JS]] users; less error-prone concurrency & security \|- ! {{anchor\|EC\|[[eC]]}} \|[[imperative programming\|imperative]], [[object-oriented]], [[generic programming\|generic]], [[reflective programming\|reflective]] Line 248 ⟶ 405: \|Elegance, Performance, Simplicity, Lightness, 99.9% [[C]] compatibility \|- ! {{anchor\|Ecstasy\|[[Ecstasy]]}} \|[[object-oriented]], [[generic programming\|generic]], [[reflective programming\|reflective]], [[functional programming\|functional]], [[imperative programming\|imperative]] \|{{no\|No}} \|strong \|safe \|explicit, optionally inferred \|nominative; duck for interface types \|static; dynamic for generic edge conditions \|by value; by reference \|{{yes}} \|Application \|Predictable, Secure, Composable \|- ! {{anchor\|Eiffel\|[[Eiffel]]}} \|[[imperative programming\|imperative]], [[object-oriented]], [[generic programming\|generic]] \|{{yes}}\|Yes, [http://www.ecma-international.org/publications/standards/Ecma-367.htm ECMA-367], [http://www.iso.org/iso/iso_catalogue/catalogue_tc/catalogue_detail.htm?csnumber=42924 ISO/IEC 25436:2006]}} \|strong \|safe Line 260 ⟶ 434: \|Application \|Correctness, Efficiency, Design by contract \|- ! {{anchor\|Ela\|[[Ela]]}} \|[[functional programming\|functional]] \|{{no}} \|strong \|safe \|implicit \|duck \|dynamic \|by reference \|{{yes}} \|Application \| \|- \|- ! {{anchor\|Elm\|[[Elm]]}} \|[[functional programming\|functional]], functional reactive programming, [[declarative programming\|declarative]], pattern matching \|{{no}} \|strong \|safe \|inferred, optional explicit annotations \| \|static \|immutable data structures, syntactically by value, time-varying with Signals \|{{yes}} \|Web Development, GUIs, Applications, Games \|Simple, Modular, Safe, Reactive \|- \|- ! {{anchor\|Elena\|[[Elena]]}} \|[[object-oriented]] Line 274 ⟶ 485: \| \|- ! {{anchor\|Erlang\|[[Erlang]]}} \|[[functional programming\|functional]], [[concurrent programming\|concurrent]], [[:Category:Programming paradigm/Distributed\|distributed]], [[declarative programming\|declarative]] - pattern matching, [[imperative programming\|imperative]] Line 284 ⟶ 497: \|immutable data structures, syntactically by value but safe sharing of compound data types \|{{yes}} \|Telecom and mission critical distributed applications \|Fault tolerance, Reliability - Nonstop Running, Hot Code Change, Safety, Concurrency, Distribution, Scalability \|- ~~! {{anchor\|Factor\|[[Factor]]}}~~ ~~\|[[stack]]-oriented~~ ! {{anchor\|ERRE\|[[ERRE]]}} \|[[imperative programming\|imperative]], [[procedural programming\|procedural]] \|{{no}} \|weak \|unsafe \|explicit \| \|static and dynamic \| \|by value ~~\|safe~~ ~~\|implicit~~ ~~\|duck~~ ~~\|dynamic~~ ~~\|by reference~~ \|{{yes}} \|Education \| \|Readability, Modularity \| \|- ! {{anchor\|Factor\|[[Factor]]}} \|[[stack]]-oriented \|<!-- Std -->{{no}} \|<!-- Strength --> \|<!-- Safety -->safe \|<!-- Expr -->implicit \|<!-- Compat -->duck \|<!-- Check -->dynamic \|<!-- Passing -->by reference \|<!-- GC -->{{yes}} \|<!-- Uses --> \|<!-- Design goals -->x \|- ! {{anchor\|Forth\|[[Forth]]}} \|[[imperative programming\|imperative]], [[stack]]-oriented \|{{yes\|Yes, [[ANSI]], [https://www.iso.org/standard/26479.html ISO/IEC 15145:1997]}} ~~\|{{yes}}, [[ANSI]]~~ \|none \|n/a Line 310 ⟶ 542: \| \|{{no}} \|~~Application~~Applications, High reliability, Embedded systems, Booting new hardware. \|Compact implementations, Low level access, Interactive programming, CPU agnostic Assembler Alternative, ultra-small memory systems. \|- ! {{anchor\|Fortran\|[[Fortran]]}} \|[[imperative programming\|imperative]], [[procedural programming\|procedural]], [[object-oriented]], (partially) [[generic programming\|generic]], [[concurrent programming\|concurrent]] \|{{yes}}\|Yes, [[ISO]], [http://www.iso.org/iso/iso_catalogue/catalogue_tc/catalogue_detail.htm?csnumber=39691 ISO/IEC 1539-1:2004]}} \|strong \|safe \|explicit, partially implicit \| \|nominative \|static, dynamic \|by reference, or explicitly by value \| \|{{no}} \|Scientific and numeric applications \|Runtime efficiency, Simple syntax \|- ! {{anchor\|FutureBasic\|[[FutureBasic]]}} \|[[procedural programming\|procedural]] \|{{no\|No}} \|strong \| \| \|nominative \|static \|by value, by reference (through pointers) \|{{yes\|Yes}} \|Educational, Scientific, Prototyping, Commercial Level Applications \|Mac Freeware, Readability, Simplicity, Efficiency, C/Objective-C Compatibility, Objective-C Alternative, Builds Xcode Projects \|- ! {{anchor\|Gambas\|[[Gambas]]}} \|[[object-oriented\|object-oriented]] Line 339 ⟶ 590: \|<!-- Design goals -->Rapid application development, Visual Basic alternative \|- ! {{anchor\|Go\|[[Go]]}} \|[[concurrent programming\|concurrent]], [[classless-objects\|classless]] \|<!-- Std -->{{no}}, [http://golang.org/ref/spec language specification] available ~~\|<!-- Std -->~~ \|<!-- Strength -->strong \|<!-- Safety -->safe \|<!-- Expr -->explicit, optionally inferred \|<!-- Compat -->nominative; structural for interface types \|<!-- Check -->static \|<!-- Passing -->by value \|<!-- GC -->{{yes}} \|<!-- Uses --> \|<!-- Design goals --> \|- ! {{anchor\|Gosu\|[[Gosu]]}} \|[[imperative programming\|imperative]], [[object-oriented]], [[generic programming\|generic]], [[functional programming\|functional]] \|{{yes\|Yes}} \|strong \|safe \|explicit, optionally inferred \|nominative and structural \|static \|by value \|{{yes}} \|Application \|Open type system, optional dynamic loading \|- ! {{anchor\|Groovy\|[[Groovy]]}} \|[[imperative programming\|imperative]], [[object-oriented]], [[~~aspect~~wp:Aspect-~~oriented programming~~oriented_programming\|aspect-oriented]] \|{{no}} \|strong Line 365 ⟶ 635: \|[[JVM]] compatibility \|- ! {{anchor\|Haskell\|[[Haskell]]}} \|[[functional programming\|functional]], [[generic programming\|generic]], [[lazy evaluation]] \|{{yes}}\|Yes, [http://www.haskell.org/onlinereport/haskell2010/ Haskell 2010 Report], [http://www.haskell.org/~~haskellwiki~~onlinereport/~~Language_and_library_specification~~ Haskell 98 Report]}} \|strong \|safe Line 378 ⟶ 650: \|[[lazy evaluation]], Teaching and research, completely formally described [http://haskell.org/onlinereport/preface-jfp.html Report Preface] \|- ! {{anchor\|Huginn\|[[Huginn]]}} \|[[imperative programming\|imperative]], [[object-oriented]], [[functional programming\|functional]] \|{{no\|No, [http://huginn.org/referece language reference] included with each version's documentation}} \|strong \|safe \|implicit \| \|dynamic \|by reference \|{{optional\|Reference counting}} \|Education, Application, Scripting, Interactive system shell \|Consistency, Simplicity, Readability, Expressiveness, Modularity \|- ! {{anchor\|Icon\|[[icon]]}} \| [[procedural programming\|procedural]], [[structured]], [[Goal_directed_programming\|goal directed]], [[string scanning]], [[co-expressions]] Line 391 ⟶ 678: \| Facilitates ease of programming, short concise programs, automatic storage allocation and management, provide a rich base of basic data types and structures, and platform independence. Also see [[#Unicon\|Unicon]] for the unified extended dialect of Icon. \|- ! {{anchor\|Insitux\|[[Insitux]]}} \|[[functional programming\|functional]], [[imperative programming\|imperative]] \|{{no}} \|strong \|safe \|implicit \| \|dynamic \|by value \|{{yes}} \|Host-driven scripting \|Host-extensibility; provide "safe" modding e.g. timeout infinite loops, memory limits; concise code \|- ! {{anchor\|Io\|[[Io]]}} \|[[object-oriented]], [[classless-objects\|classless]], prototype \|{{no}} \|strong Line 404 ⟶ 706: \| \|- ! {{anchor\|J\|[[J]]}} \|[[array]] programming, function-level programming, [[tacit programming\|tacit]] Line 409 ⟶ 713: \|strong \|safe \|inferred ~~\|huh?~~ \|structural \|dynamic \|by value, by name, by ~~reference~~address for memory mapped files (and, indirectly, for foreign languages) \|{{yes}} \|Data processing, expressing concepts algorithms and architectures \|Describe computers mathematically and concisely \|- ! {{anchor\|Java\|[[Java]]}} \|[[imperative programming\|imperative]], [[object-oriented]], [[generic programming\|generic]], [[reflective programming\|reflective]] \|{{yes\|Yes, [http://docs.oracle.com/javase/specs/index.html Java SE Specifications]}} ~~\|{{no}}~~ \|strong \|safe Line 430 ⟶ 736: \|Write once run anywhere \|- ! {{anchor\|JavaScript\|[[JavaScript]]}} \|[[imperative programming\|imperative]], [[object-oriented]], [[classless-objects\|classless]], [[functional programming\|functional]], [[reflective programming\|reflective]] \|{{yes\|Yes, [[ECMAScript standard]]}} \|weak \| Line 438 ⟶ 746: \| \|dynamic \|by value \| \|{{yes}} \|Client side web scripting \| \|- ! {{anchor\|Joy\|[[Joy]]}} \|[[functional programming\|functional]], [[stack]]-oriented Line 456 ⟶ 766: \|[[concatenative programming\|concatenative]] \|- ! {{anchor\|jq\|[[jq]]}} \|[[functional programming\|functional]], [[tacit programming\|tacit (point-free)]], [[dataflow programming\|dataflow]] \|<!-- Std -->{{no\|No, but a de facto standard exists in the agreement between the C and Go-based versions}} \|<!-- Strength -->weak \|<!-- Safety -->safe \|<!-- Expr -->implicit \|<!-- Compat -->n.a. \|<!-- Check -->dynamic \|<!-- Passing -->by value, with limited support for closures \|<!-- GC -->{{yes}} \|<!-- Uses -->Processing streams of JSON documents or strings; gojq also supports YAML \|<!-- Design goals -->Turing-completeness; ease of use and economy of expression within functional/dataflow programming frameworks \|- ! {{anchor\|Kabap\|[[Kabap]]}} \|[[imperative programming\|imperative]], [[Dynamic programming\|dynamic]], extensible \|{{yes}} \|weak \|unsafe \|implicit \|duck \|dynamic \|by value \| \|User scripting, general \|Safe sandboxed, easy to learn, easier to implement. Use to avoid eval() & reflection \|- ! {{anchor\|Keg\|[[Keg]]}} \|[[imperative programming\|imperative]], [[Concatenative programming\|concatenative]] \|{{no}} \|untyped \|unsafe \|implicit \|nominative \|dynamic \|by reference \|{{no}} \|Code Golf, general \|Be simple, readable, and concise \|- ! {{anchor\|Kotlin\|[[Kotlin]]}} \|[[imperative programming\|imperative]], [[object-oriented]], [[procedural programming\|procedural]], [[functional programming\|functional]], [[generic programming\|generic]], [[reflective programming\|reflective]] \|{{no}} \|strong \|safe \|explicit, optionally inferred \|nominative \|static, dynamic (JS only) \|by value (read-only) \|{{yes}} \|Application \|Pragmatic language for modern multi-platform applications with compilers for JVM, JS and Native code \|- ! {{anchor\|LDPL\|[[LDPL]]}} \|[[imperative programming\|imperative]] \|{{no}} \|strong \|safe \|explicit \| \|static \| \|{{no}} \|Portable applications, readable source codes, teaching \|Readability \|- ! {{anchor\|LFE\|[[LFE]]}} \|[[functional programming\|functional]], [[concurrent programming\|concurrent]], [[:Category:Programming paradigm/Distributed\|distributed]], [[declarative programming\|declarative]] - pattern matching, [[imperative programming\|imperative]] \|{{no}} \|strong \|safe \|implicit \| \|dynamic \|immutable data structures, syntactically by value but safe sharing of compound data types \|{{yes}} \|Telecom and distributed applications \|Fault tolerance, Reliability - Nonstop Running, Hot Code Change, Safety, Concurrency, Distribution, Scalability \|- ! {{anchor\|Lisp\|[[Lisp]]}} \|[[functional programming\|functional]], [[reflective programming\|reflective]]; others vary by dialect Line 469 ⟶ 872: \|Simple notation for Lambda calculus, Homoiconicity \|- ! {{anchor\|Logo\|[[Logo]]}} \|[[procedural programming\|procedural]], [[functional programming\|functional]] Line 482 ⟶ 887: \|Simple syntax, Turtle graphics, Interactive programming \|- ! {{anchor\|Lua\|[[Lua]]}} \|[[procedural programming\|procedural]], [[imperative programming\|imperative]], [[classless-objects\|classless]], [[reflective programming\|reflective]] \|{{no}} \|strong Line 495 ⟶ 902: \|Small, embedded, configuration. \|- ! {{anchor\|Lucid\|[[Lucid]]}} \|[[dataflow programming\|dataflow]], [[functional programming\|functional]] Line 508 ⟶ 917: \|dataflow \|- ! {{anchor\|Luck\|[[Luck]]}} \|[[imperative programming\|imperative]], [[functional programming\|functional]] \|{{no}} \|weak \|unsafe \|explicit, partially inferred \|nominative \|static \|by value or by reference \|{{yes}} \|systems programming \|fast, C compatible, high-level language \|- ! {{anchor\|Mathematica\|[[Mathematica]]}} \|[[functional programming\|functional]], [[procedural programming\|procedural]] Line 518 ⟶ 944: \| \|{{yes}} \|Numeric ~~computation~~ and symbolic computation, visualization \| \|- ! {{anchor\|MATLAB\|[[MATLAB]]}} \|[[procedural programming\|procedural]], [[imperative programming\|imperative]], [[array]] programming \|{{no\|No, however the language is also implemented in [[Octave]] and [[FreeMat]]}} \|strong \|unsafe \| \| \|dynamic \|by value \|{{yes}} \|Numeric computation and visualization \|At the beginning designed as interpreter for easy use of fortran libraries, nowadays high performance numerical analysis and visualization \|- ! {{anchor\|MAXScript\|[[MAXScript]]}} \|[[imperative programming\|imperative]], [[object-oriented]], [[procedural programming\|procedural]] Line 534 ⟶ 977: \|Simplicity, Accessibilty \|- ! {{anchor\|Modula-3\|[[Modula-3]]}} \|[[imperative programming\|imperative]], [[object-oriented]], [[procedural programming\|procedural]], [[generic programming\|generic]] Line 547 ⟶ 992: \|Simple, Object oriented \|- ! {{anchor\|MUMPS\|[[MUMPS]]}} \|[[procedural programming\|procedural]] \|{{yes\|Yes, [https://www.iso.org/standard/29268.html ISO/IEC 11756:1999]}} ~~\|{{yes}}, [[ISO]]~~ \|untyped \| \|not applicable \| \| \| Line 560 ⟶ 1,007: \|Built-in Persistent Storage \|- ! {{anchor\|Nial\|[[Nial]]}} \|[[functional programming\|functional]], [[array]] programming Line 573 ⟶ 1,022: \| \|- ~~! {{anchor\|Nimrod\|[[Nimrod]]}}~~ ! {{anchor\|Nim\|[[Nim]]}} \|[[procedural programming\|procedural]], [[functional programming\|functional]], [[generic programming\|generic]] \|{{no}} \|strong \|safe \|explicit \| \|nominative, structural \| \|static \|by value, by reference (through reference types) \| \|{{Yes}} \|General, Application, Systems, Games, Scripting, Web \|Efficient, ~~Simple~~Expressive, Elegant in that order. \|- ! {{anchor\|Oberon-2\|[[Oberon-2]]}} \|[[procedural programming\|procedural]], [[imperative programming\|imperative]], [[object-oriented]], [[classless-objects\|classless]] \|{{no}} \|strong Line 599 ⟶ 1,052: \|Simplicity \|- ! {{anchor\|Objeck\|[[Objeck]]}} \|[[object-oriented]],[[functional programming\|functional]] Line 612 ⟶ 1,067: \|Minimalist, Cross-Platform, Modular \|- ! {{anchor\|Object Pascal\|[[Object Pascal]]}} ({{anchor\|Delphi\|[[Delphi]]}}) \|[[imperative programming\|imperative]], [[object-oriented]], [[generic programming\|generic]] Line 619 ⟶ 1,076: \|explicit \|nominative \|static, dynamic \|by reference, by value \| \|{{optional\|some types}} \|Application, System \|Readability, Rapid application development, Modularity \|- ! {{anchor\|Objective-C\|[[Objective-C]]}} \|[[imperative programming\|imperative]], [[object-oriented]], [[reflective programming\|reflective]], [[generic programming\|generic]] (as of Xcode 7) \|{{~~yes~~no}} \|weak \| Line 633 ⟶ 1,092: \| \|static \|by value \| \|{{yes}}\|Yes (as of 2.0)}} \|Application \|[[Smalltalk]] like, Component based code reuse, [[C]]/[[C++]] compatibility \|- ~~! {{anchor\|Ocaml\|[[Ocaml]]}}~~ ! {{anchor\|OCaml\|[[OCaml]]}} \|[[object-oriented]], [[functional programming\|functional]], [[imperative programming\|imperative]], [[generic programming\|generic]] \|{{no\|No, [http://caml.inria.fr/pub/docs/manual-ocaml/index.html the manual] includes language specification}} ~~\|{{no}}~~ \|strong \|safe Line 651 ⟶ 1,112: \|Efficiency, Robustness, Correctness \|- ! {{anchor\|Oz\|[[Oz]]}} \|logic programming, [[functional programming\|functional]], [[imperative programming\|imperative]], [[object-oriented]], [[concurrent programming\|concurrent]] Line 664 ⟶ 1,127: \| \|- ! {{anchor\|PARI/GP\|[[PARI/GP]]}} \|[[imperative programming\|imperative]], [[procedural programming\|procedural]] \|{{no}} \|weak \|unsafe \|implicit \|nominal \|dynamic \|by value, by reference \|{{yes}} \|Mathematics, especially number theory \| \|- ! {{anchor\|Pascal\|[[Pascal]]}} \|[[imperative programming\|imperative]], [[procedural programming\|procedural]] \|{{yes\| [https://www.iso.org/standard/13802.html ISO 7185:1990] and [https://www.iso.org/standard/18237.html ISO 10206:1991]}} ~~\|{{yes}} (Extended Pascal standardized under [[ISO]])~~ \|strong \|safe \|explicit \| \|static (some dialects also dynamic) ~~\|static~~ \|by ~~value~~reference, by ~~reference~~value \|{{no}} \|General, Application, Education, System \|Readability, Discipline, Modularity \|- ! {{anchor\|Perl\|[[Perl]]}} \|[[imperative programming\|imperative]], [[procedural programming\|procedural]], [[reflective programming\|reflective]], [[functional programming\|functional]], [[object-oriented]], [[generic programming\|generic]] Line 685 ⟶ 1,167: \| \|dynamic, static \|~~by value,~~ by reference \|{{optional\|Reference counting}} \|Text processing, Scripting \|Terseness, Expressiveness \|- ~~! {{anchor\|Perl 6\|[[Perl 6]]}}~~ \|[[imperative programming\|imperative]], [[procedural programming\|procedural]], [[reflective programming\|reflective]], [[functional programming\|functional]], [[object-oriented]], [[generic programming\|generic]], [[lazy evaluation]], multiple dispatch, metaprogramming ! {{anchor\|Phix\|[[Phix]]}} ~~\|{{yes}}, [http://perlcabal.org/syn/#doctable Perl 6 Synopses]~~ \|[[imperative programming\|imperative]], [[procedural programming\|procedural]], [[object-oriented]] ~~\|weak~~ \|<!-- Std -->{{no}} ~~\|safe, unsafe~~ \|<!-- Strength -->strong ~~\|optional explicit~~ \|<!-- Safety -->safe ~~\|nominative~~ \|<!-- Expr -->explicit, partially implicit ~~\|dynamic, static~~ \|<!-- Compat -->duck ~~\|by value, by reference~~ \|<!-- Check -->dynamic, static ~~\|{{yes}}~~ \|<!-- Passing -->copy on write, immutable reference, multiple returns ~~\|Application, text processing, scripting~~ \|<!-- GC -->{{optional\|Reference counting or JavaScript compatible}} ~~\|Expressiveness, generality~~ \|<!-- Uses -->Application, Educational, General, High-level scripting, Text processing \|<!-- Design goals -->Simplicity, Readability, Ease of use \|- ! {{anchor\|PHP\|[[PHP]]}} \|[[imperative programming\|imperative]], [[object-oriented]], [[reflective programming\|reflective]] Line 711 ⟶ 1,197: \| \|dynamic \|by value, by reference \| \|{{yes}} \|Web Application, CLI \|Robustness and Simplicity \|- ! {{anchor\|Pike\|[[Pike]]}} \|[[imperative programming\|imperative]], [[procedural programming\|procedural]], [[functional programming\|functional]], [[object-oriented]], [[reflective programming\|reflective]], [[event-driven programming\|event-driven]] \|{{no}} \|strong \|safe \|explicit \|structural \|dynamic, static \|by value, by reference \|{{yes}} \|Application, scripting \|optimized execution, efficient networking \|- ! {{anchor\|Plain English\|[[Plain English]]}} \|[[imperative programming\|imperative]], [[procedural programming\|procedural]] \|{{no}} \|strong \|safe \|explicit \|nominative \|static \|by reference \|{{no}} \|Application, Education, General \|Ease of use, Expressiveness, Readability, Simplicity \|- ! {{anchor\|Pop11\|[[Pop11]]}} \|[[imperative programming\|imperative]], [[object-oriented]], [[functional programming\|functional]] Line 729 ⟶ 1,247: \| \|- ! {{anchor\|Prolog\|[[Prolog]]}} \|logic programming \|{{yes}}\|Yes, [[ISO]]}} \|strong \| Line 742 ⟶ 1,262: \|[[declarative programming\|declarative]] \|- !{{anchor\|Pure\|[[Pure]]}} \|[[dynamic programming\|dynamic]], [[functional programming\|functional]] Line 755 ⟶ 1,277: \| \|- ! {{anchor\|Python\|[[Python]]}} \|[[imperative programming\|imperative]], [[object-oriented]], [[functional programming\|functional]], [[~~aspect~~wp:Aspect-~~oriented programming~~oriented_programming\|aspect-oriented]], [[reflective programming\|reflective]] \|{{no\|No, [http://docs.python.org/reference/index.html language reference] included with each version's documentation}} ~~\|{{no}}~~ \|strong \|safe Line 763 ⟶ 1,287: \| \|dynamic \|by value ([[wp:Python_syntax_and_semantics#Data_structures\|Call by object reference]]) \|{{yes}} \|Application, Education, Scripting \|Simplicity, Readability, Expressiveness, Modularity \|- ! {{anchor\|R\|[[R]]}} \|[[functional programming\|functional]], [[imperative programming\|imperative]], [[reflective programming\|reflective]], [[array]] \|{{no}} \|strong \|safe \|implicit \|Duck, structural \|dynamic \|value by need, by name (programmer chosen) \|{{yes}} \|Statistics, Numerical computation, Visualization, Education \|Expressiveness, interactive manipulation and analysis of datasets \|- ! {{anchor\|Ra\|[[Ra]]}} \|[[object-oriented]] \|{{no}} \|dynamic or static \|safe \|implicit or explicit \| \|dynamic or static \| \|{{yes}} \|General \|Program in native language, clean and clear syntax, extensive standard library, convenience \|- ! {{anchor\|Racket\|[[Racket]]}} \|[[functional programming\|functional]], [[imperative programming\|imperative]], [[object-oriented]], [[reflective programming\|reflective]] \|{{no}} \|strong \|safe \|implicit or explicit (see [http://docs.racket-lang.org/ts-guide/index.html Typed Racket]) \| \|dynamic or static \|by value \|{{yes}} \|General \|Extensibility, Simplicity, Modularity \|- ! {{anchor\|RapidQ\|[[RapidQ]]}} \|[[imperative programming\|imperative]], component-oriented programming, [[event-driven programming\|event-driven]] Line 781 ⟶ 1,352: \|Rapid application development, Simplicity, [[BASIC]] compatibility \|- ! {{anchor\|Raku\|[[Raku]]}} ({{anchor\|Raku\|[[formerly Perl 6]]}}) \|[[imperative programming\|imperative]], [[procedural programming\|procedural]], [[reflective programming\|reflective]], [[functional programming\|functional]], [[object-oriented]], [[generic programming\|generic]], [[lazy evaluation]], multiple dispatch, metaprogramming \|{{no\|No. The [https://github.com/perl6/roast Repository Of All Spec Tests (aka 'roast') defines the language]}} \|strong \|safe, unsafe \|optional explicit \|nominal (duck and structural available via constraints, patterns, generics, and gradual typing) \|dynamic, static \|by value, by reference \|{{yes}} \|Application, text processing, scripting \|Expressiveness, generality \|- ! {{anchor\|REXX\|[[REXX]]}} ({{anchor\|REXX\|[[Classic REXX]]}}) <br><br> <small><tt> REXX (<u>Re</u>structured E<u>x</u>tended E<u>x</u>xecutor) is an interpreted computer programming language developed at IBM by Mike Cowlishaw circa 1979</tt></small> <br><br> \| [[dynamic programming\|dynamic]], [[procedural programming\|procedural]], [[functional programming\|functional]] \|<!-- Standardized --> {{yes\|Yes. <br><br>There is a ANSI standard (X3.274-1996),   but some REXX implementations don't adhere to it.}} \|<!-- Type strength -->  strong \|<!-- Type safety -->  safe \|<!-- Expression of types -->  inferred \|<!-- Type compatibility -->  nominal \|<!-- Type checking -->dynamic   (but only when both comparands are numeric  ''and''  non─strict comparisons are used) \|<!-- Parameter Passing -->  by value \|<!-- Garbage collection -->{{optional\| garbage collection is allowed (and in most cases, automatic), but not mandated}} \|<!-- Intended use -->general, application, algorithms, calculations with extended precision (big numbers support), scripting, host/sub─system scripting/interfacing, data/text processing, programming as a human activity \|<!-- Design goals -->designed to make programming easier;  to foster high quality programs by making writing them as simple and enjoyable as possible;  designing each part of the language for people to use is more important than providing easy implementation;  follows the principle of least astonishment [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principle_of_least_astonishment (POLA)]. \|- ! {{anchor\|Ruby\|[[Ruby]]}} \|[[imperative programming\|imperative]], [[object-oriented]], [[~~aspect-oriented~~functional programming\|~~aspect-oriented~~functional]], [[reflective programming\|reflective]] \|{{yes\|Yes, JIS X 3017 (2011), ISO/IEC 30170 (2012)}} ~~\|{{optional\|Partly, [http://www.rubyspec.org/ RubySpec] is not complete}}~~ \|strong \| Line 789 ⟶ 1,392: \| \|dynamic \|by value (Call by object reference) \|{{yes}} \|Application, Scripting \|Expressiveness, Readability \|- ! {{anchor\|Rust\|[[Rust]]}} \|[[concurrent programming\|concurrent]], [[functional programming\|functional]], [[imperative programming\|imperative]], [[structured]], [[classless-objects\|classless]], [[generic programming\|generic]] \|{{no}} \|strong \|safe \|explicit, optionally inferred \|nominal \|static \|by value, by reference \|{{optional\|resource acquisition is initialization (RAII), optional reference counting}} \|Application, System \|Highly concurrent and highly safe systems \|- ! {{anchor\|Scala\|[[Scala]]}} \|[[object-oriented]], [[functional programming\|functional]], [[generic programming\|generic]] \|{{yes\|Yes, [http://www.scala-lang.org/docu/files/ScalaReference.pdf The Scala Language Specification Version 2.9]}} ~~\|{{no}}~~ \|strong \|safe Line 804 ⟶ 1,424: \|by value, by name \|{{yes}} \|General, Education, Parallel computing, DSL and scripting. \|~~concise~~Concise, ~~type~~Type-safe, ~~integrate~~Integrate ~~object-oriented~~OO and functional paradigms, ~~extensible~~Scalable and Elegance. Platform independent \|- ! {{anchor\|Scheme\|[[Scheme]]}} \|[[functional programming\|functional]] \|{{yes}}\|Yes, [http://www.schemers.org/Documents/Standards/R5RS/ R<sup>5</sup>RS], [http://www.r6rs.org/ R<sup>6</sup>RS]}} \|strong \|safe Line 820 ⟶ 1,442: \|Minimalistic, Lexical Scoping \|- ! {{anchor\|Seed7\|[[Seed7]]}} \|extensible, [[object-oriented]], [[imperative programming\|imperative]], structured, [[generic programming\|generic]], [[reflective programming\|reflective]] \|{{no}} \|strong \|safe \|explicit \|nominative \|static \|by value, by reference, by name \|{{yes\|Yes (no garbage collection process that stops the world)}} \|General, Application, System \|Extensibility, Portability, Reliability, Efficiency, Elegance \|- ! {{anchor\|Sidef\|[[Sidef]]}} \|[[object-oriented]], [[imperative programming\|imperative]], [[reflective programming\|reflective]], [[dynamic programming\|dynamic]], [[functional programming\|functional]] \|{{no}} \|weak \|unsafe \|optional explicit \|duck \|dynamic \|by value (Call by object reference), by reference \|{{optional\|Reference counting}} \|Application, Scripting, PL Research, Education \|Expressiveness, Elegance, Readability \|- ! {{anchor\|SkookumScript\|[[SkookumScript]]}} \|[[concurrent programming\|concurrent]], [[object-oriented]], [[functional programming\|functional]], [[imperative programming\|imperative]], [[generic programming\|generic]] \|{{no\|No, [http://skookumscript.com/docs/v3.0/lang/syntax/ online syntax] includes EBNF language specification}} \|strong \|safe \|inferred, optional explicit annotations \|nominal \|static \|by reference \|{{optional\|Reference counting}} \|Embedded gameplay, AI, automation, scripting \|Game concepts, Interactivity, Live workflow, Efficiency, Embedded \|- ! {{anchor\|Slate\|[[Slate]]}} \|[[object-oriented]], [[imperative programming\|imperative]], [[functional programming\|functional]], [[reflective programming\|reflective]], prototype, multi-dispatch Line 833 ⟶ 1,502: \|Uniformity, Pure object-oriented, expressiveness, readability \|- ! {{anchor\|Smalltalk\|[[Smalltalk]]}} \|[[object-oriented]], [[concurrent programming\|concurrent]], [[event-driven programming\|event-driven]], [[imperative programming\|imperative]], [[declarative programming\|declarative]] \|{{yes}}\|Yes, [[http://wiki.squeak.org/squeak/172 ANSI]]}} \|strong \|safe \|implicit \|protocol (aka duck) \| \|dynamic \|by value (Call by object reference) \|{{yes}} \|Application, Education \|Uniformity, Pure object oriented \|- ! {{anchor\|SPARK\|[[SPARK]]}} \|[[concurrent programming\|concurrent]], [[imperative programming\|imperative]], [[object-oriented]] \|{{no\|No, but [http://docs.adacore.com/spark2014-docs/html/lrm/ Language Reference Manual] available.}} ~~\|{{no}}, Language definition is proprietary - main copyright is held by [[http://www.sparkada.com/ Altran-Praxis]].~~ \|strong \|safe Line 859 ⟶ 1,532: \|Logically sound, simple formal definition, expressive power, security, applications verifiable and have bounded space and time. \|- ! {{anchor\|Standard ML\|[[Standard ML]]}} \|[[functional programming\|functional]], [[imperative programming\|imperative]], [[generic programming\|generic]] \|{{yes\|Yes, [http://www.smlnj.org/sml97.html SML '97]}} \|strong \|safe \|inferred, optional explicit annotations \|polymorphic structural \|static \|by value \|{{yes}} \| \| \|- ! {{anchor\|Swift\|[[Swift]]}} \|[[imperative programming\|imperative]], [[object-oriented]], [[generic programming\|generic]] \|{{no}} \|strong \| \|inferred, optional explicit annotations \|nominative \|static \|by value \|{{optional\|Reference counting}} \|Application \|Compatibility with [[Objective-C]] runtime \|- ! {{anchor\|Tcl\|[[Tcl]]}} \|[[imperative programming\|imperative]], [[procedural programming\|procedural]], [[event-driven programming\|event-driven]], [[object-oriented]] <small>(native from Tcl 8.6 or via [http://wiki.tcl.tk/970 extensions] before that)</small> Line 872 ⟶ 1,577: \|[http://www.tcl.tk/about/history.html Extend, Embed and Integrate] \|- ! {{anchor\|TMG\|[[TMG]]}} \| [[declarative programming\|declarative]], data-driven, [[functional programming\|functional]], unstructured \|{{no}} \|weak \|safe \|implicit \| \| \|by reference \| \|Compiler-compiler \|Creating compilers or translators (particularly, from a programming language to assembly) \|- ! {{anchor\|Transd\|[[Transd]]}} \|[[imperative programming\|imperative]], [[object-oriented]], [[functional programming\|functional]] \|{{no}} \|strong \|safe \|explicit \|nominative \|static \|by reference \|{{yes}} \|Embedded, Application, Scripting, Education \|Simplicity; compact implementation. \|- ! {{anchor\|Trith\|[[Trith]]}} \|[[functional programming\|functional]], [[stack]]-oriented, [[concatenative programming\|concatenative]] Line 885 ⟶ 1,620: \|Simplicity, Expressiveness, Terseness, [http://linkeddata.org/ Linked Data] \|- ! {{anchor\|Unicon\|[[Unicon]]}} \| [[procedural programming\|procedural]], [[structured]], [[Goal_directed_programming\|goal directed]], [[string scanning]], [[co-expressions]], [[object-oriented]] Line 898 ⟶ 1,635: \| Facilitates ease of programming, short concise programs, automatic storage allocation and management, provide a rich base of basic data types and structures, and platform independence . Unicon provides additional capabilities over [[#Icon\|Icon]] integrating object oriented capabilities, messaging and external communications, event monitoring, and more in a consistent framework. \|- ! {{anchor\|V\|[[V]]}} \|[[functional programming\|functional]], [[stack]]-oriented, [[concatenative programming\|concatenative]] Line 911 ⟶ 1,650: \|[[concatenative programming\|concatenative]] \|- ! {{anchor\|V_(Vlang)\|[[V (Vlang)]]}} \|[[concurrent programming\|concurrent]], [[imperative programming\|imperative]], [[procedural programming\|procedural]], [[structured]], [[classless-objects\|classless]], [[functional programming\|functional]], [[generic programming\| generic]] \|{{no}} \|strong \|safe \|explicit, optionally inferred \|duck, structural \|<!-- Check -->static \|by value or by reference \|<!-- GC -->{{optional}} \|General, Application, Systems, GUI, Web, CLI, IT \|Simplicity, Readability, Usability, Portability, Modularity \|- ! {{anchor\|Visual Basic\|[[Visual Basic]]}} \|component-oriented programming, [[event-driven programming\|event-driven]] Line 924 ⟶ 1,678: \|Rapid application development, Simplicity \|- ! {{anchor\|Visual Basic .NET\|[[Visual Basic .NET]]}} \|[[imperative programming\|imperative]], [[object-oriented]], [[generic programming\|generic]], [[reflective programming\|reflective]], [[functional programming\|functional]], [[event-driven programming\|event-driven]] Line 932 ⟶ 1,688: \|nominative \|static, dynamic (for interop) \|by value, by reference (through managed pointers [always in-out]) ~~\|by reference, by value (both explicit)~~ \|{{yes}} \|Application \|Rapid application development \|- ! {{anchor\|PowerShell\|[[Windows PowerShell]]}} \|[[imperative programming\|imperative]], [[object-oriented]], [[functional programming\|functional]], [[pipeline ~~programming\|pipeline]]~~, [[reflective programming\|reflective]] \|{{no}} \|strong Line 949 ⟶ 1,707: \|Scripting \| \|- ! {{anchor\|Wren\|[[Wren]]}} \|[[imperative programming\|imperative]], [[object-oriented]], [[functional programming\|functional]], [[concurrent programming\|concurrent]] \|{{no}} \|strong \|safe \|implicit \|nominative \|dynamic \|by value \|{{yes}} \|Host-driven Scripting \|Lightweight, class-based, concurrent, easily embeddable \|- \|-class="sortbottom" ![[Programming Language\|Language]] Line 962 ⟶ 1,738: !Intended use !Design goals \|- \|} ==External resources== * [[wp:Comparison_of_programming_languages\|Wikipedia: Comparison of programming languages]]