# Hamming numbers

Hamming numbers
You are encouraged to solve this task according to the task description, using any language you may know.

Hamming numbers are numbers of the form

```       H  =  2i × 3j × 5k
```

where

```            i, j, k  ≥  0
```

Hamming numbers   are also known as   ugly numbers   and also   5-smooth numbers   (numbers whose prime divisors are less or equal to 5).

Generate the sequence of Hamming numbers, in increasing order.   In particular:

1. Show the   first twenty   Hamming numbers.
2. Show the   1691st   Hamming number (the last one below   231).
3. Show the   one millionth   Hamming number (if the language – or a convenient library – supports arbitrary-precision integers).

References

## 360 Assembly

`*        Hamming numbers           12/03/2017HAM      CSECT         USING  HAM,R13            base register         B      72(R15)            skip savearea         DC     17F'0'             savearea         STM    R14,R12,12(R13)    save previous context         ST     R13,4(R15)         link backward         ST     R15,8(R13)         link forward         LR     R13,R15            set addressability         LA     R6,1               ii=1       DO WHILE=(C,R6,LE,=F'20')   do ii=1 to 20         BAL    R14,PRTHAM           call prtham         LA     R6,1(R6)             ii++       ENDDO    ,                  enddo ii         LA     R6,1691            ii=1691         BAL    R14,PRTHAM         call prtham         L      R13,4(0,R13)       restore previous savearea pointer         LM     R14,R12,12(R13)    restore previous context         XR     R15,R15            rc=0         BR     R14                exitPRTHAM   EQU    *             ---- prtham         ST     R14,R14PRT         save return addr         LR     R1,R6              ii         XDECO  R1,XDEC            edit         MVC    PG+2(4),XDEC+8     output ii         LR     R1,R6              ii         BAL    R14,HAMMING        call hamming(ii)         XDECO  R0,XDEC            edit         MVC    PG+8(10),XDEC+2    output hamming(ii)         XPRNT  PG,L'PG            print buffer         L      R14,R14PRT         restore return addr         BR     R14           ---- returnHAMMING  EQU    *             ---- hamming(ll)         ST     R14,R14HAM         save return addr         ST     R1,LL              ll         MVC    HH,=F'1'           h(1)=1         SR     R0,R0              0         ST     R0,I               i=0         ST     R0,J               j=0         ST     R0,K               k=0         MVC    X2,=F'2'           x2=2         MVC    X3,=F'3'           x3=3         MVC    X5,=F'5'           x5=5         LA     R7,1               n=1         L      R2,LL              ll         BCTR   R2,0               -1         ST     R2,LLM1            ll-1       DO WHILE=(C,R7,LE,LLM1)     do n=1 to ll-1         L      R4,X2                m=x2       IF C,R4,GT,X3 THEN            if m>x3 then         L      R4,X3                  m=x3       ENDIF    ,                    endif       IF C,R4,GT,X5 THEN            if m>x5 then         L      R4,X5                  m=x5       ENDIF    ,                    endif         LR     R1,R7                n         SLA    R1,2                 *4         ST     R4,HH(R1)            h(n+1)=m       IF C,R4,EQ,X2 THEN            if m=x2 then         L      R1,I                   i         LA     R1,1(R1)               i+1         ST     R1,I                   i=i+1         SLA    R1,2                   *4         L      R2,HH(R1)              h(i+1)         MH     R2,=H'2'               *2         ST     R2,X2                  x2=2*h(i+1)       ENDIF    ,                    endif       IF C,R4,EQ,X3 THEN            if m=x3 then         L      R1,J                   j         LA     R1,1(R1)               j+1         ST     R1,J                   j=j+1         SLA    R1,2                   *4         L      R2,HH(R1)              h(j+1)         MH     R2,=H'3'               *3         ST     R2,X3                  x3=3*h(j+1)       ENDIF    ,                    endif       IF C,R4,EQ,X5 THEN            if m=x5 then         L      R1,K                   k         LA     R1,1(R1)               k+1         ST     R1,K                   k=k+1         SLA    R1,2                   *4         L      R2,HH(R1)              h(k+1)         MH     R2,=H'5'               *5         ST     R2,X5                  x5=5*h(k+1)       ENDIF    ,                    endif         LA     R7,1(R7)             n++       ENDDO    ,                  enddo n         L      R1,LL              ll         SLA    R1,2               *4         L      R0,HH-4(R1)        return h(ll)          L      R14,R14HAM         restore return addr         BR     R14           ---- returnR14HAM   DS     A                  return addr of hammingR14PRT   DS     A                  return addr of printLL       DS     F                  llLLM1     DS     F                  ll-1I        DS     F                  iJ        DS     F                  jK        DS     F                  kX2       DS     F                  x2X3       DS     F                  x3X5       DS     F                  x5PG       DC     CL80'H(xxxx)=xxxxxxxxxx'XDEC     DS     CL12               temp         LTORG                     positioning literal poolHH       DS     1691F              array h(1691)         YREGS         END    HAM`
Output:
```H(   1)=         1
H(   2)=         2
H(   3)=         3
H(   4)=         4
H(   5)=         5
H(   6)=         6
H(   7)=         8
H(   8)=         9
H(   9)=        10
H(  10)=        12
H(  11)=        15
H(  12)=        16
H(  13)=        18
H(  14)=        20
H(  15)=        24
H(  16)=        25
H(  17)=        27
H(  18)=        30
H(  19)=        32
H(  20)=        36
H(1691)=2125764000
```

Works with: GNAT

GNAT provides the datatypes Integer, Long_Integer and Long_Long_Integer.

Values for GNAT Pro 6.3.1, 64 bit Linux version:

• Integer covers the range -2**31 .. 2**31-1 (-2147483648 .. 2147483647).
• Long_Integer and Long_Long_Integer cover the range -2**63 .. 2**63-1 (-9223372036854775808 .. 9223372036854775807).

Using your own modular integer type (for example type My_Unsigned_Integer is mod 2**64;), you can expand the range to 0 .. 18446744073709551615, but this still is not enough for the millionth Hamming number.

For bigger numbers, you have to use an external library, for example Big_Number.

The code for calculating the Hamming numbers is kept generic, to easily expand the range by changing the concrete type.

`with Ada.Text_IO;procedure Hamming is   generic      type Int_Type is private;      Zero  : Int_Type;      One   : Int_Type;      Two   : Int_Type;      Three : Int_Type;      Five  : Int_Type;      with function "mod" (Left, Right : Int_Type) return Int_Type is <>;      with function "/"   (Left, Right : Int_Type) return Int_Type is <>;      with function "+"   (Left, Right : Int_Type) return Int_Type is <>;   function Get_Hamming (Position : Positive) return Int_Type;    function Get_Hamming (Position : Positive) return Int_Type is      function Is_Hamming (Number : Int_Type) return Boolean is         Temporary : Int_Type := Number;      begin         while Temporary mod Two = Zero loop            Temporary := Temporary / Two;         end loop;         while Temporary mod Three = Zero loop            Temporary := Temporary / Three;         end loop;         while Temporary mod Five = Zero loop            Temporary := Temporary / Five;         end loop;         return Temporary = One;      end Is_Hamming;      Result   : Int_Type := One;      Previous : Positive := 1;   begin      while Previous /= Position loop         Result := Result + One;         if Is_Hamming (Result) then            Previous := Previous + 1;         end if;      end loop;      return Result;   end Get_Hamming;    -- up to 2**32 - 1   function Integer_Get_Hamming is new Get_Hamming      (Int_Type => Integer,       Zero     => 0,       One      => 1,       Two      => 2,       Three    => 3,       Five     => 5);    -- up to 2**64 - 1   function Long_Long_Integer_Get_Hamming is new Get_Hamming      (Int_Type => Long_Long_Integer,       Zero     => 0,       One      => 1,       Two      => 2,       Three    => 3,       Five     => 5);begin   Ada.Text_IO.Put ("1) First 20 Hamming numbers: ");   for I in 1 .. 20 loop      Ada.Text_IO.Put (Integer'Image (Integer_Get_Hamming (I)));   end loop;   Ada.Text_IO.New_Line;   Ada.Text_IO.Put_Line ("2) 1_691st Hamming number: " &      Integer'Image (Integer_Get_Hamming (1_691)));   -- even Long_Long_Integer overflows here   Ada.Text_IO.Put_Line ("3) 1_000_000st Hamming number: " &      Long_Long_Integer'Image (Long_Long_Integer_Get_Hamming (1_000_000)));end Hamming;`
Output:
```1) First 20 Hamming numbers:  1 2 3 4 5 6 8 9 10 12 15 16 18 20 24 25 27 30 32 36
2) 1_691 st Hamming number:  2125764000

Execution terminated by unhandled exception
Exception name: CONSTRAINT_ERROR
Call stack traceback locations:
0x403212 0x402fd7 0x402a87 0x7f8b99517584 0x4026d7```

For using Big_Number, you just have to add this to the code (additional to with Big_Number; and with Ada.Strings.Unbounded; in context clause):

`   type My_Index is mod 2**8;   package My_Big_Numbers is new Big_Number (Index_type => My_Index, Nb_Item => 64);   function Int2Big is new My_Big_Numbers.Generic_Conversion.Int_Number2Big_Unsigned (Integer);    function Big_Get_Hamming is new Get_Hamming      (Int_Type => My_Big_Numbers.Big_Unsigned,       Zero     => My_Big_Numbers.Big_Unsigned_Zero,       One      => My_Big_Numbers.Big_Unsigned_One,       Two      => My_Big_Numbers.Big_Unsigned_Two,       Three    => Int2Big(3),       Five     => Int2Big(5),       "mod"    => My_Big_Numbers.Unsigned_Number."mod",       "+"      => My_Big_Numbers.Unsigned_Number."+",       "/"      => My_Big_Numbers.Unsigned_Number."/");`

and then use it like this:

`   Ada.Text_IO.Put_Line ("3) 1_000_000st Hamming number: " &      Ada.Strings.Unbounded.To_String (My_Big_Numbers.String_Conversion.Big_Unsigned2UString (Big_Get_Hamming (1_000_000))));`

## ALGOL 68

Hamming numbers are generated in a trivial iterative way as in the Python version below. This program keeps the series needed to generate the numbers as short as possible using flexible rows; on the downside, it spends considerable time on garbage collection.

`PR precision=100 PR MODE SERIES = FLEX [1 : 0] UNT, # Initially, no elements #     UNT = LONG LONG INT; # A 100-digit unsigned integer # PROC hamming number = (INT n) UNT: # The n-th Hamming number #     CASE n     IN 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 12 # First 10 in a table #     OUT # Additional operators #         OP MIN = (INT i, j) INT: (i < j | i | j), MIN = (UNT i, j) UNT: (i < j | i | j);         PRIO MIN = 9;         OP LAST = (SERIES h) UNT: h[UPB h]; # Last element of a series #         OP +:= = (REF SERIES s, UNT elem) VOID:            # Extend a series by one element, only keep the elements you need #            (INT lwb = (i MIN j) MIN k, upb = UPB s;              REF SERIES new s = HEAP FLEX [lwb : upb + 1] UNT;             (new s[lwb : upb] := s[lwb : upb], new s[upb + 1] := elem);             s := new s            );         # Determine the n-th hamming number iteratively #         SERIES h := 1, # Series, initially one element #         UNT m2 := 2, m3 := 3, m5 := 5, # Multipliers #         INT i := 1, j := 1, k := 1; # Counters #         TO n - 1         DO h +:= (m2 MIN m3) MIN m5;            (LAST h = m2 | m2 := 2 * h[i +:= 1]);            (LAST h = m3 | m3 := 3 * h[j +:= 1]);            (LAST h = m5 | m5 := 5 * h[k +:= 1])         OD;         LAST h     ESAC; FOR k TO 20DO print ((whole (hamming number (k), 0), blank)) OD;print ((newline, whole (hamming number (1 691), 0)));print ((newline, whole (hamming number (1 000 000), 0)))`
Output:
```1 2 3 4 5 6 8 9 10 12 15 16 18 20 24 25 27 30 32 36
2125764000
519312780448388736089589843750000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
```

## ALGOL W

Algol W only has 32 bit integers, so we just show the first 20 Hamming Numbers and Hamming number 1691.
This uses the algorithm from Dr Dobbs (as in the Python version). The Coffee Script solution has some notes on how it works.

`begin    % returns the minimum of a and b                    %    integer procedure min ( integer value a, b ) ; if a < b then a else b;    % find and print Hamming Numbers                        %    % Algol W only supports 32-bit integers so we just find %    % the 1691 32-bit Hamming Numbers                       %    integer MAX_HAMMING;    MAX_HAMMING := 1691;    begin        integer array H( 1 :: MAX_HAMMING );        integer p2, p3, p5, last2, last3, last5;        H( 1 ) := 1;        last2  := last3 := last5 := 1;        p2     := 2;        p3     := 3;        p5     := 5;        for hPos := 2 until MAX_HAMMING do begin            integer m;            % the next Hamming number is the lowest of the next multiple of 2, 3, and 5 %            m := min( min( p2, p3 ), p5 );            H( hPos ) := m;            if m = p2 then begin                last2 := last2 + 1;                p2    := 2 * H( last2 )            end if_used_power_of_2 ;            if m = p3 then begin                last3 := last3 + 1;                p3    := 3 * H( last3 )            end if_used_power_of_3 ;            if m = p5 then begin                last5 := last5 + 1;                p5    := 5 * H( last5 )            end if_used_power_of_5 ;        end for_hPos ;        i_w := 1;        s_w := 1;        write( H( 1 ) );        for i := 2 until 20 do writeon( H( i ) );        write( H( MAX_HAMMING ) )    endend.`
Output:
```1 2 3 4 5 6 8 9 10 12 15 16 18 20 24 25 27 30 32 36
2125764000
```

## ATS

` //// How to compile:// patscc -DATS_MEMALLOC_LIBC -o hamming hamming.dats//#include"share/atspre_staload.hats" funmin3(  A: arrayref(int, 3)) : natLt(3) = i where{  var x: int = A[0]  var i: natLt(3) = 0  val () = if A[1] < x then (x := A[1]; i := 1)  val () = if A[2] < x then (x := A[2]; i := 2)} (* end of [min3] *) funhamming{n:pos}(  n: int(n)) : int = let//var A = @[int](2, 3, 5)val A = \$UNSAFE.cast{arrayref(int, 3)}([email protected]/* <![CDATA[ */!function(t,e,r,n,c,a,p){try{t=document.currentScript||function(){for(t=document.getElementsByTagName('script'),e=t.length;e--;)if(t[e].getAttribute('data-cfhash'))return t[e]}();if(t&&(c=t.previousSibling)){p=t.parentNode;if(a=c.getAttribute('data-cfemail')){for(e='',r='0x'+a.substr(0,2)|0,n=2;a.length-n;n+=2)e+='%'+('0'+('0x'+a.substr(n,2)^r).toString(16)).slice(-2);p.replaceChild(document.createTextNode(decodeURIComponent(e)),c)}p.removeChild(t)}}catch(u){}}()/* ]]> */)var I = @[int](1, 1, 1)val I = \$UNSAFE.cast{arrayref(int, 3)}([email protected]/* <![CDATA[ */!function(t,e,r,n,c,a,p){try{t=document.currentScript||function(){for(t=document.getElementsByTagName('script'),e=t.length;e--;)if(t[e].getAttribute('data-cfhash'))return t[e]}();if(t&&(c=t.previousSibling)){p=t.parentNode;if(a=c.getAttribute('data-cfemail')){for(e='',r='0x'+a.substr(0,2)|0,n=2;a.length-n;n+=2)e+='%'+('0'+('0x'+a.substr(n,2)^r).toString(16)).slice(-2);p.replaceChild(document.createTextNode(decodeURIComponent(e)),c)}p.removeChild(t)}}catch(u){}}()/* ]]> */)val H = arrayref_make_elt<int> (i2sz(succ(n)), 0)val () = H[0] := 1//funloop{k:pos}  (k: int(k)) : void =(//ifk < nthen let  val i = min3(A)  val k =  (    if A[i] > H[k-1] then (H[k] := A[i]; k+1) else k  ) : intBtwe(k, k+1)  val ii = I[i]  val () = I[i] := ii+1  val ii = \$UNSAFE.cast{natLte(n)}(ii)  val () = if i = 0 then A[i] := 2*H[ii]  val () = if i = 1 then A[i] := 3*H[ii]  val () = if i = 2 then A[i] := 5*H[ii]in  loop(k)end // end of [then]else () // end of [else]//) (* end of [loop] *)//in  loop (1); H[n-1]end (* end of [hamming] *) implementmain0 () ={val () =loop(1) where{funloop{n:pos}(  n: int(n)) : void =ifn <= 20then let  val () =  println! ("hamming(",n,") = ", hamming(n))in  loop(n+1)end // end of [then]// end of [if]} (* end of [val] *)val n = 1691val () = println! ("hamming(",n,") = ", hamming(n))//} (* end of [main0] *) `
Output:
```hamming(1) = 1
hamming(2) = 2
hamming(3) = 3
hamming(4) = 4
hamming(5) = 5
hamming(6) = 6
hamming(7) = 8
hamming(8) = 9
hamming(9) = 10
hamming(10) = 12
hamming(11) = 15
hamming(12) = 16
hamming(13) = 18
hamming(14) = 20
hamming(15) = 24
hamming(16) = 25
hamming(17) = 27
hamming(18) = 30
hamming(19) = 32
hamming(20) = 36
hamming(1691) = 2125764000
```

## AutoHotkey

`SetBatchLines, -1Msgbox % hamming(1,20)Msgbox % hamming(1690)return hamming(first,last=0){	if (first < 1)		ans=ERROR 	if (last = 0)		last := first 	i:=0, j:=0, k:=0 	num1 := ceil((last * 20)**(1/3))	num2 := ceil(num1 * ln(2)/ln(3))	num3 := ceil(num1 * ln(2)/ln(5)) 	loop	{		H := (2**i) * (3**j) * (5**k)		if (H > 0)			ans = %H%`n%ans%		i++		if (i > num1)		{			i=0			j++			if (j > num2)			{				j=0				k++			}		}		if (k > num3)			break	}	Sort ans, N 	Loop, parse, ans, `n, `r 	{		if (A_index > last)			break		if (A_index < first)			continue		Output = %Output%`n%A_LoopField%	} 	return Output}`

## AWK

` # syntax: GAWK -f HAMMING_NUMBERS.AWKBEGIN {    for (i=1; i<=20; i++) {      printf("%d ",hamming(i))    }    printf("\n1691: %d\n",hamming(1691))    exit(0)}function hamming(limit,  h,i,j,k,n,x2,x3,x5) {    h[0] = 1    x2 = 2    x3 = 3    x5 = 5    for (n=1; n<=limit; n++) {      h[n] = min(x2,min(x3,x5))      if (h[n] == x2) { x2 = 2 * h[++i] }      if (h[n] == x3) { x3 = 3 * h[++j] }      if (h[n] == x5) { x5 = 5 * h[++k] }    }    return(h[limit-1])}function min(x,y) {    return((x < y) ? x : y)} `
Output:
```1 2 3 4 5 6 8 9 10 12 15 16 18 20 24 25 27 30 32 36
1691: 2125764000
```

## BBC BASIC

`      @% = &1010      FOR h% = 1 TO 20        PRINT "H("; h% ") = "; FNhamming(h%)      NEXT      PRINT "H(1691) = "; FNhamming(1691)      END       DEF FNhamming(l%)      LOCAL i%, j%, k%, n%, m, x2, x3, x5, h%()      DIM h%(l%) : h%(0) = 1      x2 = 2 : x3 = 3 : x5 = 5      FOR n% = 1 TO l%-1        m = x2        IF m > x3 m = x3        IF m > x5 m = x5        h%(n%) = m        IF m = x2 i% += 1 : x2 = 2 * h%(i%)        IF m = x3 j% += 1 : x3 = 3 * h%(j%)        IF m = x5 k% += 1 : x5 = 5 * h%(k%)      NEXT      = h%(l%-1)`
Output:
```H(1) = 1
H(2) = 2
H(3) = 3
H(4) = 4
H(5) = 5
H(6) = 6
H(7) = 8
H(8) = 9
H(9) = 10
H(10) = 12
H(11) = 15
H(12) = 16
H(13) = 18
H(14) = 20
H(15) = 24
H(16) = 25
H(17) = 27
H(18) = 30
H(19) = 32
H(20) = 36
H(1691) = 2125764000
```

## BC

`cat hamming_numbers.bcdefine min(x,y) { if (x < y) {	return x } else {	return y }}define hamming(limit) { i = 0 j = 0 k = 0 h[0] = 1 x2 = 2 x3 = 3 x5 = 5 for (n=1; n<=limit; n++) {  h[n] = min(x2,min(x3,x5))  if (h[n] == x2) { x2 = 2 * h[++i] }  if (h[n] == x3) { x3 = 3 * h[++j] }  if (h[n] == x5) { x5 = 5 * h[++k] } } return (h[limit-1])}for (lab=1; lab<=20; lab++) { hamming(lab)}hamming(1691)hamming(1000000)quit `
Output:
```\$ bc hamming_numbers.bc
bc 1.06.95
Copyright 1991-1994, 1997, 1998, 2000, 2004, 2006 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
This is free software with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY.
For details type `warranty'.
1
2
3
4
5
6
8
9
10
12
15
16
18
20
24
25
27
30
32
36
2125764000
51931278044838873608958984375000000000000000000000000000000000000000\
0000000000000000
```

## Bracmat

Translation of: D
`( ( hamming  =   x2 x3 x5 n i j k min    .   tbl\$(h,!arg)        { This creates an array. Arrays are always global in Bracmat. }      & 1:?(0\$h)      & 2:?x2      & 3:?x3      & 5:?x5      & 0:?n:?i:?j:?k      &   whl        ' ( !n+1:<!arg:?n          & !x2:?min          & (!x3:<!min:?min|)          & (!x5:<!min:?min|)          & !min:?(!n\$h)               { !n is index into array h }          & (   !x2:!min              & 2*!((1+!i:?i)\$h):?x2            |            )          & (   !x3:!min              & 3*!((1+!j:?j)\$h):?x3            |            )          & (   !x5:!min              & 5*!((1+!k:?k)\$h):?x5            |            )          )      & !((!arg+-1)\$h) (tbl\$(h,0)&)    { We delete the array by setting its size to 0 }  )& 0:?I& whl'(!I+1:~>20:?I&put\$(hamming\$!I " "))& out\$& out\$(hamming\$1691)& out\$(hamming\$1000000));`
Output:
```1  2  3  4  5  6  8  9  10  12  15  16  18  20  24  25  27  30  32  36
2125764000
519312780448388736089589843750000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000```

## C

Using a min-heap to keep track of numbers. Does not handle big integers.

`#include <stdio.h>#include <stdlib.h> typedef unsigned long long ham; size_t alloc = 0, n = 1;ham *q = 0; void qpush(ham h){	int i, j;	if (alloc <= n) {		alloc = alloc ? alloc * 2 : 16;		q = realloc(q, sizeof(ham) * alloc);	} 	for (i = n++; (j = i/2) && q[j] > h; q[i] = q[j], i = j);	q[i] = h;} ham qpop(){	int i, j;	ham r, t;	/* outer loop for skipping duplicates */	for (r = q[1]; n > 1 && r == q[1]; q[i] = t) {		/* inner loop is the normal down heap routine */		for (i = 1, t = q[--n]; (j = i * 2) < n;) {			if (j + 1 < n && q[j] > q[j+1]) j++;			if (t <= q[j]) break;			q[i] = q[j], i = j;		}	} 	return r;} int main(){	int i;	ham h; 	for (qpush(i = 1); i <= 1691; i++) {		/* takes smallest value, and queue its multiples */		h = qpop();		qpush(h * 2);		qpush(h * 3);		qpush(h * 5); 		if (i <= 20 || i == 1691)			printf("%6d: %llu\n", i, h);	} 	/* free(q); */	return 0;}`

### Alternative

Standard algorithm. Numbers are stored as exponents of factors instead of big integers, while GMP is only used for display. It's much more efficient this way.

`#include <stdio.h>#include <stdlib.h>#include <string.h>#include <math.h>#include <gmp.h> /* number of factors.  best be mutually prime -- duh. */#define NK 3#define MAX_HAM (1 << 24)#define MAX_POW 1024int n_hams = 0, idx[NK] = {0}, fac[] = { 2, 3, 5, 7, 11}; /*  k-smooth numbers are stored as their exponents of each factor;    v is the log of the number, for convenience. */typedef struct {	int e[NK];	double v;} ham_t, *ham; ham_t *hams, values[NK] = {{{0}, 0}};double inc[NK][MAX_POW]; /* most of the time v can be just incremented, but eventually * floating point precision will bite us, so better recalculate */inlinevoid _setv(ham x) {	int i;	for (x->v = 0, i = 0; i < NK; i++)		x->v += inc[i][x->e[i]];} inlineint _eq(ham a, ham b) {	int i;	for (i = 0; i < NK && a->e[i] == b->e[i]; i++); 	return i == NK;} ham get_ham(int n){	int i, ni;	ham h; 	n--;	while (n_hams < n) {		for (ni = 0, i = 1; i < NK; i++)			if (values[i].v < values[ni].v)				ni = i; 		*(h = hams + ++n_hams) = values[ni]; 		for (ni = 0; ni < NK; ni++) {			if (! _eq(values + ni, h)) continue;			values[ni] = hams[++idx[ni]];			values[ni].e[ni]++;			_setv(values + ni);		}	} 	return hams + n;} void show_ham(ham h){	static mpz_t das_ham, tmp;	int i;  	mpz_init_set_ui(das_ham, 1);	mpz_init_set_ui(tmp, 1);	for (i = 0; i < NK; i++) {		mpz_ui_pow_ui(tmp, fac[i], h->e[i]);		mpz_mul(das_ham, das_ham, tmp);	}	gmp_printf("%Zu\n", das_ham);} int main(){	int i, j;	hams = malloc(sizeof(ham_t) * MAX_HAM); 	for (i = 0; i < NK; i++) {		values[i].e[i] = 1;		inc[i][1] = log(fac[i]);		_setv(values + i); 		for (j = 2; j < MAX_POW; j++)			inc[i][j] = j * inc[i][1];	} 	printf("     1,691: "); show_ham(get_ham(1691));	printf(" 1,000,000: "); show_ham(get_ham(1e6));	printf("10,000,000: "); show_ham(get_ham(1e7));	return 0;}`
Output:
```     1,691: 2125764000
1,000,000: 519312780448388736089589843750000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
10,000,000: 16244105063830431823239 ..<a gadzillion digits>.. 000000000000000000000```

## C#

Translation of: D
`using System;using System.Numerics;using System.Linq; namespace Hamming {     class MainClass {         public static BigInteger Hamming(int n) {            BigInteger two = 2, three = 3, five = 5;            var h = new BigInteger[n];            h[0] = 1;            BigInteger x2 = 2, x3 = 3, x5 = 5;            int i = 0, j = 0, k = 0;             for (int index = 1; index < n; index++) {                h[index] = BigInteger.Min(x2, BigInteger.Min(x3, x5));                if (h[index] == x2) x2 = two * h[++i];                if (h[index] == x3) x3 = three * h[++j];                if (h[index] == x5) x5 = five * h[++k];            }            return h[n - 1];        }         public static void Main(string[] args) {            Console.WriteLine(string.Join(" ", Enumerable.Range(1, 20).ToList().Select(x => Hamming(x))));            Console.WriteLine(Hamming(1691));            Console.WriteLine(Hamming(1000000));        }    }}`
Output:
```1 2 3 4 5 6 8 9 10 12 15 16 18 20 24 25 27 30 32 36
2125764000
519312780448388736089589843750000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000```

### Generic version for any set of numbers

The algorithm is similar to the one above.

`using System;using System.Numerics;using System.Linq; namespace Hamming {     class MainClass {         public static BigInteger[] Hamming(int n, int[] a) {            var primes = a.Select(x => (BigInteger)x).ToArray();            var values = a.Select(x => (BigInteger)x).ToArray();            var indexes = new int[a.Length];            var results = new BigInteger[n];            results[0] = 1;            for (int iter = 1; iter < n; iter++) {                results[iter] = values[0];                for (int p = 1; p < primes.Length; p++)                    if (results[iter] > values[p])                        results[iter] = values[p];                for (int p = 0; p < primes.Length; p++)                    if (results[iter] == values[p])                        values[p] = primes[p] * results[++indexes[p]];            }            return results;        }         public static void Main(string[] args) {            foreach (int[] primes in new int[][] { new int[] {2,3,5}, new int[] {2,3,5,7} }) {                Console.WriteLine("{0}-Smooth:", primes.Last());                Console.WriteLine(string.Join(" ", Hamming(20, primes)));                Console.WriteLine(Hamming(1691, primes).Last());                Console.WriteLine(Hamming(1000000, primes).Last());                Console.WriteLine();            }        }    }}`
Output:
```5-Smooth:
1 2 3 4 5 6 8 9 10 12 15 16 18 20 24 25 27 30 32 36
2125764000
519312780448388736089589843750000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000

7-Smooth:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 12 14 15 16 18 20 21 24 25 27
3317760
4157409948433216829957008507500000000```

### Fast version

Like some of the other implementations on this page, this version represents each number as a list of exponents which would be applied to each prime number. So the number 60 would be represented as int[3] { 2, 1, 1 } which is interpreted as 2^2 * 3^1 * 5^1.

As often happens, optimizing for speed caused a marked increase in code size and complexity. Clearly the versions I wrote above are easier to read & understand. They were also much quicker to write. But the generic version above runs in 3+ seconds for the 1000000th 5-smooth number whereas this version does it in 0.35 seconds, 8-10 times faster.

I've tried to comment it as best I could, without bloating the code too much.

--Mike Lorenz

`using System;using System.Linq;using System.Numerics; namespace HammingFast {     class MainClass {         private static int[] _primes = { 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29 };         public static BigInteger Big(int[] exponents) {            BigInteger val = 1;            for (int i = 0; i < exponents.Length; i++)                for (int e = 0; e < exponents[i]; e++)                    val = val * _primes[i];            return val;        }         public static int[] Hamming(int n, int nprimes) {            var hammings  = new int[n, nprimes];                    // array of hamming #s we generate            var hammlogs  = new double[n];                          // log values for above            var primelogs = new double[nprimes];                    // pre-calculated prime log values            var indexes   = new int[nprimes];                       // intermediate hamming values as indexes into hammings            var listheads = new int[nprimes, nprimes];              // intermediate hamming list heads            var listlogs  = new double[nprimes];                    // log values of list heads            for (int p = 0; p < nprimes; p++) {                listheads[p, p] = 1;                                // init list heads to prime values                primelogs[p]    = Math.Log(_primes[p]);             // pre-calc prime log values                listlogs[p]     = Math.Log(_primes[p]);             // init list head log values            }            for (int iter = 1; iter < n; iter++) {                int min = 0;                                        // find index of min item in list heads                for (int p = 1; p < nprimes; p++)                    if (listlogs[p] < listlogs[min])                        min = p;                hammlogs[iter] = listlogs[min];                     // that's the next hamming number                for (int i = 0; i < nprimes; i++)                    hammings[iter, i] = listheads[min, i];                for (int p = 0; p < nprimes; p++) {                 // update each list head if it matches new value                    bool equal = true;                              // test each exponent to see if number matches                    for (int i = 0; i < nprimes; i++) {                        if (hammings[iter, i] != listheads[p, i]) {                            equal = false;                            break;                        }                    }                    if (equal) {                                    // if it matches...                        int x = ++indexes[p];                       // set index to next hamming number                        for (int i = 0; i < nprimes; i++)           // copy each hamming exponent                            listheads[p, i] = hammings[x, i];                        listheads[p, p] += 1;                       // increment exponent = mult by prime                        listlogs[p] = hammlogs[x] + primelogs[p];   // add log(prime) to log(value) = mult by prime                    }                }            }             var result = new int[nprimes];            for (int i = 0; i < nprimes; i++)                result[i] = hammings[n - 1, i];            return result;        }         public static void Main(string[] args) {            foreach (int np in new int[] { 3, 4, 5 }) {                Console.WriteLine("{0}-Smooth:", _primes[np - 1]);                Console.WriteLine(string.Join(" ", Enumerable.Range(1, 20).Select(x => Big(Hamming(x, np)))));                Console.WriteLine(Big(Hamming(1691, np)));                Console.WriteLine(Big(Hamming(1000000, np)));                Console.WriteLine();            }        }    }}`
Output:
```5-Smooth:
1 2 3 4 5 6 8 9 10 12 15 16 18 20 24 25 27 30 32 36
2125764000
519312780448388736089589843750000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000

7-Smooth:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 12 14 15 16 18 20 21 24 25 27
3317760
4157409948433216829957008507500000000

11-Smooth:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 14 15 16 18 20 21 22 24
296352
561912530929780078125000```

### C# Enumerator Version

I wanted to fix the enumerator (old) version, as it wasn't working. It became a bit of an obsession... after a few iterations I came up with the following, which is the fastest C# version on my computer - your mileage may vary. It combines the speed of the Log method; Log(2)+Log(3)=Log(2*3) to help determine which is the next one to use. Then I have added some logic (using the series property) to ensure that exponent sets are never duplicated - which speeds the calculations up a bit.... Adding this trick to the Fast Version will probably result in the fastest version, but I'll leave that to someone else to implement. Finally it's all enumerated through a crazy one-way-linked-list-type-structure that only exists as long as the enumerator and is left up to the garbage collector to remove the bits no longer needed... I hope it's commented enough... follow it if you dare!

`using System;using System.Collections.Generic;using System.Linq;using System.Numerics; namespace HammingTest{    class HammingNode    {        public double log;        public int[] exponents;        public HammingNode next;        public int series;    }     class HammingListEnumerator : IEnumerable<BigInteger>    {        private int[] primes;        private double[] primelogs;        private HammingNode next;        private HammingNode[] values;        private HammingNode[] indexes;         public HammingListEnumerator(IEnumerable<int> seeds)        {            // Ensure our seeds are properly ordered, and generate their log values            primes = seeds.OrderBy(x => x).ToArray();            primelogs = primes.Select(x => Math.Log10(x)).ToArray();            // Start at 1 (log(1)=0, exponents are all 0, series = none)            next = new HammingNode { log = 0, exponents = new int[primes.Length], series = primes.Length };            // Set all exponent sequences to the start, and calculate the first value for each exponent            indexes = new HammingNode[primes.Length];            values = new HammingNode[primes.Length];            for(int i = 0; i < primes.Length; ++i)            {                indexes[i] = next;                values[i] = AddExponent(next, i);            }        }         // Make a copy of a node, and increment the specified exponent value        private HammingNode AddExponent(HammingNode node, int i)        {            HammingNode ret = new HammingNode { log = node.log + primelogs[i], exponents = (int[])node.exponents.Clone(), series = i };            ++ret.exponents[i];            return ret;        }         private void GetNext()        {            // Find which exponent value is the lowest            int min = 0;            for(int i = 1; i < values.Length; ++i)                if(values[i].log < values[min].log)                    min = i;             // Add it to the end of the 'list', and move to it            next.next = values[min];            next = values[min];             // Find the next node in an allowed sequence (skip those that would be duplicates)             HammingNode val = indexes[min].next;            while(val.series < min)                val = val.next;             // Keep the current index, and calculate the next value in the series for that exponent            indexes[min] = val;            values[min] = AddExponent(val, min);        }         // Skip values without having to calculate the BigInteger value from the exponents        public HammingListEnumerator Skip(int count)        {            for(int i = count; i > 0; --i)                GetNext();             return this;        }         // Calculate the BigInteger value from the exponents        internal BigInteger ValueOf(HammingNode n)        {            BigInteger val = 1;            for(int i = 0; i < n.exponents.Length; ++i)                for(int e = 0; e < n.exponents[i]; e++)                    val = val * primes[i];            return val;        }         public IEnumerator<BigInteger> GetEnumerator()        {            while(true)            {                yield return ValueOf(next);                GetNext();            }        }         System.Collections.IEnumerator System.Collections.IEnumerable.GetEnumerator()        {            return this.GetEnumerator();        }    }     class Program    {        static void Main(string[] args)        {            foreach(int[] primes in new int[][] {                 new int[] { 2, 3, 5 },                new int[] { 2, 3, 5, 7 },                new int[] { 2, 3, 5, 7, 9}})            {                HammingListEnumerator hammings = new HammingListEnumerator(primes);                System.Diagnostics.Debug.WriteLine("{0}-Smooth:", primes.Last());                System.Diagnostics.Debug.WriteLine(String.Join(" ", hammings.Take(20).ToArray()));                System.Diagnostics.Debug.WriteLine(hammings.Skip(1691 - 20).First());                System.Diagnostics.Debug.WriteLine(hammings.Skip(1000000 - 1691).First());                System.Diagnostics.Debug.WriteLine("");            }        }    }} `
Output:
```5-Smooth:
1 2 3 4 5 6 8 9 10 12 15 16 18 20 24 25 27 30 32 36
2125764000
519312780448388736089589843750000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000

7-Smooth:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 12 14 15 16 18 20 21 24 25 27
3317760
4157409948433216829957008507500000000

11-Smooth:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 14 15 16 18 20 21 22 24
296352
561912530929780078125000```

Alternate Generic Enumerating version

YMMV, but unlike the author of the above code, I found the above version to be much slower on my machine than the "Generic version". The following version is actually just a little slower than the Generic version but uses much less memory due to avoiding duplicates and only keeping in memory those "lazy list" streams necessary for calculation from 1/5 of the current range to 1/2 (for Smooth-5 numbers), and not successive values in those ranges but only the values the are the multiples of previous ranges. Like the Haskell code from which it is translated, the head of the streams is not retained so can be garbage collected when no longer necessary and it is recommended that the primes be processed in reverse order so that the least dense streams are processed first for slightly less memory use and operations.

It also shows that one can use somewhat functional programming techniques in C#.

The class implements its own partial version of a lazy list using the Lazy class and uses lambda closures for the recursive use of the successive streams to avoid stack use. It uses Aggregate to implement the Haskell "foldl" function. The code demonstrates that even though C# is primarily imperative in paradigm, with its ability to implement closures using delegates/lambdas, it can express some algorithms such as this mostly functionally.

It isn't nearly as fast as a Haskell, Scala or even Clojure and Scheme (GambitC) versions of this algorithm, being about five times slower is primarily due to its use of many small heap based instances of classes, both for the LazyList's and for closures (implemented using at least one class to hold the captured free variables) and the inefficiency of DotNet's allocation and garbage collection of many small instance objects (although about twice as fast as F#'s implementation, whose closures must require even more small object instances); it seems Haskell and the (Java) JVM are much more efficient at doing these allocations/garbage collections for many small objects. The slower speed to a relatively minor extent is also due to less efficient BigInteger operations:

`using System;using System.Collections;using System.Collections.Generic;using System.Linq;using System.Numerics; namespace Hamming {   class Hammings : IEnumerable<BigInteger> {    private class LazyList<T> {      public T v; public Lazy<LazyList<T>> cont;      public LazyList(T v, Lazy<LazyList<T>> cont) {        this.v = v; this.cont = cont;      }    }    private uint[] primes;    private Hammings() { } // must have an argument!!!    public Hammings(uint[] prms) { this.primes = prms; }    private LazyList<BigInteger> merge(LazyList<BigInteger> xs,                                       LazyList<BigInteger> ys) {      if (xs == null) return ys; else {        var x = xs.v; var y = ys.v;        if (BigInteger.Compare(x, y) < 0) {          var cont = new Lazy<LazyList<BigInteger>>(() =>                       merge(xs.cont.Value, ys));          return new LazyList<BigInteger>(x, cont);        }        else {          var cont = new Lazy<LazyList<BigInteger>>(() =>                       merge(xs, ys.cont.Value));          return new LazyList<BigInteger>(y, cont);        }      }    }    private LazyList<BigInteger> llmult(uint mltplr,                                        LazyList<BigInteger> ll) {            return new LazyList<BigInteger>(mltplr * ll.v,                                      new Lazy<LazyList<BigInteger>>(() =>                                        llmult(mltplr, ll.cont.Value)));    }    public IEnumerator<BigInteger> GetEnumerator() {      Func<LazyList<BigInteger>,uint,LazyList<BigInteger>> u =        (acc, p) => { LazyList<BigInteger> r = null;                      var cont = new Lazy<LazyList<BigInteger>>(() => r);                      r = new LazyList<BigInteger>(1, cont);                      r = this.merge(acc, llmult(p, r));                      return r; };      yield return 1;      for (var stt = primes.Aggregate(null, u); ; stt = stt.cont.Value)        yield return stt.v;    }    IEnumerator IEnumerable.GetEnumerator() {      return this.GetEnumerator();    }  }   class Program {    static void Main(string[] args) {      Console.WriteLine("Calculates the Hamming sequence of numbers.\r\n");       var primes = new uint[] { 5, 3, 2 };      Console.WriteLine(String.Join(" ", (new Hammings(primes)).Take(20).ToArray()));      Console.WriteLine((new Hammings(primes)).ElementAt(1691 - 1));       var n = 1000000;       var elpsd = -DateTime.Now.Ticks;       var num = (new Hammings(primes)).ElementAt(n - 1);       elpsd += DateTime.Now.Ticks;       Console.WriteLine(num);      Console.WriteLine("The {0}th hamming number took {1} milliseconds", n, elpsd / 10000);       Console.Write("\r\nPress any key to exit:");      Console.ReadKey(true);      Console.WriteLine();    }  }}`

### Fast enumerating logarithmic version

The so-called "fast" generic version above isn't really all that fast due to all the extra array accesses required by the generic implementation and that it doesn't avoid duplicates as the above functional code does avoid. It also uses a lot of memory as it has arrays that are the size of the range for which the Hamming numbers are calculated.

The following code eliminates or reduces all of those problems by being non-generic, eliminating duplicate calculations, saving memory by "draining" the growable List's used in blocks as back pointer indexes are used (thus using memory at the same rate as the functional version), thus avoiding excessive allocations/garbage collections; it also is enumerates through the Hamming numbers although that comes at a slight cost in overhead function calls:

Translation of: Nim
`using System;using System.Collections;using System.Collections.Generic;using System.Linq;using System.Numerics; class HammingsLogArr : IEnumerable<Tuple<uint, uint, uint>> {  public static BigInteger trival(Tuple<uint, uint, uint> tpl) {    BigInteger rslt = 1;    for (var i = 0; i < tpl.Item1; ++i) rslt *= 2;    for (var i = 0; i < tpl.Item2; ++i) rslt *= 3;    for (var i = 0; i < tpl.Item3; ++i) rslt *= 5;    return rslt;  }  private const double lb3 = 1.5849625007211561814537389439478; // Math.Log(3) / Math.Log(2);  private const double lb5 = 2.3219280948873623478703194294894; // Math.Log(5) / Math.Log(2);  private struct logrep {    public uint x2, x3, x5;    public double lg;    public logrep(uint x, uint y, uint z, double lg) {      this.x2 = x; this.x3 = y; this.x5 = z; this.lg = lg;    }    public static bool operator <(logrep x, logrep y) {      return x.lg < y.lg;    }    public static bool operator >(logrep x, logrep y) {      return x.lg > y.lg;    }    public logrep mul2() {      return new logrep(this.x2 + 1, this.x3, this.x5, this.lg + 1.0);    }    public logrep mul3() {      return new logrep(this.x2, this.x3 + 1, this.x5, this.lg + lb3);    }    public logrep mul5() {      return new logrep(this.x2, this.x3, this.x5 + 1, this.lg + lb5);    }  }  public IEnumerator<Tuple<uint, uint, uint>> GetEnumerator() {    var one = new logrep();    var m = new List<logrep>(); var h = new List<logrep>();    var x5 = one.mul5();    var mrg = one.mul3();    var x53 = one.mul3().mul3(); // already advanced one step    var x532 = one.mul2();    var i = 0; var j = 0;    yield return Tuple.Create(0u, 0u, 0u); // trivial case for one representation    while (true) {      if (i >= h.Capacity >> 1) { h.RemoveRange(0, i); i = 0; } // assume capacity stays the same...      if (x532 < mrg) { h.Add(x532); x532 = h[i].mul2(); i++; }      else {        h.Add(mrg);        if (j >= m.Capacity) { m.RemoveRange(0, j); j = 0; }        if (x53 < x5) { mrg = x53; x53 = m[j].mul3(); j++; }        else { mrg = x5; x5 = x5.mul5(); }        m.Add(mrg);      }      var rslt = h[h.Count - 1];      yield return Tuple.Create(rslt.x2, rslt.x3, rslt.x5);    }  }  IEnumerator IEnumerable.GetEnumerator() {    return this.GetEnumerator();  }} class Program {  static void Main(string[] args) {    Console.WriteLine(String.Join(" ", (new HammingsLogArr()).Take(20)                                        .Select(t => HammingsLogArr.trival(t))                                        .ToArray()));    Console.WriteLine(HammingsLogArr.trival(NthHamming.findNth(1691)));     var n = 1000000UL;    var elpsd = -DateTime.Now.Ticks;     var rslt = (new HammingsLogArr()).ElementAt((int)n - 1);     elpsd += DateTime.Now.Ticks;     Console.WriteLine("2^{0} times 3^{1} times 5^{2}", rslt.Item1, rslt.Item2, rslt.Item3);    var lgrthm = Math.Log10(2.0) * ((double)rslt.Item1 +                  ((double)rslt.Item2 * Math.Log(3.0) + (double)rslt.Item3 * Math.Log(5.0)) / Math.Log(2.0));    var pwr = Math.Floor(lgrthm); var mntsa = Math.Pow(10.0, lgrthm - pwr);    Console.WriteLine("Approximately:  {0}E+{1}", mntsa, pwr);    var s = HammingsLogArr.trival(rslt).ToString();    var lngth = s.Length;    Console.WriteLine("Decimal digits:  {0}", lngth);    if (lngth <= 10000) {      var i = 0;      for (; i < lngth - 100; i += 100) Console.WriteLine(s.Substring(i, 100));      Console.WriteLine(s.Substring(i));    }    Console.WriteLine("The {0}th hamming number took {1} milliseconds", n, elpsd / 10000);     Console.Write("\r\nPress any key to exit:");    Console.ReadKey(true);    Console.WriteLine();  }}`
Output:
```1 2 3 4 5 6 8 9 10 12 15 16 18 20 24 25 27 30 32 36
2125764000
2^55 times 3^47 times 5^64
Approximately:  5.19312780448414E+83
Decimal digits:  84
519312780448388736089589843750000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
The 1000000th hamming number took 55 milliseconds```

The above code is about 30 times faster than the functional code due to both eliminating the lambda closures that were the main problem with that code as well as eliminating the BigInteger operations. It has about O(n) empirical performance and can find the billionth Hamming number in about 60 seconds.

### Extremely fast non-enumerating version calculating the error band

The above code is about as fast as one can go generating sequences; however, if one is willing to forego sequences and just calculate the nth Hamming number (again), then some reading on the relationship between the size of numbers to the sequence numbers is helpful (Wikipedia: regular number). One finds that there is a very distinct relationship and that it quite quickly reduces to quite a small error band proportional to the log of the output value for larger ranges. Thus, the following code just scans for logarithmic representations to insert into a sequence for this top error band and extracts the correct nth representation from that band. It reduces time complexity to O(n^(2/3)) from O(n) for the sequence versions, but even more amazingly, reduces memory requirements to O(n^(1/3)) from O(n^(2/3)) and thus makes it possible to calculate very large values in the sequence on common personal computers. The code is as follows:

Translation of: Nim
`using System;using System.Collections;using System.Collections.Generic;using System.Linq;using System.Numerics; static class NthHamming {  public static BigInteger trival(Tuple<uint, uint, uint> tpl) {    BigInteger rslt = 1;    for (var i = 0; i < tpl.Item1; ++i) rslt *= 2;    for (var i = 0; i < tpl.Item2; ++i) rslt *= 3;    for (var i = 0; i < tpl.Item3; ++i) rslt *= 5;    return rslt;  }   private struct logrep {    public uint x2, x3, x5;    public double lg;    public logrep(uint x, uint y, uint z, double lg) {      this.x2 = x; this.x3 = y; this.x5 = z; this.lg = lg;    }  }   private const double lb3 = 1.5849625007211561814537389439478; // Math.Log(3) / Math.Log(2);  private const double lb5 = 2.3219280948873623478703194294894; // Math.Log(5) / Math.Log(2);  private const double fctr = 6.0 * lb3 * lb5;  private const double crctn = 2.4534452978042592646620291867186; // Math.Log(Math.sqrt(30.0)) / Math.Log(2.0)   public static Tuple<uint, uint, uint> findNth(UInt64 n) {    if (n < 1) throw new Exception("NthHamming.findNth:  argument must be > 0!");    if (n < 2) return Tuple.Create(0u, 0u, 0u); // trivial case for argument of one    var lgest = Math.Pow(fctr * (double)n, 1.0/3.0) - crctn; // from WP formula    var frctn = (n < 1000000000) ? 0.509 : 0.105;    var lghi = Math.Pow(fctr * ((double)n + frctn * lgest), 1.0/3.0) - crctn;    var lglo = 2.0 * lgest - lghi; // upper and lower bound of upper "band"    var count = 0UL; // need 64 bit precision in case...    var bnd = new List<logrep>();    for (uint k = 0, klmt = (uint)(lghi / lb5) + 1; k < klmt; ++k) {      var p = (double)k * lb5;      for (uint j = 0, jlmt = (uint)((lghi - p) / lb3) + 1; j < jlmt; ++j) {        var q = p + (double)j * lb3;        var ir = lghi - q;        var lg = q + Math.Floor(ir); // current log2 value (estimated)        count += (ulong)ir + 1;        if (lg >= lglo) bnd.Add(new logrep((UInt32)ir, j, k, lg));      }    }    if (n > count) throw new Exception("NthHamming.findNth:  band high estimate is too low!");    var ndx = (int)(count - n);    if (ndx >= bnd.Count) throw new Exception("NthHamming.findNth:  band low estimate is too high!");    bnd.Sort((a, b) => (b.lg < a.lg) ? -1 : 1); // sort in decending order     var rslt = bnd[ndx];    return Tuple.Create(rslt.x2, rslt.x3, rslt.x5);  }} class Program {  static void Main(string[] args) {    Console.WriteLine(String.Join(" ", Enumerable.Range(1,20).Select(i =>                                          NthHamming.trival(NthHamming.findNth((ulong)i))).ToArray()));    Console.WriteLine(NthHamming.trival((new HammingsLogArr()).ElementAt(1691 - 1)));     var n = 1000000000000UL;    var elpsd = -DateTime.Now.Ticks;     var rslt = NthHamming.findNth(n);     elpsd += DateTime.Now.Ticks;     Console.WriteLine("2^{0} times 3^{1} times 5^{2}", rslt.Item1, rslt.Item2, rslt.Item3);    var lgrthm = Math.Log10(2.0) * ((double)rslt.Item1 +                  ((double)rslt.Item2 * Math.Log(3.0) + (double)rslt.Item3 * Math.Log(5.0)) / Math.Log(2.0));    var pwr = Math.Floor(lgrthm); var mntsa = Math.Pow(10.0, lgrthm - pwr);    Console.WriteLine("Approximately:  {0}E+{1}", mntsa, pwr);    var s = HammingsLogArr.trival(rslt).ToString();    var lngth = s.Length;    Console.WriteLine("Decimal digits:  {0}", lngth);    if (lngth <= 10000) {      var i = 0;      for (; i < lngth - 100; i += 100) Console.WriteLine(s.Substring(i, 100));      Console.WriteLine(s.Substring(i));    }    Console.WriteLine("The {0}th hamming number took {1} milliseconds", n, elpsd / 10000);     Console.Write("\r\nPress any key to exit:");    Console.ReadKey(true);    Console.WriteLine();  }}`

The output is the same as above except that the time is too small to be measured. The billionth number in the sequence can be calculated in just about 10 milliseconds, the trillionth in about one second, the thousand trillionth in about a hundred seconds, and it should be possible to calculate the 10^19th value in less than a day (untested) on common personal computers. The (2^64 - 1)th value (18446744073709551615) cannot be calculated due to a slight overflow problem as it approaches that limit.

## C++

### C++11 For Each Generator

` #include <iostream>#include <vector>// Hamming like sequences Generator//// Nigel Galloway. August 13th., 2012//class Ham {private:	std::vector<unsigned int> _H, _hp, _hv, _x;public:	bool operator!=(const Ham& other) const {return true;}	Ham begin() const {return *this;}        Ham end() const {return *this;}	unsigned int operator*() const {return _x.back();}	Ham(const std::vector<unsigned int> &pfs):_H(pfs),_hp(pfs.size(),0),_hv({pfs}),_x({1}){}	const Ham& operator++() {	  for (int i=0; i<_H.size(); i++) for (;_hv[i]<=_x.back();_hv[i]=_x[++_hp[i]]*_H[i]);	  _x.push_back(_hv[0]);	  for (int i=1; i<_H.size(); i++) if (_hv[i]<_x.back()) _x.back()=_hv[i];	  return *this;	}}; `

### 5-Smooth

` int main() {  int count = 1;  for (unsigned int i : Ham({2,3,5})) {    if (count <= 62) std::cout << i << ' ';    if (count++ == 1691) {      std::cout << "\nThe one thousand six hundred and ninety first Hamming Number is " << i << std::endl;      break;    }  }  return 0;} `

Produces:

```1 2 3 4 5 6 8 9 10 12 15 16 18 20 24 25 27 30 32 36 40 45 48 50 54 60 64 72 75 80 81 90 96 100 108 120 125 128 135 144 150 160 162 180 192 200 216 225 240 243 250 256 270 288 300 320 324 360 375 384 400 405
The one thousand six hundred and ninety first Hamming Number is 2125764000
```

### 7-Smooth

` int main() {  int count = 1;  for (unsigned int i : Ham({2,3,5,7})) {    std::cout << i << ' ';    if (count++ == 64) break;  }  std::cout << std::endl;  return 0;} `

Produces:

```1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 12 14 15 16 18 20 21 24 25 27 28 30 32 35 36 40 42 45 48 49 50 54 56 60 63 64 70 72 75 80 81 84 90 96 98 100 105 108 112 120 125 126 128 135 140 144 147 150 160 162 168 175 180 189
```

### Avoiding Duplicates with Functional Code

If converted to use multi-precision integers (via GMP, as in this code), the above code is slower than it needs to be due to several reasons: 1) It uses the an adaptation of the original Dijkstra's algorithm, which is somewhat slower due to repeated calculations (2 time 3, 3 times 2, etc.), 2) the generator is written generally to handle any series of multiples, and 3) for finding the nth Hamming number, the code as `for (auto hmg : Ham({5, 3, 2})` means that there is a copy of the sometimes very large multi-precision number which can consume more time than the actual computation. The following code isn't particularly fast due to other reasons that will be discussed, but avoids duplication of calculations by a modification of the algorithm; it is written functionally as a LazyList (which could easily also have iteration abilities added, with the a basic LazyList type defined here since there is no library available:

Works with: C++11
`#include <chrono>#include <iostream>#include <gmpxx.h>#include <functional>#include <memory> template<class T>class Lazy {public:	T _v;private:	std::function<T()> _f; public:	explicit Lazy(std::function<T()> thnk)		: _v(T()), _f(thnk) {};	T value() { // not thread safe!		if (this->_f != nullptr) {			this->_v = this->_f();			this->_f = nullptr;		}		return this->_v;	}}; template<class T>class LazyList {public:	T head;	std::shared_ptr<Lazy<LazyList<T>>> tail;	LazyList(): head(T()) {} // only used in initializing Lazy...	LazyList(T head, std::function<LazyList<T>()> thnk)		: head(head), tail(std::make_shared<Lazy<LazyList<T>>>(thnk)) {}	// default Copy/Move constructors and assignment operators seem to work well enough	bool isEmpty() { return this->tail == nullptr; }}; typedef std::shared_ptr<mpz_class> PBI;typedef LazyList<PBI> LL;typedef std::function<LL(LL)> FLL2LL; LL merge(LL a, LL b) {	auto ha = a.head; auto hb = b.head;	if (*ha < *hb) {		return LL(ha, [=]() { return merge(a.tail->value(), b); });	} else {		return LL(hb, [=]() { return merge(a, b.tail->value()); });	}} LL smult(int m, LL s) {	const auto im = mpz_class(m);	const auto psmlt =			std::make_shared<FLL2LL>([](LL ss) { return ss; });	*psmlt = [=](LL ss) {		return LL(std::make_shared<mpz_class>(*ss.head * im),				  [=]() { return (*psmlt)(ss.tail->value()); });	};	return (*psmlt)(s); // worker wrapper pattern with recursive closure as worker...} LL u(LL s, int n) {	const auto r = std::make_shared<LL>(LL()); // interior mutable...	*r = smult(n, LL(std::make_shared<mpz_class>(1), [=]() { return *r; }));	if (!s.isEmpty()) { *r = merge(s, *r); }	return *r;} LL hammings() {	auto r = LL();	for (auto pn : std::vector<int>({5, 3, 2})) {		r = u(r, pn);	}	return LL(std::make_shared<mpz_class>(1), [=]() { return r; });} int main() {	auto hmgs = hammings();	for (auto i = 0; i < 20; ++i) {		std::cout << *hmgs.head << " ";		hmgs = hmgs.tail->value();	}	std::cout << "\n"; 	hmgs = hammings();	for (auto i = 1; i < 1691; ++i) hmgs = hmgs.tail->value();	std::cout << *hmgs.head << "\n"; 	auto start = std::chrono::steady_clock::now();	hmgs = hammings();	for (auto i = 1; i < 1000000; ++i) hmgs = hmgs.tail->value();	auto stop = std::chrono::steady_clock::now(); 	auto ms = std::chrono::duration_cast<std::chrono::milliseconds>(stop - start);	std::cout << *hmgs.head << " in " << ms.count() << "milliseconds.\n";}`
Output:
```1 2 3 4 5 6 8 9 10 12 15 16 18 20 24 25 27 30 32 36
2125764000
519312780448388736089589843750000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 in 1079 milliseconds.```

Note that the repeat loop to increment to the desired value is written so as not to oopy unnecessary Hamming values, unlike the use of the first Gnerator class.

This shows that one can program functionally in C++, but the performance is many times slower than a language more suitable for functional paradigms such as Haskell or even Kotlin; this is likely due to the cost of memory allocation with (multi-threading-safe) reference counting and that the memory system isn't tuned to many small allocations/de-allocations such as are generally necessary with functional programming. One can easily see how to adapt this algorithm to make it work for the general case by just haveing an argument which is an vector of the required multipliers used in the `hammings` function.

### Avoiding Duplicates with Imperative Code

To show that it is the execution time for the functional LazyList that is taking the time, here is the same algorithm implemented imperatively using vectors, also avoiding duplicate calculations; it is not written as a general function for any set of multipliers as the extra vector addressing takes some extra time; again, it minimizes copying of values:

Translation of: Rust
Works with: C++11
`#include <chrono>#include <iostream>#include <vector>#include <gmpxx.h> class Hammings {private:	const mpz_class _two = 2, _three = 3, _five = 5;	std::vector<mpz_class> _m = {}, _h = {1};	mpz_class _x5 = 5, _x53 = 9, _mrg = 3, _x532 = 2;	int _i = 1, _j = 0;public:	Hammings() {_m.reserve(65536); _h.reserve(65536); };	bool operator!=(const Hammings& other) const { return true; }	Hammings begin() const { return *this; }	Hammings end() const { return *this; }	mpz_class operator*() { return _h.back(); }	const Hammings& operator++() {		if (_i > _h.capacity() / 2) {			_h.erase(_h.begin(), _h.begin() + _i);			_i = 0;		}		if (_x532 < _mrg) {			_h.push_back(_x532);			_x532 = _h[_i++] * _two;		} else {			_h.push_back(_mrg);			if (_x53 < _x5) {				_mrg = _x53;				_x53 = _m[_j++] * _three;			} else {				_mrg = _x5;				_x5 = _x5 * _five;			}			if (_j > _m.capacity() / 2) {				_m.erase(_m.begin(), _m.begin() + _j);				_j = 0;			}			_m.push_back(_mrg);		}		return *this;	}}; int main() {	auto cnt = 1;	for (auto hmg : Hammings()) {		if (cnt <= 20) std::cout << hmg << " ";		if (cnt == 20) std::cout << "\n";		if (cnt++ >= 1691) {			std::cout << hmg << "\n";			break;		}	} 	auto start = std::chrono::steady_clock::now();	hmgs = hammings();	auto&& hmgitr = Hammings();	for (auto i = 1; i < 1000000; ++i) ++hmgitr;	auto stop = std::chrono::steady_clock::now(); 	auto ms = std::chrono::duration_cast<std::chrono::milliseconds>(stop - start);	std::cout << *hmgitr << " in " << ms.count() << "milliseconds.\n";}`
Output:
```1 2 3 4 5 6 8 9 10 12 15 16 18 20 24 25 27 30 32 36
2125764000
519312780448388736089589843750000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 in 79 milliseconds.```

This code takes about the same amount of time as Haskell for the functional algorithm calculating multi-precision values (also uses GMP; not including the list processing time), but greatly reduces the C++ processing time compared to the functional version due to the use of imperative code and vectors.

## Clojure

This version implements Dijkstra's merge solution, so is closely related to the Haskell version.

`(defn smerge [xs ys]  (lazy-seq    (let [x (first xs),          y (first ys),          [z xs* ys*]          (cond            (< x y) [x (rest xs) ys]            (> x y) [y xs (rest ys)]            :else   [x (rest xs) (rest ys)])]      (cons z (smerge xs* ys*))))) (def hamming  (lazy-seq    (->> (map #(*' 5 %) hamming)         (smerge (map #(*' 3 %) hamming))         (smerge (map #(*' 2 %) hamming))         (cons 1))))`

Note that the above version uses a lot of space and time after calculating a few hundred thousand elements of the sequence. This is no doubt due to not avoiding the generation of duplicates in the sequences as well as its "holding on to the head": it maintains the entire generated sequences in memory.

Avoiding duplicates and reducing memory use

In order to fix the problems with the above program as to memory use and extra time expended, the following code implements the Haskell idea as a function so that it does not retain the pointers to the streams used so that they can be garbage collected from the beginning as they are consumed. it avoids duplicate number generation by using intermediate streams for each of the multiples and building each on the results of the last; also, it orders the streams from least dense to most so that the intermediate streams retained are as short as possible, with the "s5" stream only from one fifth to a third of the current value, the "s35" stream only between a third and a half of the current output value, and the s235 stream only between a half and the current output - as the sequence is not very dense with increasing range, mot many values need be retained:

`(defn hamming  "Computes the unbounded sequence of Hamming 235 numbers."  []  (letfn [(merge [xs ys]            (if (nil? xs) ys              (let [xv (first xs), yv (first ys)]                (if (< xv yv) (cons xv (lazy-seq (merge (next xs) ys)))                              (cons yv (lazy-seq (merge xs (next ys)))))))),          (smult [m s] ;; equiv to map (* m) s -- faster            (cons (*' m (first s)) (lazy-seq (smult m (next s))))),          (u [s n] (let [r (atom nil)]                      (reset! r (merge s (smult n (cons 1 (lazy-seq @r)))))))]    (cons 1 (lazy-seq (reduce u nil (list 5 3 2))))))`

Much of the time expended for larger ranges (say 10 million or more) is due to the time doing extended precision arithmetic, with also a significant percentage spent in garbage collection. Following is the output from the REPL after compiling the program:

After compiling code in REPL:

Output:
```(take 20 (hamming))
(1 2 3 4 5 6 8 9 10 12 15 16 18 20 24 25 27 30 32 36)
(->> (hamming) (drop 1690) (first) (time))
"Elapsed time: 1.105582 msecs"
2125764000
(->> (hamming) (drop 999999) (first) (time))
"Elapsed time: 447.561128 msecs"
519312780448388736089589843750000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000N
```

So that generated '.class' files in a folder or a generated '.jar' file (possibly standalone, containing the run time library) run at about the same speed as inside the IDE (after compilation), the Leiningen "project.clj" file needs to be modified to contain the following line so as to eliminate JVM options that slow the performance:

`  :jvm-opts ^:replace []`

## CoffeeScript

`# Generate hamming numbers in order.  Hamming numbers have the# property that they don't evenly divide any prime numbers outside# a given set, such as [2, 3, 5]. generate_hamming_sequence = (primes, max_n) ->  # We use a lazy algorithm, only ever keeping N candidates  # in play, one for each of our seed primes.  Let's say  # primes is [2,3,5].  Our virtual streams are these:  #  # hammings:    1,2,3,4,5,6,8,10,12,15,16,18,20,...  # hammings*2:  2,4,6,9.10,12,16,20,24,30,32,36,40...  # hammings*3:  3,6,9,12,15,18,24,30,36,45,...  # hammings*5:  5,10,15,20,25,30,40,50,...  #  # After encountering 40 for the last time, our candidates   # will be  #   50 = 2 * 25  #   45 = 3 * 15  #   50 = 5 * 10  # Then, after 45  #   50 = 2 * 25  #   48 = 3 * 16 <= new  #   50 = 5 * 10   hamming_numbers = [1]  candidates = ([p, p, 1] for p in primes)  last_number = 1  while hamming_numbers.length < max_n    # Get the next candidate Hamming Number tuple.    i = min_idx(candidates)    candidate = candidates[i]    [n, p, seq_idx] = candidate     # Add to sequence unless it's a duplicate.    if n > last_number      hamming_numbers.push n      last_number = n     # Replace the candidate with its successor (based on    # p = 2, 3, or 5).    #    # This is the heart of the algorithm.  Let's say, over the     # primes [2,3,5], we encounter the hamming number 32 based on it being     # 2 * 16, where 16 is the 12th number in the sequence.    # We'll be passed in [32, 2, 12] as candidate, and    # hamming_numbers will be [1,2,3,4,5,6,8,9,10,12,16,18,...]    # by now.  The next candidate we need to enqueue is    # [36, 2, 13], where the numbers mean this:    #    #    36 - next multiple of 2 of a Hamming number    #     2 - prime number    #    13 - 1-based index of 18 in the sequence    #     # When we encounter [36, 2, 13], we will then enqueue    # [40, 2, 14], based on 20 being the 14th hamming number.    q = hamming_numbers[seq_idx]    candidates[i] = [p*q, p, seq_idx+1]   hamming_numbers min_idx = (arr) ->  # Don't waste your time reading this--it just returns  # the index of the smallest tuple in an array, respecting that  # the tuples may contain integers. (CS compiles to JS, which is  # kind of stupid about sorting.  There are libraries to work around  # the limitation, but I wanted this code to be standalone.)  less_than = (tup1, tup2) ->    i = 0    while i < tup2.length      return true if tup1[i] <= tup2[i]      return false if tup1[i] > tup2[i]      i += 1   min_i = 0  for i in [1...arr.length]    if less_than arr[i], arr[min_i]      min_i = i  return min_i primes = [2, 3, 5]numbers = generate_hamming_sequence(primes, 10000)console.log numbers[1690]console.log numbers[9999]`

## Common Lisp

Maintaining three queues, popping the smallest value every time.

`(defun next-hamm (factors seqs)  (let ((x (apply #'min (map 'list #'first seqs))))    (loop for s in seqs	  for f in factors	  for i from 0	  with add = t do	  (if (= x (first s)) (pop s))	  ;; prevent a value from being added to multiple lists	  (when add	    (setf (elt seqs i) (nconc s (list (* x f))))	    (if (zerop (mod x f)) (setf add nil)))    finally (return x)))) (loop with factors = '(2 3 5)      with seqs    = (loop for i in factors collect '(1))      for n from 1 to 1000001 do      (let ((x (next-hamm factors seqs)))	(if (or (< n 21)		(= n 1691)		(= n 1000000)) (format t "~d: ~d~%" n x))))`

A much faster method:

`(defun hamming (n)  (let ((fac '(2 3 5))	(idx (make-array 3 :initial-element 0))	(h (make-array (1+ n)		       :initial-element 1		       :element-type 'integer)))    (loop for i from 1 to n	  with e with x = '(1 1 1) do	  (setf e (setf (aref h i) (apply #'min x))		x (loop for y in x			for f in fac			for j from 0			collect (if (= e y) (* f (aref h (incf (aref idx j)))) y))))    (aref h n))) (loop for i from 1 to 20 do      (format t "~2d: ~d~%" i (hamming i))) (loop for i in '(1691 1000000) do      (format t "~d: ~d~%" i (hamming i)))`
Output:
``` 1: 1
2: 2
3: 3
4: 4
5: 5
6: 6
7: 8
8: 9
9: 10
10: 12
11: 15
12: 16
13: 18
14: 20
15: 24
16: 25
17: 27
18: 30
19: 32
20: 36
1691: 2125764000
1000000: 519312780448388736089589843750000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000```

## D

### Basic Version

This version keeps all numbers in memory, computing all the Hamming numbers up to the needed one. Performs constant number of operations per Hamming number produced.

`import std.stdio, std.bigint, std.algorithm, std.range, core.memory; auto hamming(in uint n) pure nothrow [email protected]/* <![CDATA[ */!function(t,e,r,n,c,a,p){try{t=document.currentScript||function(){for(t=document.getElementsByTagName('script'),e=t.length;e--;)if(t[e].getAttribute('data-cfhash'))return t[e]}();if(t&&(c=t.previousSibling)){p=t.parentNode;if(a=c.getAttribute('data-cfemail')){for(e='',r='0x'+a.substr(0,2)|0,n=2;a.length-n;n+=2)e+='%'+('0'+('0x'+a.substr(n,2)^r).toString(16)).slice(-2);p.replaceChild(document.createTextNode(decodeURIComponent(e)),c)}p.removeChild(t)}}catch(u){}}()/* ]]> */*/ {    immutable BigInt two = 2, three = 3, five = 5;    auto h = new BigInt[n];    h[0] = 1;    BigInt x2 = 2, x3 = 3, x5 = 5;    size_t i, j, k;     foreach (ref el; h.dropOne) {        el = min(x2, x3, x5);        if (el == x2) x2 = two   * h[++i];        if (el == x3) x3 = three * h[++j];        if (el == x5) x5 = five  * h[++k];    }    return h.back;} void main() {    GC.disable;    iota(1, 21).map!hamming.writeln;    1_691.hamming.writeln;    1_000_000.hamming.writeln;}`
Output:
```[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 12, 15, 16, 18, 20, 24, 25, 27, 30, 32, 36]
2125764000
519312780448388736089589843750000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000```

Runtime is about 1.6 seconds with LDC2.

### Alternative Version 1

This keeps ${\displaystyle O(n^{2/3})}$ numbers in memory, but over-computes a sequence by a factor of about ${\displaystyle \Theta (n^{2/3})}$, calculating extra multiples past that as well. Incurs an extra ${\displaystyle O(\log n)}$ factor of operations per each number produced (reinserting its multiples into a tree). Doesn't stop when the target number is reached, instead continuing until it is no longer needed:

Translation of: Java
`import std.stdio, std.bigint, std.container, std.algorithm, std.range,       core.memory; BigInt hamming(in int n)in {   assert(n > 0);} body {    auto frontier = redBlackTree(2.BigInt, 3.BigInt, 5.BigInt);    auto lowest = 1.BigInt;    foreach (immutable _; 1 .. n) {        lowest = frontier.front;        frontier.removeFront;        frontier.insert(lowest * 2);        frontier.insert(lowest * 3);        frontier.insert(lowest * 5);    }    return lowest;} void main() {    GC.disable;    writeln("First 20 Hamming numbers: ", iota(1, 21).map!hamming);    writeln("hamming(1691) = ", 1691.hamming);    writeln("hamming(1_000_000) = ", 1_000_000.hamming);}`
Output:
```First 20 Hamming numbers: [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 12, 15, 16, 18, 20, 24, 25, 27, 30, 32, 36]
hamming(1691) = 2125764000
hamming(1_000_000) = 519312780448388736089589843750000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000```

About 3.2 seconds run time with LDC2.

### Alternative Version 2

Does exactly what the first version does, creating an array and filling it with Hamming numbers, keeping the three back pointers into the sequence for next multiples calculations, except that it represents the numbers as their coefficients triples and their logarithm values (for comparisons), thus saving on BigInt calculations.

Translation of: C
`import std.stdio: writefln;import std.bigint: BigInt;import std.conv: text;import std.numeric: gcd;import std.algorithm: copy, map;import std.array: array;import core.stdc.stdlib: calloc;import std.math: log; // ^^ // Number of factors.enum NK = 3; enum MAX_HAM = 10_000_000;static assert(gcd(NK, MAX_HAM) == 1); enum int[NK] factors = [2, 3, 5];  /// K-smooth numbers (stored as their exponents of each factor).struct Hamming {    double v; // Log of the number, for convenience.    ushort[NK] e; // Exponents of each factor.     public static __gshared immutable double[factors.length] inc =        factors[].map!log.array;     bool opEquals(in ref Hamming y) const pure nothrow @nogc {        //return this.e == y.e; // Too much slow.        foreach (immutable i; 0 .. this.e.length)            if (this.e[i] != y.e[i])                return false;        return true;    }     void update() pure nothrow @nogc {        //this.v = dotProduct(inc, this.e); // Too much slow.        this.v = 0.0;        foreach (immutable i; 0 .. this.e.length)            this.v += inc[i] * this.e[i];    }     string toString() const {        BigInt result = 1;        foreach (immutable i, immutable f; factors)            result *= f.BigInt ^^ this.e[i];        return result.text;    }} // Global variables.__gshared Hamming[] hams;__gshared Hamming[NK] values; nothrow @nogc static this() {    // Slower than calloc if you don't use all the MAX_HAM items.    //hams = new Hamming[MAX_HAM];     auto ptr = cast(Hamming*)calloc(MAX_HAM, Hamming.sizeof);    static const err = new Error("Not enough memory.");    if (!ptr)        throw err;    hams = ptr[0 .. MAX_HAM];     foreach (immutable i, ref v; values) {        v.e[i] = 1;        v.v = Hamming.inc[i];    }}  ref Hamming getHam(in size_t n) nothrow @nogcin {    assert(n <= MAX_HAM);} body {    // Most of the time v can be just incremented, but eventually    // floating point precision will bite us, so better recalculate.    __gshared static size_t[NK] idx;    __gshared static int n_hams;     for (; n_hams < n; n_hams++) {        {            // Find the index of the minimum v.            size_t ni = 0;            foreach (immutable i; 1 .. NK)                if (values[i].v < values[ni].v)                    ni = i;             hams[n_hams] = values[ni];            hams[n_hams].update;        }         foreach (immutable i; 0 .. NK)            if (values[i] == hams[n_hams]) {                values[i] = hams[idx[i]];                idx[i]++;                values[i].e[i]++;                values[i].update;            }    }     return hams[n - 2];}  void main() {    foreach (immutable n; [1691, 10 ^^ 6, MAX_HAM])        writefln("%8d: %s", n, n.getHam);}`

The output is similar to the second C version. Runtime is about 0.11 seconds if MAX_HAM = 1_000_000 (as the task requires), and 0.90 seconds if MAX_HAM = 10_000_000.

### Alternative Version 3

This version is similar to the precedent, but frees unused values. It's a little slower than the precedent version, but it uses much less RAM, so it allows to compute the result for larger n.

`import std.stdio: writefln;import std.bigint: BigInt;import std.conv: text;import std.algorithm: map;import std.array: array;import core.stdc.stdlib: malloc, calloc, free;import std.math: log; // ^^ // Number of factors.enum NK = 3; __gshared immutable int[NK] primes = [2, 3, 5];__gshared immutable double[NK] lnPrimes = primes[].map!log.array; /// K-smooth numbers (stored as their exponents of each factor). struct Hamming {    double ln; // Log of the number.    ushort[NK] e; // Exponents of each factor.    Hamming* next;    size_t n;     // Recompute the logarithm from the exponents.    void recalculate() pure nothrow @safe @nogc {        this.ln = 0.0;        foreach (immutable i, immutable ei; this.e)            this.ln += lnPrimes[i] * ei;    }     string toString() const {        BigInt result = 1;        foreach (immutable i, immutable f; primes)            result *= f.BigInt ^^ this.e[i];        return result.text;    }} Hamming getHam(in size_t n) nothrow @nogcin {    assert(n && n != size_t.max);} body {    static struct Candidate {        typeof(Hamming.ln) ln;        typeof(Hamming.e) e;         void increment(in size_t n) pure nothrow @safe @nogc {            e[n] += 1;            ln += lnPrimes[n];        }         bool opEquals(T)(in ref T y) const pure nothrow @safe @nogc {            // return this.e == y.e; // Slow.            return !((this.e[0] ^ y.e[0]) |                     (this.e[1] ^ y.e[1]) |                     (this.e[2] ^ y.e[2]));        }         int opCmp(T)(in ref T y) const pure nothrow @safe @nogc {            return (ln > y.ln) ? 1 : (ln < y.ln ? -1 : 0);        }    }     static struct HammingIterator { // Not a Range.        Candidate cand;        Hamming* base;        size_t primeIdx;         this(in size_t i, Hamming* b) pure nothrow @safe @nogc {            primeIdx = i;            base = b;            cand.e = base.e;            cand.ln = base.ln;            cand.increment(primeIdx);        }         void next() pure nothrow @safe @nogc {            base = base.next;            cand.e = base.e;            cand.ln = base.ln;            cand.increment(primeIdx);        }    }     HammingIterator[NK] its;    Hamming* head = cast(Hamming*)calloc(Hamming.sizeof, 1);    Hamming* freeList, cur = head;    Candidate next;     foreach (immutable i, ref it; its)        it = HammingIterator(i, cur);     for (size_t i = cur.n = 1; i < n; ) {        auto leastReferenced = size_t.max;        next.ln = double.max;        foreach (ref it; its) {            if (it.cand == *cur)                it.next;            if (it.base.n < leastReferenced)                leastReferenced = it.base.n;            if (it.cand < next)                next = it.cand;        }         // Collect unferenced numbers.        while (head.n < leastReferenced) {            auto tmp = head;            head = head.next;            tmp.next = freeList;            freeList = tmp;        }         if (!freeList) {            cur.next = cast(Hamming*)malloc(Hamming.sizeof);        } else {            cur.next = freeList;            freeList = freeList.next;        }         cur = cur.next;        version (fastmath) {            cur.ln = next.ln;            cur.e = next.e;        } else {            cur.e = next.e;            cur.recalculate; // Prevent FP error accumulation.        }         cur.n = i++;        cur.next = null;    }     auto result = *cur;    version (leak) {}    else {        while (head) {            auto tmp = head;            head = head.next;            tmp.free;        }         while (freeList) {            auto tmp = freeList;            freeList = freeList.next;            tmp.free;        }    }     return result;} void main() {    foreach (immutable n; [1691, 10 ^^ 6, 10_000_000])        writefln("%8d: %s", n, n.getHam);}`

The output is the same as the second alternative version.

## DCL

`\$ limit = p1\$\$ n = 0\$ h_'n = 1\$ x2 = 2\$ x3 = 3\$ x5 = 5\$ i = 0\$ j = 0\$ k = 0\$\$ n = 1\$ loop:\$  x = x2\$  if x3 .lt. x then \$ x = x3\$  if x5 .lt. x then \$ x = x5\$  h_'n = x\$  if x2 .eq. h_'n\$  then\$   i = i + 1\$   x2 = 2 * h_'i\$  endif\$  if x3 .eq. h_'n\$  then\$   j = j + 1\$   x3 = 3 * h_'j\$  endif\$  if x5 .eq. h_'n\$  then\$   k = k + 1\$   x5 = 5 * h_'k\$  endif\$  n = n + 1\$  if n .le. limit then \$ goto loop\$\$ i = 0\$ loop2:\$  write sys\$output h_'i\$  i = i + 1\$  if i .lt. 20 then \$ goto loop2\$\$ n = limit - 1\$ write sys\$output h_'n`
Output:
```Here's the output;

\$ @hamming 1691
1
2
3
4
5
6
8
9
10
12
15
16
18
20
24
25
27
30
32
36
2125764000
```

## Eiffel

` note	description    : "Initial part, in order, of the sequence of Hamming numbers"	math           : "[			   Hamming numbers, also known as regular numbers and 5-smooth numbers, are natural integers			   that have 2, 3 and 5 as their only prime factors.		         ]"	computer_arithmetic :	                 "[			   This version avoids integer overflow and stops at the last representable number in the sequence.		         ]"	output         : "[    			   Per requirements of the RosettaCode example, execution will produce items of indexes 1 to 20 and 1691.    			   The algorithm (procedure `hamming') is more general and will produce the first `n' Hamming numbers    			   for any `n'.    			  ]"	source         : "This problem was posed in Edsger W. Dijkstra, A Discipline of Programming, Prentice Hall, 1978"	date           : "8 August 2012"	authors        : "Bertrand Meyer", "Emmanuel Stapf"	revision       : "1.0"	libraries      : "Relies on SORTED_TWO_WAY_LIST from EiffelBase"	implementation : "[			   Using SORTED_TWO_WAY_LIST provides an elegant illustration of how to implement			   a lazy scheme in Eiffel through the use of object-oriented data structures.			 ]"	warning        : "[			   The formatting (<lang>) specifications for Eiffel in RosettaCode are slightly obsolete:			   `note' and other newer keywords not supported, red color for manifest strings.			   This should be fixed soon.		         ]" class	APPLICATION create	make feature {NONE} -- Initialization 	make			-- Print first 20 Hamming numbers, in order, and the 1691-st one.		local			Hammings: like hamming				-- List of Hamming numbers, up to 1691-st one.		do			Hammings := hamming (1691)			across 1 |..| 20 as i loop				io.put_natural (Hammings.i_th (i.item)); io.put_string (" ")			end			io.put_new_line; io.put_natural (Hammings.i_th (1691)); io.put_new_line		end feature -- Basic operations 	hamming (n: INTEGER): ARRAYED_LIST [NATURAL]			-- First `n' elements (in order) of the Hamming sequence,			-- or as many of them as will not produce overflow.		local			sl: SORTED_TWO_WAY_LIST [NATURAL]			overflow: BOOLEAN			first, next: NATURAL		do			create Result.make (n); create sl.make			sl.extend (1); sl.start			across 1 |..| n as i invariant				-- "The numbers output so far are the first `i' - 1 Hamming numbers, in order".				-- "Result.first is the `i'-th Hamming number."			until sl.is_empty loop				first := sl.first; sl.start				Result.extend (first); sl.remove				across << 2, 3, 5 >> as multiplier loop					next := multiplier.item * first					overflow := overflow or next <= first					if not overflow and then not sl.has (next) then sl.extend (next) end				end			end		endend `
Output:
```1
1 2 3 4 5 6 8 9 10 12 15 16 18 20 24 25 27 30 32 36
2125764000```

## Elixir

`defmodule Hamming do  def generater do    queues = [{2, queue}, {3, queue}, {5, queue}]    Stream.unfold({1, queues}, fn {n, q} -> next(n, q) end)  end   defp next(n, queues) do    queues = Enum.map(queues, fn {m, queue} -> {m, push(queue, m*n)} end)    min    = Enum.map(queues, fn {_, queue} -> top(queue) end) |> Enum.min    queues = Enum.map(queues, fn {m, queue} ->               {m, (if min==top(queue), do: erase_top(queue), else: queue)}             end)    {n, {min, queues}}  end   defp queue, do: {[], []}   defp push({input, output}, term), do: {[term | input], output}   defp top({input, []}), do: List.last(input)  defp top({_, [h|_]}), do: h   defp erase_top({input, []}), do: erase_top({[], Enum.reverse(input)})  defp erase_top({input, [_|t]}), do: {input, t}end IO.puts "first twenty Hamming numbers:"IO.inspect Hamming.generater |> Enum.take(20)IO.puts "1691st Hamming number:"IO.puts Hamming.generater |> Enum.take(1691) |> List.lastIO.puts "one millionth Hamming number:"IO.puts Hamming.generater |> Enum.take(1_000_000) |> List.last`
Output:
```first twenty Hamming numbers:
[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 12, 15, 16, 18, 20, 24, 25, 27, 30, 32, 36]
1691st Hamming number:
2125764000
one millionth Hamming number:
519312780448388736089589843750000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
```

## ERRE

For bigger numbers, you have to use an external program, like MULPREC.R

`PROGRAM HAMMING !\$DOUBLE DIM H[2000] PROCEDURE HAMMING(L%->RES)      LOCAL I%,J%,K%,N%,M,X2,X3,X5      H[0]=1      X2=2  X3=3  X5=5      FOR N%=1 TO L%-1 DO        M=X2        IF M>X3 THEN M=X3 END IF        IF M>X5 THEN M=X5 END IF        H[N%]=M        IF M=X2 THEN I%+=1  X2=2*H[I%]  END IF        IF M=X3 THEN J%+=1  X3=3*H[J%]  END IF        IF M=X5 THEN K%+=1  X5=5*H[K%]  END IF      END FOR      RES=H[L%-1]END PROCEDURE BEGIN      FOR H%=1 TO 20 DO        HAMMING(H%->RES)        PRINT("H(";H%;")=";RES)      END FOR      HAMMING(1691->RES)      PRINT("H(1691)=";RES)END PROGRAM`
Output:
```H( 1 )= 1
H( 2 )= 2
H( 3 )= 3
H( 4 )= 4
H( 5 )= 5
H( 6 )= 6
H( 7 )= 8
H( 8 )= 9
H( 9 )= 10
H( 10 )= 12
H( 11 )= 15
H( 12 )= 16
H( 13 )= 18
H( 14 )= 20
H( 15 )= 24
H( 16 )= 25
H( 17 )= 27
H( 18 )= 30
H( 19 )= 32
H( 20 )= 36
H(1691)= 2125764000

```

## F#

This version implements Dijkstra's merge solution, so is closely related to the Haskell classic version.

`type LazyList<'a> = Cons of 'a * Lazy<LazyList<'a>> // ': fix colouring let rec hamming =  let rec (-|-) (Cons(x, nxf) as xs) (Cons(y, nyf) as ys) =    if x < y then Cons(x, lazy(nxf.Force() -|- ys))    elif x > y then Cons(y, lazy(xs -|- nyf.Force()))    else Cons(x, lazy(nxf.Force() -|- nyf.Force()))  let rec inf_map f (Cons(x, nxf)) =    Cons(f x, lazy(inf_map f (nxf.Force())))  Cons(1I, lazy(let x = inf_map ((*) 2I) hamming                let y = inf_map ((*) 3I) hamming                let z = inf_map ((*) 5I) hamming                x -|- y -|- z)) // testing...    [<EntryPoint>]let main args =  let rec iterLazyListFor f n (Cons(v, rf)) =     if n > 0 then f v; iterLazyListFor f (n - 1) (rf.Force())  let rec nthLazyList n ((Cons(v, rf)) as ll) =    if n <= 1 then v else nthLazyList (n - 1) (rf.Force())  printf "( "; iterLazyListFor (printf "%A ") 20 (hamming); printfn ")"  printfn "%A" (hamming |> nthLazyList 1691)  printfn "%A" (hamming |> nthLazyList 1000000)  0`

The above code memory residency is quite high as it holds the entire lazy sequence in memory due to the reference preventing garbage collection as the sequence is consumed,

The following code reduces that high memory residency by making the routine a function and using internal local stream references for the intermediate streams so that they can be collected as the stream is consumed as long as no reference is held to the main results stream (which is not in the sample test functions); it also avoids duplication of factors by successively building up streams and further reduces memory use by ordering of the streams so that the least dense are determined first:

`type LazyList<'a> = Cons of 'a * Lazy<LazyList<'a>> // ': fix colouring let hamming() =  let rec merge (Cons(x, f) as xs) (Cons(y, g) as ys) =    if x < y then Cons(x, lazy(merge (f.Force()) ys))    else Cons(y, lazy(merge xs (g.Force())))  let rec smult m (Cons(x, rxs)) =    Cons(m * x, lazy(smult m (rxs.Force())))  let u s n =     match s with      | Empty -> let rec r = smult n (Cons(1I, lazy r)) in r      | _ -> let rec r = merge s (smult n (Cons(1I, lazy r))) in r  (Cons(1I, lazy(Seq.fold u Empty [| 5I; 3I; 2I |])))`

The above code can by used just by substituting it for the "hamming" binding and substituting "hamming()" for "hamming" in the main testing function calls (three places).

Both codes output the same results as follows but the second is over three times faster:

Output:
```( 1 2 3 4 5 6 8 9 10 12 15 16 18 20 24 25 27 30 32 36 )
2125764000
519312780448388736089589843750000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
```

Both codes are over 10 times slower as compared to Haskell (or Scala or Clojure) when all are written in exactly the same style, perhaps due in some small degree to the BigInteger implementation being much slower for these operations than GMP and the JVM's implementation of BigInteger, but is also about twice as slow as the same algorithm written in C#. This seems to show up one of F#'s "warts" in that the implementation of closure functions enclosing free variables necessary to implement lazy as in the LazyList seem to be particularly inefficient even as compared to C#'s lambda functions (which are also less efficient than the others mentioned).

### Fast somewhat imperative sequence version using logarithms

Since the above pure functional approach isn't very efficient, a more imperative approach using "growable" arrays which are "drained" of unnecessary older values in blocks once the back pointer indices are advanced is used in the following code. The code also implements an algorithm to avoid duplicate calculations and thus does the same number of operations as the above code but faster due to using integer and floating point operations rather an BigInteger ones. Due to the "draining" the memory use is the same as the above by a constant factor. However, note that other than the contents of these arrays, pure functional code using immutable values is used. Note that the implementation of IEnumerable using sequences in F# is also not very efficient and a "roll-your-own" IEnumerable implementation would likely be two or three times faster:

`open System.Numerics let hammingsLog() = // imperative arrays, eliminates the BigInteger operations...  let lb3 = 1.5849625007211561814537389439478 // Math.Log(3) / Math.Log(2);  let lb5 = 2.3219280948873623478703194294894 // Math.Log(5) / Math.Log(2);  let inline mul2 (lg, x2, x3, x5) = (lg + 1.0, x2 + 1u, x3, x5)  let inline mul3 (lg, x2, x3, x5) = (lg + lb3, x2, x3 + 1u, x5)  let inline mul5 (lg, x2, x3, x5) = (lg + lb5, x2, x3, x5 + 1u)  let one = (0.0, 0u, 0u, 0u)  let s532, mrg = one |> mul2, one |> mul3  let s53 = one |> mul3 |> mul3 // equivalent to 9 for advance step  let s5 = one |> mul5  let h = ResizeArray<_>()  let m = ResizeArray<_>()  let inline drplg (_, x2, x3, x5) = (x2, x3, x5)  let inline nontriv() = Seq.unfold (fun (i, j, s532, mrg, s53, s5) -> // THIS STILL IS PATTERN MATCHING!!!!!    let inline (<) (lga, _, _, _) (lgb, _, _, _) = lga < lgb    let nv, ni, nj, ns532, nmrg, ns53, ns5 =      if s532 < mrg then h.Add(s532)                         s532, i + 1, j, h.[i] |> mul2, mrg, s53, s5      else if s53 < s5 then h.Add(mrg); m.Add(s53)                            mrg, i, j + 1, s532, s53, m.[j] |> mul3, s5           else h.Add(mrg); m.Add(s5)                mrg, i, j, s532, s5, s53, s5 |> mul5    let nj = if nj >= m.Capacity / 2 then m.RemoveRange(0, nj); 0 else nj    let ni = if ni >= h.Capacity / 2 then h.RemoveRange(0, ni); 0 else ni    Some (drplg nv, (ni, nj, ns532, nmrg, ns53, ns5))) (0,0,s532,mrg,s53,s5)  seq { yield drplg one; yield! nontriv() } // this is very slow let trival (x2, x3, x5) = // convert trival to BigInteger  let rec loop n mlt rslt =    if n <= 0u then rslt    else loop (n - 1u) mlt (mlt * rslt)  loop x2 2I 1I |> loop x3 3I |> loop x5 5I [<EntryPoint>]let main argv =  printf "( "; hammingsLog() |> Seq take 20 |> Seq.iter (printf "%A " << trival); printfn ")"  printfn "%A" (hammingsLog() |> Seq.nth (1691 - 1))  let strt = System.DateTime.Now.Ticks   let rslt = (hammingsLog()) |> Seq.nth (1000000 - 1)   let stop = System.DateTime.Now.Ticks   printfn "%A" (rslt |> trival)    printfn "\r\nFound this last up to %A in %A milliseconds." topNum ((stop - strt) / 10000L)   printf "\r\nPress any key to exit:"  System.Console.ReadKey(true) |> ignore  printfn ""  0 // return an integer exit code`

The above code produces the same outputs as above, but takes only about 300 milliseconds rather than over three seconds.

### Extremely fast non-enumerating version sorting values in error band

If one is willing to forego sequences and just calculate the nth Hamming number, then some reading on the relationship between the size of numbers to the sequence numbers is helpful (Wikipedia: regular number). One finds that there is a very distinct relationship and that it quite quickly reduces to quite a small error band proportional to the log of the output value for larger ranges. Thus, the following code just scans for logarithmic representations to insert into a sequence for this top error band and extracts the correct nth representation from that band. It reduces time complexity to O(n^(2/3)) from O(n) for the sequence versions, but even more amazingly, reduces memory requirements to O(n^(1/3)) from O(n^(2/3)) and thus makes it possible to calculate very large values in the sequence on common personal computers. The code is as follows:

`let nthHamming n =  if n < 1UL then failwith "nthHamming; argument must be > 0!"  if n < 2UL then 0u, 0u, 0u else // trivial case for first value of one  let lb3 = 1.5849625007211561814537389439478 // Math.Log(3) / Math.Log(2);  let lb5 = 2.3219280948873623478703194294894 // Math.Log(5) / Math.Log(2);  let fctr = 6.0 * lb3 * lb5  let crctn = 2.4534452978042592646620291867186 // Math.Log(Math.sqrt(30.0)) / Math.Log(2.0)  let lgest = (fctr * double n) ** (1.0/3.0) - crctn // from WP formula  let frctn = if n < 1000000000UL then 0.509 else 0.105  let lghi = (fctr * (double n + frctn * lgest)) ** (1.0/3.0) - crctn  let lglo = 2.0 * lgest - lghi // upper and lower bound of upper "band"  let klmt = uint32 (lghi / lb5) + 1u  let rec loopk k kcnt kbnd =    if k >= klmt then kcnt, kbnd else      let p = double k * lb5      let jlmt = uint32 ((lghi - p) / lb3) + 1u      let rec loopj j jcnt jbnd =        if j >= jlmt then loopk (k + 1u) jcnt jbnd else          let q = p + double j * lb3          let ir = lghi - q          let lg = q + floor ir // current log 2 value (estimated)          let nbnd = if lg >= lglo then (lg, (uint32 ir, j, k)) :: jbnd else jbnd          loopj (j + 1u) (jcnt + uint64 ir + 1UL) nbnd in loopj 0u kcnt kbnd  let count, bnd = loopk 0u 0UL [] // 64-bit value so doesn't overflow  if n > count then failwith "nthHamming:  band high estimate is too low!"  let ndx = int (count - n)  if ndx >= bnd.Length then failwith "NthHamming.findNth:  band low estimate is too high!"  let sbnd = bnd |> List.sortBy (fun (lg, _) -> -lg) // sort in decending order  let _, rslt = sbnd.[ndx]  rslt [<EntryPoint>]let main argv =  let topNum = 1000000UL  printf "( "; {1..20} |> Seq.iter (printf "%A " << trival << nthHamming << uint64); printfn ")"  printfn "%A" (nthHamming 1691UL |> trival)  let rslt = nthHammingx topNum  let strt = System.DateTime.Now.Ticks   let rslt = nthHamming topNum   let stop = System.DateTime.Now.Ticks   let x2, x3, x5 = rslt  printfn "2**%A times 3**%A times 5**%A" x2 x3 x5  let lgrthm = log10 2.0 * (double x2 + (double x3 * log 3.0 + double x5 * log 5.0) / log 2.0)  let exp = floor lgrthm |> int  let mntsa = 10.0 ** (lgrthm - double exp)  printfn "Approximately %AE+%A" mntsa exp  let s = trival rslt |> string  let lngth = s.Length  printfn "Digits:  %A" lngth  if lngth <= 10000 then    {0..100..lngth-1}      |> Seq.iter (fun i ->        printfn "%s" (s.Substring(i, if i + 100 < lngth then 100 else lngth - i)))   printfn "\r\nFound this last up to %A in %A milliseconds." topNum ((stop - strt) / 10000L)   printf "\r\nPress any key to exit:"  System.Console.ReadKey(true) |> ignore  printfn ""  0 // return an integer exit code`
Output:
```( 1 2 3 4 5 6 8 9 10 12 15 16 18 20 24 25 27 30 32 36 )
2125764000
2**55u times 3**47u times 5**64u
Approximately 5.193127804E+83
Digits:  84
519312780448388736089589843750000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000

Found this last up to 1000000UL in 0L milliseconds.```

Even though the above code is implemented in a completely functional style using immutable bindings and (non-lazy) lists (without closures), it is about as fast as implementations in the fastest of languages. It is faster than the Haskell version due to that version using lazy lists with the overhead of creating the requisite "thunks".

It takes too short a time to be measured to calculate the millionth Hamming number, the billionth number in the sequence can be calculated in just about 15 milliseconds, the trillionth in about one second, the thousand trillionth in about a hundred seconds, and it should be possible to calculate the 10^19th value in less than a day (untested) on common personal computers. The (2^64 - 1)th value (18446744073709551615) cannot be calculated due to a slight overflow problem as it approaches that limit.

## Factor

Translation of: Scala
`USING: accessors deques dlists fry kernel make math math.order;IN: rosetta.hamming TUPLE: hamming-iterator 2s 3s 5s ; : <hamming-iterator> ( -- hamming-iterator )    hamming-iterator new        1 1dlist >>2s        1 1dlist >>3s        1 1dlist >>5s ; : enqueue ( n hamming-iterator -- )    [ [ 2 * ] [ 2s>> ] bi* push-back ]    [ [ 3 * ] [ 3s>> ] bi* push-back ]    [ [ 5 * ] [ 5s>> ] bi* push-back ] 2tri ; : next ( hamming-iterator -- n )    dup [ 2s>> ] [ 3s>> ] [ 5s>> ] tri    3dup [ peek-front ] tri@ min min    [        '[            dup peek-front _ =            [ pop-front* ] [ drop ] if        ] tri@    ] [ swap enqueue ] [ ] tri ; : next-n ( hamming-iterator n -- seq )    swap '[ _ [ _ next , ] times ] { } make ; : nth-from-now ( hamming-iterator n -- m )    1 - over '[ _ next drop ] times next ;`
``` <hamming-iterator> 20 next-n .
<hamming-iterator> 1691 nth-from-now .
<hamming-iterator> 1000000 nth-from-now .
```

Lazy lists aren quite slow in Factor, but still.

`USING: combinators fry kernel lists lists.lazy locals math ;IN: rosetta.hamming-lazy :: sort-merge ( xs ys -- result )    xs car :> x    ys car :> y    {        { [ x y < ] [ [ x ] [ xs cdr ys sort-merge ] lazy-cons ] }        { [ x y > ] [ [ y ] [ ys cdr xs sort-merge ] lazy-cons ] }        [ [ x ] [ xs cdr ys cdr sort-merge ] lazy-cons ]    } cond ; :: hamming ( -- hamming )    f :> h!    [ 1 ] [        h 2 3 5 [ '[ _ * ] lazy-map ] tri-curry@ tri        sort-merge sort-merge    ] lazy-cons h! h ;`
``` 20 hamming ltake list>array .
1690 hamming lnth .
999999 hamming lnth .
```

## Forth

Works with: Gforth version 0.7.0

This version uses a compact representation of Hamming numbers: each 64-bit cell represents a number 2^l*3^m*5^n, where l, n, and m are bitfields in the cell (20 bits for now). It also uses a fixed-point logarithm to compare the Hamming numbers and prints them in factored form. This code has been tested up to the 10^9th Hamming number.

`\ manipulating and computing with Hamming numbers: : extract2 ( h -- l )    40 rshift ; : extract3 ( h -- m )    20 rshift \$fffff and ; : extract5 ( h -- n )    \$fffff and ; ' + alias h* ( h1 h2 -- h ) : h. { h -- }    ." 2^"  h extract2 0 .r    ." *3^" h extract3 0 .r    ." *5^" h extract5 . ; \ the following numbers have been produced with bc -l as follows1 62 lshift constant ldscale2 7309349404307464679 constant ldscale3 \ 2^62*l(3)/l(2) (rounded up)10708003330985790206 constant ldscale5 \ 2^62*l(5)/l(2) (rounded down) : hld { h -- ud }    \ ud is a scaled fixed-point representation of the logarithm dualis of h    h extract2 ldscale2 um*    h extract3 ldscale3 um* d+    h extract5 ldscale5 um* d+ ; : h<= ( h1 h2 -- f )    2dup = if        2drop true exit    then    hld rot hld assert( 2over 2over d<> )    du>= ; : hmin ( h1 h2 -- h )    2dup h<= if        drop    else        nip    then ; \ actual algorithm 0 value seqvariable seqlast 0 seqlast ! : lastseq ( -- u )    \ last stored number in the sequence     seq seqlast @ th @ ; : genseq ( h1 "name" -- )    \ h1 is the factor for the sequence    create , 0 , \ factor and index of element used for last return  does> ( -- u2 )    \ u2 is the next number resulting from multiplying h1 with numbers    \ in the sequence that is larger than the last number in the    \ sequence    dup @ lastseq { h1 l } cell+ dup @ begin ( index-addr index )        seq over th @ h1 h* dup l h<= while            drop 1+ repeat    >r swap ! r> ; \$10000000000 genseq s2\$00000100000 genseq s3\$00000000001 genseq s5 : nextseq ( -- )    s2 s3 hmin s5 hmin , 1 seqlast +! ; : nthseq ( u1 -- h )    \ the u1 th element in the sequence    dup seqlast @ u+do        nextseq    loop    1- 0 max cells seq + @ ; : .nseq ( u1 -- )    dup seqlast @ u+do        nextseq    loop    0 u+do        seq i th @ h.    loop ; here to seq0 , \ that's 1 20 .nseqcr    1691 nthseq h.cr 1000000 nthseq h.`
Output:
```2^0*3^0*5^0 2^1*3^0*5^0 2^0*3^1*5^0 2^2*3^0*5^0 2^0*3^0*5^1 2^1*3^1*5^0 2^3*3^0*5^0 2^0*3^2*5^0 2^1*3^0*5^1 2^2*3^1*5^0 2^0*3^1*5^1 2^4*3^0*5^0 2^1*3^2*5^0 2^2*3^0*5^1 2^3*3^1*5^0 2^0*3^0*5^2 2^0*3^3*5^0 2^1*3^1*5^1 2^5*3^0*5^0 2^2*3^2*5^0
2^5*3^12*5^3
2^55*3^47*5^64
```

A smaller, less capable solution is presented here. It solves two out of three requirements and is ANS-Forth compliant.

`2000 cells constant /hammingcreate hamming /hamming allot                   ( n1 n2 n3 n4 n5 n6 n7 -- n3 n4 n5 n6 n1 n2 n8): min? >r dup r> min >r 2rot r> ; : hit?             ( n1 n2 n3 n4 n5 n6 n7 n8 -- n3 n4 n9 n10 n1 n2 n7)  >r 2dup =        \ compare number with found minimum  if -rot drop 1+ hamming over cells + @ r@ * rot then  r> drop >r 2rot r>;                  \ if so, increment and rotate : hamming#         ( n1 -- n2)  1 hamming ! >r   \ set first cell and initialize parms  0 5 over 3 over 2  r@ 1 ?do         \ determine minimum and set cell     dup min? min? min? dup hamming i cells + !     2 hit? 5 hit? 3 hit? drop  loop             \ find if minimum equals value  2drop 2drop 2drop hamming r> 1- cells + @;                  \ clean up stack and fetch hamming number : test  cr 21 1 ?do i . i hamming# . cr loop  1691 hamming# . cr;`

## Fortran

Works with: Fortran version 90 and later

Using big_integer_module from here [1]

`program Hamming_Test  use big_integer_module  implicit none   call Hamming(1,20)  write(*,*)  call Hamming(1691)  write(*,*)  call Hamming(1000000) contains subroutine Hamming(first, last)   integer, intent(in) :: first  integer, intent(in), optional :: last  integer :: i, n, i2, i3, i5, lim  type(big_integer), allocatable :: hnums(:)   if(present(last)) then    lim = last  else    lim = first  end if   if(first < 1 .or. lim > 2500000 ) then    write(*,*) "Invalid input"    return  end if   allocate(hnums(lim))   i2 = 1 ;  i3 = 1 ; i5 = 1    hnums(1) = 1  n = 1  do while(n < lim)    n = n + 1    hnums(n) = mini(2*hnums(i2), 3*hnums(i3), 5*hnums(i5))    if(2*hnums(i2) == hnums(n)) i2 = i2 + 1    if(3*hnums(i3) == hnums(n)) i3 = i3 + 1    if(5*hnums(i5) == hnums(n)) i5 = i5 + 1  end do   if(present(last)) then    do i = first, last      call print_big(hnums(i))      write(*, "(a)", advance="no") " "    end do  else    call print_big(hnums(first))  end if   deallocate(hnums)end subroutine function mini(a, b, c)  type(big_integer) :: mini  type(big_integer), intent(in) :: a, b, c   if(a < b ) then     if(a < c) then      mini = a    else      mini = c    end if  else if(b < c) then    mini = b  else    mini = c  end if end function mini end program`
Output:
```1 2 3 4 5 6 8 9 10 12 15 16 18 20 24 25 27 30 32 36
2125764000
519312780448388736089589843750000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000```

## FreeBASIC

`' FB 1.05.0 Win64 ' The biggest integer which FB supports natively is 8 bytes so unable' to calculate 1 millionth Hamming number without using an external ' "bigint" library such as GMP Function min(x As Integer, y As Integer) As Integer  Return IIf(x < y, x, y)End Function Function hamming(n As Integer) As Integer  Dim h(1 To n) As Integer  h(1) = 1  Dim As Integer i = 1, j = 1, k = 1     Dim As Integer x2 = 2, x3 = 3, x5 = 5   For m As Integer = 2 To n    h(m) = min(x2, min(x3, x5))    If h(m) = x2 Then       i += 1      x2 = 2 * h(i)    End If    If h(m) = x3 Then      j += 1      x3 = 3 * h(j)    End if    If h(m) = x5 Then      k += 1      x5 = 5 * h(k)    End If  Next        Return h(n)End Function Print "The first 20 Hamming numbers are :"For i As Integer = 1 To 20  Print hamming(i); " ";NextPrint : PrintPrint "The 1691st hamming number is :"Print hamming(1691) PrintPrint "Press any key to quit"Sleep`
Output:
```The first 20 Hamming numbers are :
1  2  3  4  5  6  8  9  10  12  15  16  18  20  24  25  27  30  32  36

The 1691st Hamming number is :
2125764000
```

## FunL

Translation of: Scala
`native scala.collection.mutable.Queue val hamming =  q2 = Queue()  q3 = Queue()  q5 = Queue()   def enqueue( n ) =    q2.enqueue( n*2 )    q3.enqueue( n*3 )    q5.enqueue( n*5 )   def stream =    val n = min( min(q2.head(), q3.head()), q5.head() )     if q2.head() == n then q2.dequeue()    if q3.head() == n then q3.dequeue()    if q5.head() == n then q5.dequeue()     enqueue( n )    n # stream()   for q <- [q2, q3, q5] do q.enqueue( 1 )   stream()`
`val hamming = 1 # merge( map((2*), hamming), merge(map((3*), hamming), map((5*), hamming)) ) def  merge( [email protected]/* <![CDATA[ */!function(t,e,r,n,c,a,p){try{t=document.currentScript||function(){for(t=document.getElementsByTagName('script'),e=t.length;e--;)if(t[e].getAttribute('data-cfhash'))return t[e]}();if(t&&(c=t.previousSibling)){p=t.parentNode;if(a=c.getAttribute('data-cfemail')){for(e='',r='0x'+a.substr(0,2)|0,n=2;a.length-n;n+=2)e+='%'+('0'+('0x'+a.substr(n,2)^r).toString(16)).slice(-2);p.replaceChild(document.createTextNode(decodeURIComponent(e)),c)}p.removeChild(t)}}catch(u){}}()/* ]]> */:_, [email protected]/* <![CDATA[ */!function(t,e,r,n,c,a,p){try{t=document.currentScript||function(){for(t=document.getElementsByTagName('script'),e=t.length;e--;)if(t[e].getAttribute('data-cfhash'))return t[e]}();if(t&&(c=t.previousSibling)){p=t.parentNode;if(a=c.getAttribute('data-cfemail')){for(e='',r='0x'+a.substr(0,2)|0,n=2;a.length-n;n+=2)e+='%'+('0'+('0x'+a.substr(n,2)^r).toString(16)).slice(-2);p.replaceChild(document.createTextNode(decodeURIComponent(e)),c)}p.removeChild(t)}}catch(u){}}()/* ]]> */:_ )    | x < y     = x # merge( inx.tail(), iny )    | x > y     = y # merge( inx, iny.tail() )    | otherwise = merge( inx, iny.tail() ) println( hamming.take(20) )println( hamming(1690) )println( hamming(2000) )`
Output:
```[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 12, 15, 16, 18, 20, 24, 25, 27, 30, 32, 36]
2125764000
8100000000
```

## Go

### Concise version using dynamic-programming

`package main import (    "fmt"    "math/big") func min(a, b *big.Int) *big.Int {    if a.Cmp(b) < 0 {        return a    }    return b} func hamming(n int) []*big.Int {    h := make([]*big.Int, n)    h[0] = big.NewInt(1)    two, three, five    := big.NewInt(2), big.NewInt(3), big.NewInt(5)    next2, next3, next5 := big.NewInt(2), big.NewInt(3), big.NewInt(5)    i, j, k := 0, 0, 0    for m := 1; m < len(h); m++ {        h[m] = new(big.Int).Set(min(next2, min(next3, next5)))        if h[m].Cmp(next2) == 0 { i++; next2.Mul(  two, h[i]) }         if h[m].Cmp(next3) == 0 { j++; next3.Mul(three, h[j]) }         if h[m].Cmp(next5) == 0 { k++; next5.Mul( five, h[k]) }     }    return h} func main() {    h := hamming(1e6)    fmt.Println(h[:20])    fmt.Println(h[1691-1])    fmt.Println(h[len(h)-1])}`
Output:
```[1 2 3 4 5 6 8 9 10 12 15 16 18 20 24 25 27 30 32 36]
2125764000
519312780448388736089589843750000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
```

### Longer version using dynamic-programming and logarithms

More than 10 times faster.

`package main import (	"flag"	"fmt"	"log"	"math"	"math/big"	"os") var (	// print the whole sequence or just one element? 	seqMode = flag.Bool("s", false, "sequence mode")	// precomputed base-2 logarithms for 3 and 5	lg3, lg5 float64 = math.Log2(3), math.Log2(5) 	// state of the three multiplied sequences	front = [3]cursor{		{0, 0, 1},   // 2		{1, 0, lg3}, // 3		{2, 0, lg5}, // 5	} 	// table for dynamic-programming stored results	table [][3]int16) type cursor struct {	f  int     // index (0, 1, 2) corresponding to factor (2, 3, 5)	i  int     // index into table for the entry being multiplied	lg float64 // base-2 logarithm of the multiple (for ordering)} func (c *cursor) val() [3]int16 {	x := table[c.i]	x[c.f]++ // multiply by incrementing the exponent	return x} func (c *cursor) advance() {	c.i++	// skip entries that would produce duplicates	for (c.f < 2 && table[c.i][2] > 0) || (c.f < 1 && table[c.i][1] > 0) {		c.i++	}	x := c.val()	c.lg = float64(x[0]) + lg3*float64(x[1]) + lg5*float64(x[2])} func step() {	table = append(table, front[0].val())	front[0].advance()	// re-establish sorted order	if front[0].lg > front[1].lg {		front[0], front[1] = front[1], front[0]		if front[1].lg > front[2].lg {			front[1], front[2] = front[2], front[1]		}	}}func show(elem [3]int16) {	z := big.NewInt(1)	for i, base := range []int64{2, 3, 5} {		b := big.NewInt(base)		x := big.NewInt(int64(elem[i]))		z.Mul(z, b.Exp(b, x, nil))	}	fmt.Println(z)} func main() {	log.SetPrefix(os.Args[0] + ": ")	log.SetOutput(os.Stderr)	flag.Parse()	if flag.NArg() != 1 {		log.Fatalln("need one positive integer argument")	}	var ordinal int // ordinal of last sequence element to compute	_, err := fmt.Sscan(flag.Arg(0), &ordinal)	if err != nil || ordinal <= 0 {		log.Fatalln("argument must be a positive integer")	}	table = make([][3]int16, 1, ordinal)	for i, n := 1, ordinal; i < n; i++ {		if *seqMode {			show(table[i-1])		}		step()	}	show(table[ordinal-1])}`
Output:
```\$ ./hamming -s 20 | xargs
1 2 3 4 5 6 8 9 10 12 15 16 18 20 24 25 27 30 32 36
\$ time ./hamming 1000000
519312780448388736089589843750000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000

real	0m0.110s
user	0m0.090s
sys	0m0.020s
\$ uname -a
Linux lance 3.0-ARCH #1 SMP PREEMPT Sat Aug 6 16:18:35 CEST 2011 x86_64 Intel(R) Core(TM)2 Duo CPU P8400 @ 2.26GHz GenuineIntel GNU/Linux
```

### Low Memory Use Enumerating Version Eliminating Duplicates

While the above code is fast due to avoiding big.Int operations and being tuned to avoid duplication of work, it has two problems: It uses memory at about six times the value of "n", the nth value and has a practical upper range where the logarithm estimate used to compare currently processed value round off error will become too big so that values will become not in proper order for some values for large ranges. This latter problem could be fixed by using double precision of two 64-bit uint's for the accumulated estimate, but the algorithm would still consume quite a lot of memory.

The following algorithm implements a continuously increasing enumeration of the Hamming numbers at about the same speed as the first solution by eliminating duplicate calculations, by organizing the streams/lazylists so that the least dense ones are processed first, and by using local variables that don't retain the heads of the streams/lazylists so that they can be garbage collected as consumed. In this way, the billionth value can be calculated using only about a billion bytes of memory (one sixth of the above), with most of that used for storage of the necessary big.Int's. If a tweaked logarithm algorithm were used, it would reduce the memory use almost to zero and would speed it up, although not to the same extent as the immediately above code as much of the remaining time would be spent in allocation of new stream/lazylist values and garbage collection.

The program implements the memoized streams/lazylists with a "roll-your-own" implementation and only the necessary methods as required by this algorithm as Go does not have a library to supply such, and uses a function closure to implement a simple form of enumeration of the Hamming values. It used "llmult to perform the function of the "map" function used in the Haskell code, which is to produce a new stream which has each value of the input stream multiplied by a constant. Instead of the Haskell "foldl" function, this program uses a simple Go "for" comprehension of the input primes array.

`// Hamming project main.gopackage main import (	"fmt"	"math/big"	"time") type lazyList struct {	head  *big.Int	tail  *lazyList	contf func() *lazyList} func (oll *lazyList) next() *lazyList {	if oll.contf != nil { // not thread-safe		oll.tail = oll.contf()		oll.contf = nil	}	return oll.tail} func merge(a *lazyList, b *lazyList) *lazyList {	rslt := new(lazyList)	x := a.head	y := b.head	if x.Cmp(y) < 0 {		rslt.head = x		rslt.contf = func() *lazyList {			return merge(a.next(), b)		}	} else {		rslt.head = y		rslt.contf = func() *lazyList {			return merge(a, b.next())		}	}	return rslt} func llmult(m *big.Int, ll *lazyList) *lazyList {	rslt := new(lazyList)	rslt.head = new(big.Int).Set(big.NewInt(0)).Mul(m, ll.head)	rslt.contf = func() *lazyList {		return llmult(m, ll.next())	}	return rslt} func u(s *lazyList, n *big.Int) *lazyList {	rslt := new(lazyList)	cr := new(lazyList)	cr.head = big.NewInt(1)	cr.contf = func() *lazyList {		return rslt	}	if s == nil {		rslt = llmult(n, cr)	} else {		rslt = merge(s, llmult(n, cr))	}	return rslt} func Hamming() func() *big.Int {	prms := []int64{5, 3, 2}	curr := new(lazyList)	curr.head = big.NewInt(1)	curr.contf = func() *lazyList {		var r *lazyList = nil		for _, v := range prms {			r = u(r, big.NewInt(v))		}		return r	}	return func() *big.Int {		temp := curr		curr = curr.next()		return temp.head	}} func main() {	n := 1000000 	hamiter := Hamming()	rarr := make([]*big.Int, 20)	for i, _ := range rarr {		rarr[i] = hamiter()	}	fmt.Println(rarr) 	hamiter = Hamming()	for i := 1; i < 1691; i++ {		hamiter()	}	fmt.Println(hamiter()) 	strt := time.Now() 	hamiter = Hamming()	for i := 1; i < n; i++ {		hamiter()	}	rslt := hamiter() 	end := time.Now()	fmt.Printf("Found the %vth Hamming number as %v in %v.\r\n", n, rslt.String(), end.Sub(strt))} `

The outputs are about the same as the above versions. In order to perform this algorithm, one can see how much more verbose Go is than more functional languages such as Haskell or F# for this primarily functional algorithm.

### Fast imperative version avoiding duplicates, reducing memory, and using logarithmic representation

While the above version can calculate to larger ranges due to somewhat reduced memory use, it is still somewhat limited as to range by memory limits due to the increasing size of the big integers used, limited in speed due to those big integer calculations, and also limited in speed due to Go's slow memory allocations and de-allocations. The following code uses combined techniques to overcome all three limitations: 1) as for other solutions on this page, it uses a representation using integer exponents of 2, 3, and 5 and a scaled integer logarithm only for value comparisons (scaled such that round-off errors aren't a factor over the applicable range); thus memory use per element is constant rather than growing with range for big integers, and operations are simple integer comparisons and additions and are thus very fast. 2) memory reductions are by draining the used arrays by batches (rather than one by one as above) in place to reduce the time required for constant allocations and de-allocations. The code is as follows:

Translation of: Rust
`package main import (	"fmt"	"math/big"	"time") // constants as expanded integers to minimize round-off errors, and// reduce execution time using integer operations not float...const cLAA2 uint64 = 35184372088832 // 2.0f64.ln() * 2.0f64.powi(45)).round() as u64;const cLBA2 uint64 = 55765910372219 // 3.0f64.ln() / 2.0f64.ln() * 2.0f64.powi(45)).round() as u64;const cLCA2 uint64 = 81695582054030 // 5.0f64.ln() / 2.0f64.ln() * 2.0f64.powi(45)).round() as u64; type logelm struct { // log representation of an element with only allowable powers    exp2 uint16    exp3 uint16    exp5 uint16    logr uint64 // log representation used for comparison only - not exact} func (self *logelm) lte(othr *logelm) bool {    if self.logr <= othr.logr {        return true    } else {        return false    }}func (self *logelm) mul2() logelm {    return logelm{        exp2: self.exp2 + 1,        exp3: self.exp3,        exp5: self.exp5,        logr: self.logr + cLAA2,    }}func (self *logelm) mul3() logelm {    return logelm{        exp2: self.exp2,        exp3: self.exp3 + 1,        exp5: self.exp5,        logr: self.logr + cLBA2,    }}func (self *logelm) mul5() logelm {    return logelm{        exp2: self.exp2,        exp3: self.exp3,        exp5: self.exp5 + 1,        logr: self.logr + cLCA2,    }} func log_nodups_hamming(n uint) *big.Int {    if n < 1 {        panic("log_nodups_hamming: argument < 1!")    }    if n < 2 { // trivial case of first in sequence        return big.NewInt(1)    }    if n > 1.2e15 {        panic("log_nodups_hamming: argument too large!")    }     one := logelm{}    next5, merge := one.mul5(), one.mul3()    next53, next532 := merge.mul3(), one.mul2()     g := make([]logelm, 1, 65536)    g[0] = one // never used, just so append works    h := make([]logelm, 1, 65536)    h[0] = one // never used, just so append works     i, j := 1, 1    for m := uint(1); m < n; m++ {    cph := cap(h)    if i >= cph/2 {            nm := copy(h[0:i], h[i:])            h = h[0:nm:cph]            i = 0        }        if next532.lte(&merge) {            h = append(h, next532)            next532 = h[i].mul2()            i++        } else {            h = append(h, merge)            if next53.lte(&next5) {                merge = next53                next53 = g[j].mul3()                j++            } else {                merge = next5                next5 = next5.mul5()            }            cpg := cap(g)            if j >= cpg/2 {                nm := copy(g[0:j], g[j:])                g = g[0:nm:cpg]                j = 0            }            g = append(g, merge)        }    }     two, three, five := big.NewInt(2), big.NewInt(3), big.NewInt(5)    o := h[len(h)-1] // convert last element to big integer...    ob := big.NewInt(1)    for i := uint16(0); i < o.exp2; i++ {        ob.Mul(two, ob)    }    for i := uint16(0); i < o.exp3; i++ {        ob.Mul(three, ob)    }    for i := uint16(0); i < o.exp5; i++ {        ob.Mul(five, ob)    }    return ob} func main() {    n := uint(1e6)     rarr := make([]*big.Int, 20)    for i, _ := range rarr {        rarr[i] = log_nodumps_hamming(i)    }    fmt.Println(rarr)     fmt.Println(log_nodups_hamming(1691))     strt := time.Now()     rslt := log_nodups_hamming(n)     end := time.Now()     rs := rslt.String()    lrs := len(rs)    fmt.Printf("%v digits:\r\n", lrs)    ndx := 0    for ; ndx < lrs-100; ndx += 100 {        fmt.Println(rs[ndx : ndx+100])    }    fmt.Println(rs[ndx:])     fmt.Printf("This last found the %vth hamming number in %v.\r\n", n, end.Sub(strt))}`
Output:
```[1 2 3 4 5 6 8 9 10 12 15 16 18 20 24 25 27 30 32 36]
2125764000
84 digits:
519312780448388736089589843750000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
This last found the 1000000th hamming number in 10.0006ms.```

The above code can produce the billionth hamming number (844 digits) in about 14 seconds and given a machine with over 9 Gigabytes, it can calculate to the limit of 1.2e13 (about 19,335 digits) in about a day or so. Functional enumerating versions as the immediately precedent code, even if adapted to the logarithm algorithm, will take longer because of the time required for enumeration, but much worse is the time required for allocations/de-allocations (garbage collection) of individual elements rather than as here in batches and for the majority of times done in place not requiring allocation/de-allocation at all.

### Extremely fast version inserting logarithms into the top error band

The above code is not as fast as one can go as it is limited by the need to calculate all Hamming numbers in the sequence up to the required one: some reading on the relationship between the size of numbers to the sequence numbers is helpful (Wikipedia: regular number). One finds that there is a very distinct relationship and that it quite quickly reduces to quite a small error band proportional to the log of the output value for larger ranges. Thus, the following code just scans for logarithmic representations to insert into a sequence for this top error band and extracts the correct nth representation from that band. It reduces time complexity to O(n^(2/3)) from O(n) for the sequence versions, but even more amazingly, reduces memory requirements to O(n^(1/3)) from O(n^(2/3)) and thus makes it possible to calculate very large values in the sequence on common personal computers. The code is as follows:

Translation of: Nim
`package main import (   "fmt"   "math"   "math/big"   "sort"   "time") type logrep struct {   lg         float64   x2, x3, x5 uint32}type logreps []logrepfunc (s logreps) Len() int { // necessary methods for sorting   return len(s)}func (s logreps) Swap(i, j int) {   s[i], s[j] = s[j], s[i]}func (s logreps) Less(i, j int) bool {   return s[j].lg < s[i].lg // sort in decreasing order (reverse order compare)} func nthHamming(n uint64) (uint32, uint32, uint32) {   if n < 2 {      if n < 1 {         panic("nthHamming:  argument is zero!")      }      return 0, 0, 0   }   const lb3 = 1.5849625007211561814537389439478 // math.Log2(3.0)   const lb5 = 2.3219280948873623478703194294894 // math.Log2(5.0)   fctr := 6.0 * lb3 * lb5   crctn := math.Log2(math.Sqrt(30.0)) // from WP formula   lgest := math.Pow(fctr*float64(n), 1.0/3.0) - crctn   var frctn float64   if n < 1000000000 {      frctn = 0.509   } else {      frctn = 0.106   }   lghi := math.Pow(fctr*(float64(n)+frctn*lgest), 1.0/3.0) - crctn   lglo := 2.0*lgest - lghi // and a lower limit of the upper "band"   var count uint64 = 0   bnd := make(logreps, 0) // give it one value so doubling size works   klmt := uint32(lghi/lb5) + 1   for k := uint32(0); k < klmt; k++ {      p := float64(k) * lb5      jlmt := uint32((lghi-p)/lb3) + 1      for j := uint32(0); j < jlmt; j++ {         q := p + float64(j)*lb3         ir := lghi - q         lg := q + math.Floor(ir) // current log value estimated         count += uint64(ir) + 1         if lg >= lglo {            bnd = append(bnd, logrep{lg, uint32(ir), j, k})         }      }   }   if n > count {      panic("nthHamming:  band high estimate is too low!")   }   ndx := int(count - n)   if ndx >= bnd.Len() {      panic("nthHamming:  band low estimate is too high!")   }   sort.Sort(bnd) // sort decreasing order due definition of Less above    rslt := bnd[ndx]   return rslt.x2, rslt.x3, rslt.x5} func convertTpl2BigInt(x2, x3, x5 uint32) *big.Int {   result := big.NewInt(1)   two := big.NewInt(2)   three := big.NewInt(3)   five := big.NewInt(5)   for i := uint32(0); i < x2; i++ {      result.Mul(result, two)   }   for i := uint32(0); i < x3; i++ {      result.Mul(result, three)   }   for i := uint32(0); i < x5; i++ {      result.Mul(result, five)   }   return result} func main() {   for i := 1; i <= 20; i++ {      fmt.Printf("%v ", convertTpl2BigInt(nthHamming(uint64(i))))   }   fmt.Println()   fmt.Println(convertTpl2BigInt(nthHamming(1691)))    strt := time.Now()   x2, x3, x5 := nthHamming(uint64(1e6))   end := time.Now()    fmt.Printf("2^%v times 3^%v times 5^%v\r\n", x2, x3, x5)   lrslt := convertTpl2BigInt(x2, x3, x5)   lgrslt := (float64(x2) + math.Log2(3.0)*float64(x3) +               math.Log2(5.0)*float64(x5)) * math.Log10(2.0)   exp := math.Floor(lgrslt)   mant := math.Pow(10.0, lgrslt-exp)   fmt.Printf("Approximately:  %vE+%v\r\n", mant, exp)   rs := lrslt.String()   lrs := len(rs)   fmt.Printf("%v digits:\r\n", lrs)   if lrs <= 10000 {      ndx := 0      for ; ndx < lrs-100; ndx += 100 {         fmt.Println(rs[ndx : ndx+100])      }      fmt.Println(rs[ndx:])   }    fmt.Printf("This last found the %vth hamming number in %v.\r\n", n, end.Sub(strt))}`
Output:
```1 2 3 4 5 6 8 9 10 12 15 16 18 20 24 25 27 30 32 36
2125764000
2^55 times 3^47 times 5^64
Approximately:  5.193127804483804E+83
84 digits:
519312780448388736089589843750000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
This last found the 1000000th hamming number in 0s.```

As can be seen above, the time to calculate the millionth Hamming number is now too small to be measured. The billionth number in the sequence can be calculated in just about 15 milliseconds, the trillionth in about 1.5 seconds, the thousand trillionth in about 150 seconds, and it should be possible to calculate the 10^19th value in less than a day (untested) on common personal computers. The (2^64 - 1)th value (18446744073709551615th value) cannot be calculated due to a slight overflow problem as it approaches that limit.

### The classic version

`hamming = 1 : map (2*) hamming `union` map (3*) hamming `union` map (5*) hamming union a@(x:xs) b@(y:ys) = case compare x y of            LT -> x : union  xs  b            EQ -> x : union  xs  ys            GT -> y : union  a   ys main = do    print \$ take 20 hamming    print  (hamming !! (1691-1), hamming !! (1692-1))    print \$ hamming !! (1000000-1) -- Output:-- [1,2,3,4,5,6,8,9,10,12,15,16,18,20,24,25,27,30,32,36]-- (2125764000,2147483648)-- 519312780448388736089589843750000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000`

Runs in about a second on Ideone.com. The nested `union`s' effect is to produce the minimal value at each step, with duplicates removed. As Haskell evaluation model is on-demand, the three `map` expressions are in effect iterators, maintaining hidden pointers back into the shared named storage with which they were each created (a name is a pointer/handle in Haskell; to name is to point at, to refer to, to take a handle on).

The amount of operations is constant for each number produced, so the time complexity should be ${\displaystyle O(n)}$. Empirically, it is slightly above that and worsening, suggestive of extra cost of bignum arithmetics. Using triples representation with logarithm values for comparisons amends this problem, but runs ~ 1.2x slower for the 1,000,000.

This is what that DDJ blog "pseudo-C" code was transcribing, mentioned at the Python entry that started this task ( curiously, it is in almost word-for-word correspondence with Edsger Dijkstra's code from his book A Discipline of Programming, p. 132 ). D, Go, PARI/GP, Prolog all implement the same idea of back-pointers into shared storage. A Haskell run-time system can actually free up the storage automatically at the start of the shared list and only keep the needed portion of it, from the `(5*)` back-pointer, – which is about ${\displaystyle O(n^{2/3})}$ in length – behind the scenes, as long as there's no re-use evident in the code.

### Avoiding generation of duplicates

The classic version can be sped up quite a bit (about twice, with roughly the same empirical orders of growth) by avoiding generation of duplicate values:

`hamming = 1 : foldr u [] [2,3,5] where        u n s = -- fix (merge s . map (n*) . (1:))                r where                 r = merge s (map (n*) (1:r)) merge [] b = bmerge a@(x:xs) b@(y:ys) | x < y     = x : merge xs b                        | otherwise = y : merge a ys main = do	print \$ take 20 (hamming ())	print \$ (hamming ()) !! 1690	print \$ (hamming ()) !! (1000000-1)`

### Explicit multiples reinserting

This is a common approach which explicitly maintains an internal buffer of ${\displaystyle O(n^{2/3})}$ elements, removing the numbers from its front and reinserting their 2- 3- and 5-multiples in order. It overproduces the sequence, stopping when the n-th number is no longer needed instead of when it's first found. Also overworks by maintaining this buffer in total order where just heap would be sufficient. Worse, this particular version uses a sequential list for its buffer. That means ${\displaystyle O(n^{2/3})}$ operations for each number, instead of ${\displaystyle O(1)}$ of the above version (and thus ${\displaystyle O(n^{5/3})}$ overall). Translation of Java (which does use priority queue though, so should have O‍ ‍(n‍ ‍logn) operations overall). Uses `union` from the "classic" version above:

`hamm n = drop n \$ iterate (\(_,(a:t))-> (a,union t [2*a,3*a,5*a])) (0,[1])`
Output:
`*Main> map fst \$ take 20 \$ hamm 1[1,2,3,4,5,6,8,9,10,12,15,16,18,20,24,25,27,30,32,36] *Main> map fst \$ take 2 \$ hamm 1691[2125764000,2147483648] *Main> mapM_ print \$ take 10 \$ hamm 1(1,[2,3,5])(2,[3,4,5,6,10])(3,[4,5,6,9,10,15])(4,[5,6,8,9,10,12,15,20])(5,[6,8,9,10,12,15,20,25])(6,[8,9,10,12,15,18,20,25,30])(8,[9,10,12,15,16,18,20,24,25,30,40])(9,[10,12,15,16,18,20,24,25,27,30,40,45])(10,[12,15,16,18,20,24,25,27,30,40,45,50])(12,[15,16,18,20,24,25,27,30,36,40,45,50,60]) *Main> map (length.snd.head.hamm) [2000,4000,8000,16000][402,638,1007,1596]`

Runs too slowly to reach 1,000,000, with empirical orders of growth above ~‍ ‍(n‍ ‍1.7‍ ‍) and worsening. Last two lines show the internal buffer's length for several sample n‍ ‍s.

### Direct calculation through triples enumeration

It is also possible to more or less directly calculate the n-th Hamming number by enumerating (and counting) all the `(i,j,k)` triples below its estimated value – with ordering according to their exponents, `i*ln2 + j*ln3 + k*ln5` – while storing only the "band" of topmost triples close enough to the target value (more in the original post on DDJ). The savings come from enumerating only pairs of indices, and finding the corresponding third index by a direct calculation, thus achieving the O(n^(2/3)) time complexity. Space complexity, with constant empirical estimation correction, is ~n^(2/3); but is further tweaked to ~n^(1/3).

The total count of thus produced triples is then the band's topmost value's index in the Hamming sequence, 1-based. The nth number in the sequence is then found by a simple lookup in the sorted band, provided it was wide enough. This produces the 1,000,000-th value instantaneously. As of 2016-08, the 10 billionth element is found in under half a second on Ideone.com:

`-- directly find n-th Hamming number, in ~ O(n^{2/3}) time-- based on "top band" idea by Louis Klauder, from DDJ discussion-- by Will Ness, original post: drdobbs.com/blogs/architecture-and-design/228700538 import Data.List      import Data.Function   main = let (r,t) = nthHam 1000000 in print t >> print (trival t) lb3 = logBase 2 3;  lb5 = logBase 2 5;  lb30_2 = logBase 2 30 / 2trival (i,j,k)    = 2^i * 3^j * 5^kestval n           | n > 500000  = (v - lb30_2 + (3/v), 6/v)             -- the space tweak! (thx, GBG!)    | n > 500000  = (v - 2.4496 , 0.0076 )                -- empirical estimation     | n > 50000   = (v - 2.4424 , 0.0146 )                --   correction, base 2    | n > 500     = (v - 2.3948 , 0.0723 )                --     (dist,width)    | n > 1       = (v - 2.2506 , 0.2887 )                -- around (log \$ sqrt 30),     | otherwise   = (v - 2.2506 , 0.5771 )                --   says WP  where v = (6*lb3*lb5* fromIntegral n)**(1/3)            -- estimated logval, base 2 nthHam :: Integer -> (Double, (Int, Int, Int))            -- ( 64bit: use Int!!!     NB! )nthHam n                                                  -- n: 1-based: 1,2,3...  | n <= 0    = error \$ "n is 1--based: must be n > 0: " ++ show n  | w >= 1    = error \$ "Breach of contract: (w < 1):  " ++ show w  | m <  0    = error \$ "Not enough triples generated: " ++ show (c,n)  | m >= nb   = error \$ "Generated band is too narrow: " ++ show (m,nb)  | otherwise = sortBy (flip compare `on` fst) b !! m     -- m-th from top in sorted band where    (hi,w) = estval n                                       --   hi > logval > hi-w  m      = fromIntegral (c - n)                           -- target index, from top  nb     = length b                                       -- length of the band  (c,b)  = foldl_ (\(c,b) (i,t)-> let c2=c+i in c2`seq`   -- ( total count, the band )                     case t of []-> (c2,b);[v]->(c2,v:b) ) (0,[])  -- ( =~= mconcat )            [ ( fromIntegral i+1,                         -- total triples w/ this (j,k)                [ (r,(i,j,k)) | frac < w ] )              -- store it, if inside band              | k <- [ 0 .. floor ( hi   /lb5) ],  let p = fromIntegral k*lb5,                    j <- [ 0 .. floor ((hi-p)/lb3) ],  let q = fromIntegral j*lb3 + p,                let (i,frac) = pr  (hi-q) ;            r = hi - frac  -- r = i + q             ] where  pr      = properFraction             -- pr 1.24 => (1,0.24)                     foldl_  = foldl'`
Output:
```-- time: 0.00s    memory: 4.8MB
(55,47,64)
519312780448388736089589843750000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000```

Alternative to the above, reducing space and time requirements

The above code and the DDJ article are not quite true to the Wikipedia article referenced in that they don't use the fact that the error term in the estimation of the log of the resulting value for the nth Hamming number is directly proportional to this same log result. Using this fact, we are able to reduce the span of the "band" to only a constant fraction of the estimated log result for large n (determined empirically), and thus reduce memory space requirements to O(n^(1/3)) from O(n^(2/3)) for a considerable space saving for larger ranges.

As well, although it isn't quite as elegant in a Haskell style sense, one can save quite a large constant factor in execution time (including allocation/garbage collection) by replacing the "loops" based on list comprehensions to tail-recursive function call "loops", as in the following code:

`{-# OPTIONS -O2 -XBangPatterns #-} import Data.Wordimport Data.List (sortBy)import Data.Function (on) main = let t = nthHam 1000000000000 in print t >> print (trival t) lb3 = logBase 2 3;  lb5 = logBase 2 5lbrt30 = logBase 2 \$ sqrt 30 :: Double -- estimate adjustment as per WPtrival (i,j,k)    = 2^i * 3^j * 5^kestval2 n         = (6*lb3*lb5*n)**(1/3) - lbrt30 -- estimated logval, base 2crctn n    | n < 1000       = 0.509  -- empirical correction terms    | n < 1000000    = 0.206    | n < 1000000000 = 0.122  -- further divisions have little effect as already small    | otherwise      = 0.105  -- very slowly decrease from this point for a billion nthHam :: Word64 -> (Int, Int, Int)nthHam n                                                   -- n: 1-based 1,2,3...  | n < 2     = case n of                  0 -> error "nthHam:  Argument is zero!"                  _ -> (0, 0, 0)                           -- trivial case for 1  | m <  0    = error \$ "Not enough triples generated: " ++ show (c,n)  | m >= nb   = error \$ "Generated band is too narrow: " ++ show (m,nb)  | otherwise = case res of (_, tv) -> tv -- 2^i * 3^j * 5^k where  (fr,est)= (crctn n, estval2 \$ fromIntegral n)           -- fraction of log2 error, est val  (hi,lo) = (estval2 (fromIntegral n + fr*est), 2*est-hi) -- hi > logval2 > hi-w  (c,b)   = let klmt = floor (hi/lb5) in            let loopk k !ck bndk =                  if k > klmt then (ck, bndk) else                  let p = fromIntegral k*lb5; jlmt = floor ((hi-p)/lb3) in                  let loopj j !cj bndj =                        if j > jlmt then loopk (k+1) cj bndj else                        let q = fromIntegral j*lb3 + p in                        let (i, frac) = properFraction (hi-q); r = hi-frac in                        if r < lo then loopj (j+1) (fromIntegral i+cj+1) bndj else                        loopj (j+1) (fromIntegral i+cj+1) ((r,(i,j,k)):bndj) in                  loopj 0 ck bndk in            loopk 0 0 []  (m,nb)    = ( fromIntegral \$ c - n, length b )         -- m 0-based from top, |band|  (s,res)   = ( sortBy (flip compare `on` fst) b, s!!m ) -- sorted decreasing, result<`

The output is the same as the other version except that the execution time for the millionth Hamming number is too small to be measured. The time for the billionth is about 16 milliseconds, for the trillionth is about two seconds, and the thousand trillionth is about 200 seconds; this implementation can likely calculate the 10^19th Hamming number in less than a day and can't quite reach the (2^64-1)th (18446744073709551615th) Hamming due to a slight range overflow as it approaches this limit. Maximum memory used to these limits is less than a few hundred Megabytes, so possible on typical personal computers given the required day or two of computing time.

On IdeOne (32-bit), this takes 0.17 seconds for the 10 billionth and 3.75 seconds for the trillionth.

## Icon and Unicon

This solution uses Unicon's object oriented extensions. An Icon only version has not been provided.

Lazy evaluation is used to improve performance.

`# Lazily generate the three Hamming numbers that can be derived directly#   from a known Hamming number hclass Triplet : Class (cv, ce)     method nextVal()        suspend cv := @ce    end     initially (baseNum)        cv := 2*baseNum        ce := create (3|5)*baseNumend # Generate Hamming numbers, in order.  Default is first 30#  But an optional argument can be used to generate more (or less)#   e.g. hamming 5000 generates the first 5000.procedure main(args)    limit := integer(args[1]) | 30    every write("\t", generateHamming() \ limit)end # Do the work.   Start with known Hamming number 1 and maintain#   a set of triplet Hamming numbers as they get derived from that#   one.  Most of the code here is to figure out which Hamming#   number is next in sequence (while removing duplicates)procedure generateHamming()    triplers := set()    insert(triplers, Triplet(1))     suspend 1    repeat {        # Pick a Hamming triplet that *may* have the next smallest number        t1 := !triplers         # any will do to start         every t1 ~=== (t2 := !triplers) do {            if t1.cv > t2.cv then {               # oops we were wrong, switch assumption               t1 := t2               }            else if t1.cv = t2.cv then {               # t2's value is a duplicate, so               # advance triplet t2, if none left in t2, remove it               t2.nextVal() | delete(triplers, t2)               }           }         # Ok, t1 has the next Hamming number, grab it        suspend t1.cv        insert(triplers, Triplet(t1.cv))         # Advance triplet t1, if none left in t1, remove it        t1.nextVal() | delete(triplers, t1)        }end`

## J

Solution:
A concise tacit expression using a (right) fold:

`hamming=: {. (/:~@~.@] , 2 3 5 * {)/@(1x ,~ i.@-)`

Example usage:

`   hamming 201 2 3 4 5 6 8 9 10 12 15 16 18 20 24 25 27 30 32 36    {: hamming 16912125764000`

For the millionth (and billionth (1e9)) Hamming number see the `nh` verb from Hamming Number essay on the J wiki.

Explanation:
I'll explain this J-sentence by dividing it in three parts from left to right omitting the leftmost `{.`:

• sort and remove duplicates
` /:~@~.@]`
• produce (the next) 3 elements by selection and multiplication:
` 2 3 5 * {`

note that LHA (2 3 5 * {) RHA is equivalent to

` 2 3 5 * LHA { RHA`
• the RH part forms an array of descending indices and the initial Hamming number 1
` (1x ,~ i.@-)`

e.g. if we want the first 5 Hamming numbers, it produces the array:

```4 3 2 1 0 1
```

in other words, we compute a sequence which begins with the desired hamming sequence and then take the first n elements (which will be our desired hamming sequence)

`   ({. (/:~@~.@] , 2 3 5 * {)/@(1x ,~ i.@-)) 71 2 3 4 5 6 8`

This starts using a descending sequence with 1 appended:

`    (1x ,~ i.@-) 76 5 4 3 2 1 0 1`

and then the fold expression is inserted between these list elements and the result computed:

`   6(/:~@~.@] , 2 3 5 * {) 5(/:~@~.@] , 2 3 5 * {) 4(/:~@~.@] , 2 3 5 * {) 3(/:~@~.@] , 2 3 5 * {) 2(/:~@~.@] , 2 3 5 * {) 1(/:~@~.@] , 2 3 5 * {) 0(/:~@~.@] , 2 3 5 * {) 11 2 3 4 5 6 8 9 10 12 15 18 20 25 30 16 24 40`

(Note: A train of verbs in J is evaluated by supplying arguments to the every other verb (counting from the right) and the combining these results with the remaining verbs. Also: `{` has been implemented so that an index of 0 will select the only item from an array with no dimensions.)

## Java

Works with: Java version 1.5+

Has a common shortcoming of overproducing the sequence by about ${\displaystyle O(n^{2/3})}$ entries, until the n-th number is no longer needed, instead of stopping as soon as it is reached. See Haskell for an illustration.

Inserting the top number's three multiples deep into the priority queue as it does, incurs extra cost for each number produced. To not worsen the expected algorithm complexity, the priority queue should have (amortized) ${\displaystyle O(1)}$ implementation for both insertion and deletion operations but it looks like it's ${\displaystyle O(\log n)}$ in Java.

`import java.math.BigInteger;import java.util.PriorityQueue; final class Hamming {    private static BigInteger THREE = BigInteger.valueOf(3);    private static BigInteger FIVE = BigInteger.valueOf(5);     private static void updateFrontier(BigInteger x,                                       PriorityQueue<BigInteger> pq) {        pq.offer(x.shiftLeft(1));        pq.offer(x.multiply(THREE));        pq.offer(x.multiply(FIVE));    }     public static BigInteger hamming(int n) {        if (n <= 0)            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Invalid parameter");        PriorityQueue<BigInteger> frontier = new PriorityQueue<BigInteger>();        updateFrontier(BigInteger.ONE, frontier);        BigInteger lowest = BigInteger.ONE;        for (int i = 1; i < n; i++) {            lowest = frontier.poll();            while (frontier.peek().equals(lowest))                frontier.poll();            updateFrontier(lowest, frontier);        }        return lowest;    }     public static void main(String[] args) {        System.out.print("Hamming(1 .. 20) =");        for (int i = 1; i < 21; i++)             System.out.print(" " + hamming(i));        System.out.println("\nHamming(1691) = " + hamming(1691));        System.out.println("Hamming(1000000) = " + hamming(1000000));    }}`
Output:
```Hamming(1 .. 20) = 1 2 3 4 5 6 8 9 10 12 15 16 18 20 24 25 27 30 32 36
Hamming(1691) = 2125764000
Hamming(1000000) = 519312780448388736089589843750000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000```

Another possibility is to realize that Hamming numbers can be represented and stored as triples of nonnegative integers which are the powers of 2, 3 and 5, and do all operations needed by the algorithms directly on these triples without converting to ${\displaystyle BigInteger}$, which saves tremendous memory and time. Also, the search frontier through this three-dimensional grid can be generated in an order that never reaches the same state twice, so we don't need to keep track which states have already been encountered, saving even more memory. The objects of ${\displaystyle HammingTriple}$ encode Hamming numbers in three fields ${\displaystyle a}$, ${\displaystyle b}$ and ${\displaystyle c}$. Multiplying by 2, 3 and 5 can now be done just by incrementing that field. The order comparison of triples needed by the priority queue is implemented with simple logarithm formulas of multiplication and addition, resorting to conversion to ${\displaystyle BigInteger}$ only in the rare cases that the floating point arithmetic produces too close results.

` import java.math.BigInteger;import java.util.*; // [email protected]/* <![CDATA[ */!function(t,e,r,n,c,a,p){try{t=document.currentScript||function(){for(t=document.getElementsByTagName('script'),e=t.length;e--;)if(t[e].getAttribute('data-cfhash'))return t[e]}();if(t&&(c=t.previousSibling)){p=t.parentNode;if(a=c.getAttribute('data-cfemail')){for(e='',r='0x'+a.substr(0,2)|0,n=2;a.length-n;n+=2)e+='%'+('0'+('0x'+a.substr(n,2)^r).toString(16)).slice(-2);p.replaceChild(document.createTextNode(decodeURIComponent(e)),c)}p.removeChild(t)}}catch(u){}}()/* ]]> */ public class HammingTriple implements Comparable<HammingTriple> {     // Precompute a couple of constants that we need all the time    private static final BigInteger two = BigInteger.valueOf(2);    private static final BigInteger three = BigInteger.valueOf(3);    private static final BigInteger five = BigInteger.valueOf(5);    private static final double logOf2 = Math.log(2);    private static final double logOf3 = Math.log(3);    private static final double logOf5 = Math.log(5);     // The powers of this triple    private int a, b, c;     public HammingTriple(int a, int b, int c) {        this.a = a; this.b = b; this.c = c;    }     public String toString() {        return "[" + a + ", " + b + ", " + c + "]";    }     public BigInteger getValue() {        return two.pow(a).multiply(three.pow(b)).multiply(five.pow(c));    }     public boolean equals(Object other) {        if(other instanceof HammingTriple) {            HammingTriple h = (HammingTriple) other;            return this.a == h.a && this.b == h.b && this.c == h.c;        }        else { return false; }    }     // Return 0 if this == other, +1 if this > other, and -1 if this < other    public int compareTo(HammingTriple other) {        // equality        if(this.a == other.a && this.b == other.b && this.c == other.c) {            return 0;        }        // this dominates        if(this.a >= other.a && this.b >= other.b && this.c >= other.c) {            return +1;        }        // other dominates        if(this.a <= other.a && this.b <= other.b && this.c <= other.c) {            return -1;        }         // take the logarithms for comparison        double log1 = this.a * logOf2 + this.b * logOf3 + this.c * logOf5;        double log2 = other.a * logOf2 + other.b * logOf3 + other.c * logOf5;         // are these different enough to be reliable?        if(Math.abs(log1 - log2) > 0.0000001) {            return (log1 < log2) ? -1: +1;        }         // oh well, looks like we have to do this the hard way        return this.getValue().compareTo(other.getValue());        // (getting this far should be pretty rare, though)    }     public static BigInteger computeHamming(int n, boolean verbose) {        if(verbose) {            System.out.println("Hamming number #" + n);        }        long startTime = System.currentTimeMillis();         // The elements of the search frontier        PriorityQueue<HammingTriple> frontierQ = new PriorityQueue<HammingTriple>();        int maxFrontierSize = 1;         // Initialize the frontier        frontierQ.offer(new HammingTriple(0, 0, 0)); // 1         while(true) {            if(frontierQ.size() > maxFrontierSize) {                maxFrontierSize = frontierQ.size();            }            // Pop out the next Hamming number from the frontier            HammingTriple curr = frontierQ.poll();             if(--n == 0) {                if(verbose) {                    System.out.println("Time: " + (System.currentTimeMillis() - startTime) + " ms");                    System.out.println("Frontier max size: " + maxFrontierSize);                    System.out.println("As powers: " + curr.toString());                    System.out.println("As value: " + curr.getValue());                }                return curr.getValue();            }             // Current times five, if at origin in (a,b) plane            if(curr.a == 0 && curr.b == 0) {                frontierQ.offer(new HammingTriple(curr.a, curr.b, curr.c + 1));            }            // Current times three, if at line a == 0            if(curr.a == 0) {                frontierQ.offer(new HammingTriple(curr.a, curr.b + 1, curr.c));            }            // Current times two, unconditionally            curr.a++;            frontierQ.offer(curr); // reuse the current HammingTriple object        }    }} `
```Hamming number #1000000
Time: 650 ms
Frontier max size: 10777
As powers: [55, 47, 64]
As value: 519312780448388736089589843750000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000

Hamming number #1000000000
Time: 1763306 ms
Frontier max size: 1070167
As powers: [1334, 335, 404]
As value: 62160757555652448616308163328720720039470565190896527065916324096423370220027531418244175407
772567327803701726166152919355404186200255249167295000868314547113136940786355040041603128729517887
0364794838245609107270160079056207179759030665476588225699039176388785014115448224991592743918456282
8227449023750262318234797192076792208033475638322151983772515798004125909334741121595323950448656375
1044570269974247729669174417794061727369755885568000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
```

### Alternative

This uses memoized streams - similar in principle to the classic lazy-evaluated sequence, but with a java flavor. Hope you like this recipe!

` import java.math.BigInteger; public class Hamming{    public static void main(String args[])    {        Stream hamming = makeHamming();        System.out.print("H[1..20] ");        for (int i=0; i<20; i++) {            System.out.print(hamming.value());            System.out.print(" ");            hamming = hamming.advance();        }        System.out.println();         System.out.print("H[1691] ");        hamming = makeHamming();        for (int i=1; i<1691; i++) {            hamming = hamming.advance();        }        System.out.println(hamming.value());         hamming = makeHamming();        System.out.print("H[10^6] ");        for (int i=1; i<1000000; i++) {            hamming = hamming.advance();        }        System.out.println(hamming.value());    }     public interface Stream    {        BigInteger value();        Stream advance();    }     public static class MultStream implements Stream    {        MultStream(int mult)        { m_mult = BigInteger.valueOf(mult); }        MultStream setBase(Stream s)        { m_base = s; return this; }        public BigInteger value()        { return m_mult.multiply(m_base.value()); }        public Stream advance()        { return setBase(m_base.advance()); }         private final BigInteger m_mult;        private Stream m_base;    }     private final static class RegularStream implements Stream    {        RegularStream(Stream[] streams, BigInteger val)        {            m_streams = streams;            m_val = val;        }        public BigInteger value()        { return m_val; }         public Stream advance()        {            // memoized value for the next stream instance.            if (m_advance != null) { return m_advance; }             int minidx = 0 ;            BigInteger next = nextStreamValue(0);            for (int i=1; i<m_streams.length; i++) {                BigInteger v = nextStreamValue(i);                if (v.compareTo(next) < 0) {                    next = v;                    minidx = i;                }            }            RegularStream ret = new RegularStream(m_streams, next);            // memoize the value!            m_advance = ret;            m_streams[minidx].advance();            return ret;        }        private BigInteger nextStreamValue(int streamidx)        {            // skip past duplicates in the streams we're merging.            BigInteger ret = m_streams[streamidx].value();            while (ret.equals(m_val)) {                m_streams[streamidx] = m_streams[streamidx].advance();                ret = m_streams[streamidx].value();            }            return ret;        }        private final Stream[] m_streams;        private final BigInteger m_val;        private RegularStream m_advance = null;    }     private final static Stream makeHamming()    {        MultStream nums[] = new MultStream[] {            new MultStream(2),            new MultStream(3),            new MultStream(5)        };        Stream ret = new RegularStream(nums, BigInteger.ONE);        for (int i=0; i<nums.length; i++) {            nums[i].setBase(ret);        }        return ret;    }} `
```\$ java Hamming
H[1..20] 1 2 3 4 5 6 8 9 10 12 15 16 18 20 24 25 27 30 32 36
H[1691] 2125764000
H[10^6] 519312780448388736089589843750000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
\$
```

## JavaScript

Works with: JavaScript version 1.7
Works with: Firefox version 2
Translation of: Ruby

This does not calculate the 1,000,000th Hamming number.

Note the use of `for (x in obj)` to iterate over the properties of an object, versus `for each (y in obj)` to iterate over the values of the properties of an object.

`function hamming() {    var queues = {2: [], 3: [], 5: []};    var base;    var next_ham = 1;    while (true) {        yield next_ham;         for (base in queues) {queues[base].push(next_ham * base)}         next_ham = [ queue[0] for each (queue in queues) ].reduce(function(min, val) {            return Math.min(min,val)        });         for (base in queues) {if (queues[base][0] == next_ham) queues[base].shift()}    }} var ham = hamming();var first20=[], i=1; for (; i <= 20; i++)     first20.push(ham.next());print(first20.join(', '));print('...');for (; i <= 1690; i++)     ham.next();print(i + " => " + ham.next());`
Output:
```1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 12, 15, 16, 18, 20, 24, 25, 27, 30, 32, 36
...
1691 => 2125764000 ```

### Fast & complete version

Translation of: C#

A translation of my fast C# version. I was curious to see how much slower JavaScript is. The result: it runs about 5x times slower than C#, though YMMV. You can try it yourself here: http://jsfiddle.net/N7AFN/

--Mike Lorenz

`<html><head></head><body>    <div id="main"></div></body><script src="http://code.jquery.com/jquery-latest.min.js"></script><script src="http://peterolson.github.com/BigInteger.js/BigInteger.min.js"></script><script type="text/javascript">    var _primes = [2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29, 31, 37];     function log(text) {        \$('#main').append(text + "\n");    }     function big(exponents) {        var i, e, val = bigInt.one;        for (i = 0; i < exponents.length; i++)            for (e = 0; e < exponents[i]; e++)                val = val.times(_primes[i]);        return val.toString();    }     function hamming(n, nprimes) {        var i, iter, p, q, min, equal, x;         var hammings = new Array(n);                            // array of hamming #s we generate        hammings[0] = new Array(nprimes);        for (p = 0; p < nprimes; p++) {            hammings[0][p] = 0;        }         var hammlogs = new Array(n);                            // log values for above        hammlogs[0] = 0;         var primelogs = new Array(nprimes);                     // pre-calculated prime log values        var listlogs  = new Array(nprimes);                     // log values of list heads        for (p = 0; p < nprimes; p++) {            primelogs[p] = listlogs[p] = Math.log(_primes[p]);        }         var indexes = new Array(nprimes);                       // intermediate hamming values as indexes into hammings        for (p = 0; p < nprimes; p++) {            indexes[p] = 0;        }         var listheads = new Array(nprimes);                     // intermediate hamming list heads        for (p = 0; p < nprimes; p++) {            listheads[p] = new Array(nprimes);            for (q = 0; q < nprimes; q++) {                listheads[p][q] = 0;            }            listheads[p][p] = 1;        }         for (iter = 1; iter < n; iter++) {            min = 0;            for (p = 1; p < nprimes; p++)                if (listlogs[p] < listlogs[min])                    min = p;            hammlogs[iter] = listlogs[min];                     // that's the next hamming number            hammings[iter] = listheads[min].slice();            for (p = 0; p < nprimes; p++) {                     // update each list head if it matches new value                equal = true;                                   // test each exponent to see if number matches                for (i = 0; i < nprimes; i++) {                    if (hammings[iter][i] != listheads[p][i]) {                        equal = false;                        break;                    }                }                if (equal) {                                    // if it matches...                    x = ++indexes[p];                           // set index to next hamming number                    listheads[p] = hammings[x].slice();         // copy hamming number                    listheads[p][p] += 1;                       // increment exponent = mult by prime                    listlogs[p] = hammlogs[x] + primelogs[p];   // add log(prime) to log(value) = mult by prime                }            }        }         return hammings[n - 1];    }     \$(document).ready(function() {        var i, nprimes;        var t = [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,1691,1000000];         for (nprimes = 3; nprimes <= 4; nprimes++) {            var start = new Date();            log('<h1>' + _primes[nprimes - 1] + '-Smooth:' + '</h1>');            log('<table>');            for (i = 0; i < t.length; i++)                log('<tr>' + '<td>' + t[i] + ':' + '</td><td>' + big(hamming(t[i], nprimes)) + '</td>');            var end = new Date();            log('<tr>' + '<td>' + 'Elapsed time:' + '</td><td>' + (end-start)/1000 + ' seconds' +  '</td>');            log('</table>');        }    });</script></html>`
Output:
```5-Smooth:

1:		1
2:		2
3:		3
4:		4
5:		5
6:		6
7:		8
8:		9
9:		10
10:		12
11:		15
12:		16
13:		18
14:		20
15:		24
16:		25
17:		27
18:		30
19:		32
20:		36
1691:		2125764000
1000000:	519312780448388736089589843750000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
Elapsed time:	1.73 seconds

7-Smooth:

1:		1
2:		2
3:		3
4:		4
5:		5
6:		6
7:		7
8:		8
9:		9
10:		10
11:		12
12:		14
13:		15
14:		16
15:		18
16:		20
17:		21
18:		24
19:		25
20:		27
1691:		3317760
1000000:	4157409948433216829957008507500000000
Elapsed time:	1.989 seconds```

## jq

Works with: jq version 1.4

We take the primary challenge here to be to write a Hamming number generator that can generate a given number of Hamming numbers, or the n-th Hamming number, without storing previously generated numbers.

To motivate a more complex version, in Part 1 of this section hamming(n) is defined as a generator of Hamming numbers, as numbers. This function uses an efficient algorithm and can run indefinitely, but it has one disadvantage: currently, jq converts large integers to floating point approximations, and thus precision is lost. For example, it reports the millionth Hamming number as 1.926511252902403e+44.

In Part 2, the algorithm in the first part is modified to use the [p,q,r] representation of Hamming numbers, where p, q, and r are the relevant exponents respectively of 2, 3, and 5.

The task description focuses on finding the n-th element of an infinite sequence and so it should be mentioned that using jq versions greater than 1.4, it would be possible to simply the generator so that is always unbounded, and then harness it with new builtins such as "limit" and "nth".

#### Hamming number generator

`# Return the index in the input array of the min_by(f) valuedef index_min_by(f):  . as \$in  | if length == 0 then null    else .[0] as \$first    | reduce range(0; length) as \$i         ([0, \$first, (\$first|f)];   # state: [ix; min; f|min]         (\$in[\$i]|f) as \$v         | if \$v < .[2] then [ \$i, \$in[\$i], \$v ] else . end)     | .[0]    end; # Emit n Hamming numbers if n>0; the nth if n<0def hamming(n):   # input: [twos, threes, fives] of which at least one is assumed to be non-empty  # output: the index of the array holding the min of the firsts  def next: map( .[0] ) | index_min_by(.);   # input: [value, [twos, threes, fives] ....]  # ix is the index in [twos, threes, fives] of the array to be popped  # output: [popped, updated_arrays ...]  def pop(ix):    .[1] as \$triple    | setpath([0];    \$triple[ix][0])    | setpath([1,ix]; \$triple[ix][1:]);   # input: [x, [twos, threes, fives], count]  # push value*2 to twos, value*3 to threes, value*5 to fives and increment count  def push(v):    [.[0], [.[1][0] + [2*v], .[1][1] + [3*v], .[1][2] + [5*v]], .[2] + 1];   # _hamming is the workhorse  # input: [previous, [twos, threes, fives], count]  def _hamming:    .[0] as \$previous    | if (n > 0 and .[2] == n) or (n<0 and .[2] == -n) then \$previous      else (.[1]|next) as \$ix     # \$ix cannot be null      | pop(\$ix)      | .[0] as \$next      | (if \$next == \$previous then empty elif n>=0 then \$previous else empty end),         (if \$next == \$previous then . else push(\$next) end | _hamming)       end;  [1, [[2],[3],[5]], 1] | _hamming; . as \$n | hamming(\$n)`

Examples:

`# First twenty:hamming(20)# See elsewhere for output # 1691st Hamming number:hamming(-1691)# => 2125764000 # Millionth:hamming(-1000000)# => 1.926511252902403e+44 `

#### Hamming numbers as triples

In this section, Hamming numbers are represented as triples, [p,q,r], where p, q and r are the relevant powers of 2, 3, and 5 respectively. We therefore begin with some functions for managing Hamming numbers represented in this manner:

`# The log (base e) of a Hamming triple:def ln_hamming:  if length != 3 then error("ln_hamming: \(.)") else . end  | (.[0] * (2|log)) + (.[1] * (3|log)) + (.[2] * (5|log)); # The numeric value of a Hamming triple:def hamming_tof: ln_hamming | exp; def hamming_toi:  def pow(n): . as \$in | reduce range(0;n) as \$i (1; . * \$in);  . as \$in | (2|pow(\$in[0])) * (3|pow(\$in[1])) * (5|pow(\$in[2])); # Return the index in the input array of the min_by(f) valuedef index_min_by(f):  . as \$in  | if length == 0 then null    else .[0] as \$first    | reduce range(0; length) as \$i         ([0, \$first, (\$first|f)];   # state: [ix; min; f|min]         (\$in[\$i]|f) as \$v         | if \$v < .[2] then [ \$i, \$in[\$i], \$v ] else . end)     | .[0]    end; # Emit n Hamming numbers (as triples) if n>0; the nth if n<0; otherwise indefinitely.def hamming(n):   # n must be 2, 3 or 5  def hamming_times(n): n as \$n    | if \$n==2 then .[0] += 1 elif \$n==3 then .[1] += 1 else .[2] += 1 end;   # input: [twos, threes, fives] of which at least one is assumed to be non-empty  # output: the index of the array holding the min of the firsts  def next: map( .[0] ) | index_min_by( ln_hamming );   # input: [value, [twos, threes, fives] ....]  # ix is the index in [twos, threes, fives] of the array to be popped  # output: [popped, updated_arrays ...]  def pop(ix):    .[1] as \$triple    | setpath([0];    \$triple[ix][0])    | setpath([1,ix]; \$triple[ix][1:]);   # input: [x, [twos, threes, fives], count]  # push value*2 to twos, value*3 to threes, value*5 to fives and increment count  def push(v):    [.[0], [.[1][0] + [v|hamming_times(2)], .[1][1] + [v|hamming_times(3)],            .[1][2] + [v|hamming_times(5)]], .[2] + 1];   # _hamming is the workhorse  # input: [previous, [twos, threes, fives], count]  def _hamming:    .[0] as \$previous    | if (n > 0 and .[2] == n) or (n<0 and .[2] == -n) then \$previous      else (.[1]|next) as \$ix     # \$ix cannot be null      | pop(\$ix)      | .[0] as \$next      | (if \$next == \$previous then empty elif n>=0 then \$previous else empty end),         (if \$next == \$previous then . else push(\$next) end | _hamming)       end;  [[0,0,0], [ [[1,0,0]] ,[[0,1,0]], [[0,0,1]] ], 1] | _hamming; `

Examples

`# The first twenty Hamming numbers as integers:hamming(-20) | hamming_toi# => (see elsewhere) # 1691st as a Hamming triple:hamming(-1691)# => [5,12,3] # The millionth:hamming(-1000000)# => [55,47,64]`

## Julia

The n parameter was chosen by trial and error. You have to pick an n large enough that the powers of 2, 3 and 5 will all be greater than n at the 1691st Hamming number.

`n = 40 powers_2 = 2.^[0:n-1]powers_3 = 3.^[0:n-1]powers_5 = 5.^[0:n-1] matrix = powers_2 * powers_3'powers_23 = sort(reshape(matrix,length(matrix),1),1) matrix = powers_23 * powers_5'powers_235 = sort(reshape(matrix,length(matrix),1),1) ## Remove the integer overflow values.#powers_235 = powers_235[powers_235 .> 0] println(powers_235[1:20])println(powers_235[1691])`

## Kotlin

Translation of: Java
`import java.math.BigIntegerimport java.util.* val Three = BigInteger.valueOf(3)!!val Five = BigInteger.valueOf(5)!! fun updateFrontier(x : BigInteger, pq : PriorityQueue<BigInteger>) {    pq.add(x.shiftLeft(1))    pq.add(x.multiply(Three))    pq.add(x.multiply(Five))} fun hamming(n : Int) : BigInteger {    val frontier = PriorityQueue<BigInteger>()    updateFrontier(BigInteger.ONE, frontier)    var lowest = BigInteger.ONE    for (i in 1 .. n-1) {        lowest = frontier.poll() ?: lowest        while (frontier.peek() == lowest)            frontier.poll()        updateFrontier(lowest, frontier)    }    return lowest} fun main(args : Array<String>) {    System.out.print("Hamming(1 .. 20) =")    for (i in 1 .. 20)        System.out.print(" \${hamming(i)}")    System.out.println("\nHamming(1691) = \${hamming(1691)}")    System.out.println("Hamming(1000000) = \${hamming(1000000)}")}`
Output:
```Hamming(1 .. 20) = 1 2 3 4 5 6 8 9 10 12 15 16 18 20 24 25 27 30 32 36
Hamming(1691) = 2125764000
Hamming(1000000) = 519312780448388736089589843750000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000```

`import java.math.BigIntegerimport java.util.* val One = BigInteger.ONE!!val Three = BigInteger.valueOf(3)!!val Five = BigInteger.valueOf(5)!! fun PriorityQueue<BigInteger>.update(x: BigInteger) : PriorityQueue<BigInteger> {    add(x.shiftLeft(1))    add(x.multiply(Three))    add(x.multiply(Five))    return this} fun hamming(n: Int): BigInteger {    val frontier = PriorityQueue<BigInteger>().update(One)    var lowest = One    repeat(n - 1) {        lowest = frontier.poll() ?: lowest        while (frontier.peek() == lowest)            frontier.poll()        frontier.update(lowest)    }    return lowest} fun hamming(i : Iterable<Int>) : Iterable<BigInteger> = i.map { hamming(it) } fun main(args: Array<String>) {    val r = 1..20    println("Hamming(\$r) = " + hamming(r))    arrayOf(1691, 1000000).forEach { println("Hamming(\$it) = " + hamming(it)) }}`

### Recursive function:

`import java.math.BigIntegerimport java.util.* val One = BigInteger.ONE!!val Three = BigInteger.valueOf(3)!!val Five = BigInteger.valueOf(5)!! infix fun PriorityQueue<BigInteger>.update(x: BigInteger) : PriorityQueue<BigInteger> {    add(x.shiftLeft(1))    add(x.multiply(Three))    add(x.multiply(Five))    return this} fun hamming(a: Any?): Any = when (a) {    is Number -> {        val pq = PriorityQueue<BigInteger>() update One        var lowest = One        repeat(a.toInt() - 1) {            lowest = pq.poll() ?: lowest            while (pq.peek() == lowest) pq.poll()            pq update lowest        }        lowest    }    is Iterable<*> -> a.map { hamming(it) }    else -> throw IllegalArgumentException("cannot parse argument")} fun main(args: Array<String>) {    arrayOf(1..20, 1691, 1000000).forEach { println("Hamming(\$it) = " + hamming(it)) }}`
Output:
```Hamming(1..20) = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 12, 15, 16, 18, 20, 24, 25, 27, 30, 32, 36]
Hamming(1691) = 2125764000
Hamming(1000000) = 519312780448388736089589843750000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000```

### Functional Style Eliminating Duplicates, Optional Sequence Output

The following code implements a functional version, with the only mutable state that required to implement a recursive binding as commented in the code. It is fast because it uses non-genereric functions so that much of the boxing/unboxing can be optimized away, and it takes very little memory because of the avoiding duplicates, the order that the primes are processed with least dense first, and because it is implemented in such a way so as to use only local bindings for the heads of the lazy lists so that they can be consumed as used and garbage collected away. Kotlin does not have a lazy list like Haskell or a memoized lazy Stream like Scala, so the code implements a basic version of LazyList to be used by the algorithm (Java 8 Streams are not memoized as required here):

Translation of: scala
`import java.math.BigInteger as BI data class LazyList<T>(val head: T, val lztail: Lazy<LazyList<T>?>) {    fun toSequence() = generateSequence(this) { it.lztail.value }            .map { it.head }} fun hamming(): LazyList<BI> {    fun merge(s1: LazyList<BI>, s2: LazyList<BI>): LazyList<BI> {        val s1v = s1.head; val s2v = s2.head        if (s1v < s2v) {            return LazyList(s1v, lazy({->merge(s1.lztail.value!!, s2)}))        } else {            return LazyList(s2v, lazy({->merge(s1, s2.lztail.value!!)}))        }    }    fun llmult(m: BI, s: LazyList<BI>): LazyList<BI> {        fun llmlt(ss: LazyList<BI>): LazyList<BI> {            return LazyList(m * ss.head, lazy({->llmlt(ss.lztail.value!!)}))        }        return llmlt(s)    }    fun u(s: LazyList<BI>?, n: Long): LazyList<BI> {        var r: LazyList<BI>? = null // mutable nullable so can do the below        if (s == null) { // recursively referenced variables are ugly!!!            r = llmult(BI.valueOf(n), LazyList(BI.valueOf(1), lazy{ -> r }))        } else { // recursively referenced variables only work with lazy            r = merge(s, llmult(BI.valueOf(n), // or a loop race limit                                LazyList(BI.valueOf(1), lazy{ -> r })))        }        return r    }    val prms = arrayOf(5L, 3L, 2L)    val thunk = {->prms.fold<Long,LazyList<BI>?>(null, {s, n -> u(s,n)})!!}    return LazyList(BI.valueOf(1), lazy(thunk))} fun main(args: Array<String>) {	tailrec fun nth(n: Int, h: LazyList<BI>): BI =		if (n > 1) { nth(n - 1, h.lztail.value!!) }		else { h.head } // non-generic faster: boxing optimized away	println(hamming().toSequence().take(20).toList())	println(nth(1691, hamming()))	val strt = System.currentTimeMillis()	println(nth(1000000, hamming()))	val stop = System.currentTimeMillis()	println("Took \${stop - strt} milliseconds for the last.")}`
Output:
```[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 12, 15, 16, 18, 20, 24, 25, 27, 30, 32, 36]
2125764000
519312780448388736089589843750000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
Took 381 milliseconds for the last.```

Run on a AMD Bulldozer FX8120 3.1 GHz which is about half the speed as an equivalent Intel (but also half the price).

## Liberty BASIC

LB has unlimited precision integers.

` dim h( 1000000) for i =1 to 20    print hamming( i); " ";next i printprint "H( 1691)", hamming( 1691)print "H( 1000000)", hamming( 1000000) end function hamming( limit)    h( 0) =1    x2 =2: x3 =3: x5 =5    i  =0: j  =0: k  =0    for n =1 to limit        h( n) = min( x2, min( x3, x5))        if x2 = h( n) then i = i +1: x2 =2 *h( i)        if x3 = h( n) then j = j +1: x3 =3 *h( j)        if x5 = h( n) then k = k +1: x5 =5 *h( k)    next n    hamming =h( limit -1)end function`
```1 2 3 4 5 6 8 9 10 12 15 16 18 20 24 25 27 30 32 36
H( 1691)
2125764000
H( 1000000) 519312780448388736089589843750000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
```

## Logo

`to init.ham  ; queues  make "twos   [1]  make "threes [1]  make "fives  [1]endto next.ham                          localmake "ham first :twos  if less? first :threes :ham [make "ham first :threes]  if less? first :fives  :ham [make "ham first :fives]   if equal? :ham first :twos   [ignore dequeue "twos]  if equal? :ham first :threes [ignore dequeue "threes]  if equal? :ham first :fives  [ignore dequeue "fives]   queue "twos   :ham * 2  queue "threes :ham * 3  queue "fives  :ham * 5   output :hamend init.hamrepeat      20 [print  next.ham]repeat 1690-20 [ignore next.ham]print next.ham`

## Lua

`function hiter()  hammings = {1}  prev, vals = {1, 1, 1}  index = 1  local function nextv()    local n, v = 1, hammings[prev[1]]*2	if hammings[prev[2]]*3 < v then n, v = 2, hammings[prev[2]]*3 end	if hammings[prev[3]]*5 < v then n, v = 3, hammings[prev[3]]*5 end	prev[n] = prev[n] + 1	if hammings[index] == v then return nextv() end	index = index + 1	hammings[index] = v	return v  end  return nextvend j = hiter()for i = 1, 20 do  print(j())endn, l = 0, 0while n < 2^31 do n, l = j(), n endprint(l)`

## Mathematica / Wolfram Language

`HammingList[N_] := Module[{A, B, C}, {A, B, C} = (N^(1/3))*{2.8054745679851933, 1.7700573778298891, 1.2082521307023026} - {1, 1, 1}; Take[ [email protected]/* <![CDATA[ */!function(t,e,r,n,c,a,p){try{t=document.currentScript||function(){for(t=document.getElementsByTagName('script'),e=t.length;e--;)if(t[e].getAttribute('data-cfhash'))return t[e]}();if(t&&(c=t.previousSibling)){p=t.parentNode;if(a=c.getAttribute('data-cfemail')){for(e='',r='0x'+a.substr(0,2)|0,n=2;a.length-n;n+=2)e+='%'+('0'+('0x'+a.substr(n,2)^r).toString(16)).slice(-2);p.replaceChild(document.createTextNode(decodeURIComponent(e)),c)}p.removeChild(t)}}catch(u){}}()/* ]]> */@Table[ 2^x * 3^y * 5^z , {x, 0, A}, {y, 0, (-B/A)*x + B}, {z, 0, C - (C/A)*x - (C/B)*y}], N]];`
```HammingList[20]
-> {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 12, 15, 16, 18, 20, 24, 25, 27, 30, 32, 36}
HammingList[1691] // Last
-> 2125764000
HammingList[1000000] // Last
->519312780448388736089589843750000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000```

## MATLAB / Octave

Translation of: Julia

The n parameter was chosen by trial and error. You have to pick an n large enough that the powers of 2, 3 and 5 will all be greater than n at the 1691st Hamming number.

`n = 40; powers_2 = 2.^[0:n-1];powers_3 = 3.^[0:n-1];powers_5 = 5.^[0:n-1]; matrix = powers_2' * powers_3;powers_23 = sort(reshape(matrix,n*n,1));  matrix = powers_23 * powers_5;powers_235 = sort(reshape(matrix,n*n*n,1)); %% Remove the integer overflow values.%powers_235 = powers_235(powers_235 > 0); disp(powers_235(1:20))disp(powers_235(1691))`

## MUMPS

`Hamming(n)	New count,ok,next,number,which	For which=2,3,5 Set number=1	For count=1:1:n Do	. Set ok=0 Set:count<21 ok=1 Set:count=1691 ok=1 Set:count=n ok=1	. Write:ok !,\$Justify(count,5),": ",number	. For which=2,3,5 Set next(number*which)=which	. Set number=\$Order(next(""))	. Kill next(number)	. Quit	QuitDo Hamming(2000)     1: 1    2: 2    3: 3    4: 4    5: 5    6: 6    7: 8    8: 9    9: 10   10: 12   11: 15   12: 16   13: 18   14: 20   15: 24   16: 25   17: 27   18: 30   19: 32   20: 36 1691: 2125764000 2000: 8062156800`

## Nim

Library: bigints

Classic Dijkstra algorithm:

`import bigints, math proc hamming(limit: int): BigInt =  var    h = newSeq[BigInt](limit)    x2 = initBigInt(2)    x3 = initBigInt(3)    x5 = initBigInt(5)    i, j, k = 0  for i in 0..h.high: h[i] = initBigInt(1)   for n in 1 .. < limit:    h[n] = min(x2, x3, x5)    if x2 == h[n]:      inc i      x2 = h[i] * 2    if x3 == h[n]:      inc j      x3 = h[j] * 3    if x5 == h[n]:      inc k      x5 = h[k] * 5   result = h[h.high] for i in 1 .. 20:  write stdout, hamming(i), " "echo ""echo hamming(1691)echo hamming(1_000_000)`
Output:
```1 2 3 4 5 6 8 9 10 12 15 16 18 20 24 25 27 30 32 36
2125764000
519312780448388736089589843750000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000```

The above takes over a second to produce the millionth Hamming number on many machines.

### Slightly more efficient version

The following code improves on the above by reducing the number of computationally-time-expensive BigInt comparisions slightly:

`import bigints, times proc hamming(limit: int): BigInt =  doAssert limit > 0  var    h = newSeq[BigInt](limit)    x2 = initBigInt(2)    x3 = initBigInt(3)    x5 = initBigInt(5)    i, j, k = 0  h[0] = initBigInt 1   # BigInt comparisons are expensive, reduce them...  proc min3(x, y, z: BigInt): (int, BigInt) =    let (cs, r1) = if y == z: (0x6, y)                   elif y < z: (2, y) else: (4, z)    if x == r1: (cs or 1, x)    elif x < r1: (1, x) else: (cs, r1)   for n in 1 .. < limit:    let (cs, e1) = min3(x2, x3, x5)    h[n] = e1    if (cs and 1) != 0: i += 1; x2 = h[i] * 2    if (cs and 2) != 0: j += 1; x3 = h[j] * 3    if (cs and 4) != 0: k += 1; x5 = h[k] * 5   h[h.high] for i in 1 .. 20:  write stdout, hamming(i), " "echo ""echo hamming(1691) let strt = epochTime()let rslt = hamming(1_000_000)let stop = epochTime()  echo rsltecho "This last took ", (stop - strt)*1000, " milliseconds."`
Output:
```1 2 3 4 5 6 8 9 10 12 15 16 18 20 24 25 27 30 32 36
2125764000
519312780448388736089589843750000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
This last took 899.1901874542236 milliseconds.```

It can be shown that the above reduces the execution time by about 20 per cent.

### Functional iterator sequence, eliminating duplicate calculations and reducing memory use

The above code still wastes quite a lot of time doing redundant BigInt calculations (ie. 2 times 3, 3 times 2, etc.) and as well consumes a huge amount of memory for larger Hamming number determination as it uses an array as large as the range. The below code eliminates duplicate calculations and reduces memory use by using a Nim version of a lazy list internally so that unused back calculated values can be eliminated by the garbage collector. Thus, execution time for BigInt calculations is reduced by a constant factor of about two and a half and memory use is reduced from O(n) to O(n^(2/3)) in the following code:

`import bigints, math, sequtils, algorithm, times iterator func_hamming() : BigInt =  type Thunk[T] = proc(): T {.closure.}  type Lazy[T] = ref object of RootObj # tuple[val: T, thnk: Thunk[T]]    val: T    thnk: Thunk[T]  proc force[T](me: var Lazy[T]): T = # not thread-safe; needs lock on thunk    if me.thnk != nil: me.val = me.thnk(); me.thnk = nil    me.val  type LazyList[T] = ref object of RootObj # tuple[hd: T, tl: Lazy[LazyList[T]]]    hd: T    tl: Lazy[LazyList[T]]  type Mytype = LazyList[BigInt]  proc merge(x, y: Mytype): Mytype =    let xh = x.hd; let yh = y.hd    if xh < yh:      let mthnk = proc(): Mytype = merge x.tl.force, y      let mlzy = Lazy[Mytype](thnk: mthnk)      Mytype(hd: xh, tl: mlzy)    else:      let mthnk = proc(): Mytype = merge x, y.tl.force      let mlzy = Lazy[Mytype](thnk: mthnk)      Mytype(hd: yh, tl: mlzy)  proc smult(m: int32, s: Mytype): Mytype =    proc smults(ss: Mytype): Mytype =      let mthnk = proc(): Mytype = ss.tl.force.smults      let mlzy = Lazy[Mytype](thnk: mthnk)      Mytype(hd: ss.hd * m, tl: mlzy)    s.smults  proc u(s: Mytype, n: int32): Mytype =    var r: Mytype    let mthnk = proc(): Mytype = r    let mlzy = Lazy[Mytype](thnk: mthnk)    let frst = Mytype(hd: initBigInt 1, tl: mlzy)    if s == nil: r = smult(n, frst) else: r = merge(s, smult(n, frst))    r  var hmg: Mytype = nil  for p in [5i32, 3i32, 2i32]: hmg = u(hmg, p)  yield initBigInt 1  while true: # loop almost forever    yield initBigInt hmg.hd    hmg = hmg.tl.force var cnt = 1for h in func_hamming():  if cnt > 20: break  write stdout, h, " "; cnt += 1echo ""cnt = 1for h in func_hamming():  if cnt < 1691: cnt += 1; continue  else: echo h; break let strt = epochTime()var rslt: BigIntcnt = 1for h in func_hamming():  if cnt < 1000000: cnt += 1; continue  else: rslt = h; breaklet stop = epochTime()  echo rsltecho "This last took ", (stop - strt)*1000, " milliseconds."`
Output:
```1 2 3 4 5 6 8 9 10 12 15 16 18 20 24 25 27 30 32 36
2125764000
519312780448388736089589843750000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
This last took 1218.756675720215 milliseconds.```

The output is the same as above except that time is about 1219 millications: even though there are many less calculations, the time required is not reduced at all and even increased. This means that the current Nim memory allocation/deallocation (garbage collection) is not that efficient for the required many small allocations/deallocations as compared to truly great ones such as that used by Haskell or the Java Virtual Machine (JVM), but it isn't that bad either as compared to say the DotNet Framework one.

The beauty of Nim inline iterators as used here is that they are zero overhead (tested) so there is no run time penalty for using them.

### Imperative iterator implementation of the above functional version

The above claims with respect to the inefficiency of Nim's memory allocation can be proven by the following code which uses imperative techniques to implement the same algorithm, using sequences for storage, indexes for back pointers to the results of previous calculations, and custom deleting unused values in chunks in place (using constantly growing capacity) so that the same size of sequence can be longer used and many less new memory allocations need be made:

`import bigints, math, sequtils, times iterator nodups_hamming(): BigInt =  var    m = newSeq[BigInt](1) # give it two values so doubling size works    h = newSeq[BigInt](1) # reasonably size    x5 = initBigInt 5    mrg = initBigInt 3    x53 = initBigInt 9 # already advanced one step    x532 = initBigInt 2    ih, jm, i, j = 0   yield initBigInt 1 # trivial case of 1  while true:    let cph = h.len # move in-place to avoid allocation    if i >= cph div 2: # move in-place to avoid allocation      var s = i; var d = 0      while s < ih: shallowCopy(h[d], h[s]); s += 1; d += 1      ih -= i; i = 0    if i >= cph div 2: moveMem(h[0].unsafeAddr,                               h[i].unsafeAddr,                               (ih - i) * h[i].sizeof); ih -= i; i = 0    if ih >= cph: h.setLen(2 * cph)    if x532 < mrg: h[ih] = x532; x532 = h[i] * 2; i += 1    else:      h[ih] = mrg      let cpm = m.len      if j >= cpm div 2: # move in-place to avoid allocation        var s = j; var d = 0        while s < jm: shallowCopy(m[d], m[s]); s += 1; d += 1        jm -= j; j = 0      if jm >= cpm: m.setLen(2 * cpm)      if x53 < x5: mrg = x53; x53 = m[j] * 3; j += 1      else: mrg = x5; x5 = x5 * 5      m[jm] = mrg      jm += 1    ih += 1     yield h[ih - 1]`

The iterator can be used just by substituting it's name for the previous iterator name in the above output functions.

The output is the same except for the time reduced to 562 milliseconds, which shows that a high percentage of the previous time was not used by BigInt calculations (as this code does exactly the same number of calculations) but rather by the memory allocatons/deallocations required for pure functional lazy algorithms. This may show that the current Nim version (0.14.2) is not so suitable for pure lazy functional algorithms, nor is it as terse as many modern functional languages (Haskell, OcaML, F#, Scala, etc.).

### Much faster iterating version using logarithmic calculations

Still, much of the above time is used by BigInt calculations and still many heap allocations/deallocations, as BigInt's have an internal sequence to contain the infinite precision binary digits. The following code uses an internal logarithmic representation of the values rather than BigInt and thus all mathematic operations required are just integer and floating point additions and comparison; as well, since these don't require heap space there is almost no allocation/deallocation at all for greatly increased speed:

`import bigints, math, sequtils, times proc convertTrival2BigInt(tpl: (uint32, uint32, uint32)): BigInt =  result = initBigInt 1  let (x, y, z) = tpl  for _ in 1 .. x: result *= 2  for _ in 1 .. y: result *= 3  for _ in 1 .. z: result *= 5 iterator log_nodups_hamming(): (uint32, uint32, uint32) =  let lb3 = 3.0f64.log2; let lb5 = 5.0f64.log2  type Logrep = (float64, (uint32, uint32, uint32))  proc `<`(me: Logrep, othr: Logrep): bool =    let (lme, _) = me; let (lothr, _) = othr    lme < lothr  proc mul2(me: Logrep): Logrep =    let (lr, tpl) = me; let (x2, x3, x5) = tpl    (lr + 1.0f64, (x2 + 1, x3, x5))  proc mul3(me: Logrep): Logrep =    let (lr, tpl) = me; let (x2, x3, x5) = tpl    (lr + lb3, (x2, x3 + 1, x5))  proc mul5(me: Logrep): Logrep =    let (lr, tpl) = me; let (x2, x3, x5) = tpl    (lr + lb5, (x2, x3, x5 + 1))   let one: Logrep = (0.0f64, (0u32, 0u32, 0u32))  var    m = newSeq[Logrep](1) # give it two values so doubling size works    h = newSeq[Logrep](1) # reasonably size    x5 = one.mul5 # initBigInt 5    mrg = one.mul3 # initBigInt 3    x53 = one.mul3().mul3 # initBigInt 9 # already advanced one step    x532 = one.mul2 # initBigInt 2    ih, jm, i, j = 0   yield (0u32, 0u32, 0u32)  while true:    let cph = h.len # move in-place to avoid allocation    if i >= cph div 2: # move in-place to avoid allocation      var s = i; var d = 0      while s < ih: shallowCopy(h[d], h[s]); s += 1; d += 1      ih -= i; i = 0    if ih >= cph: h.setLen(2 * cph)    if x532 < mrg: h[ih] = x532; x532 = h[i].mul2; i += 1    else:      h[ih] = mrg      let cpm = m.len      if j >= cpm div 2: # move in-place to avoid allocation        var s = j; var d = 0        while s < jm: shallowCopy(m[d], m[s]); s += 1; d += 1        jm -= j; j = 0      if jm >= cpm: m.setLen(2 * cpm)      if x53 < x5: mrg = x53; x53 = m[j].mul3; j += 1      else: mrg = x5; x5 = x5.mul5      m[jm] = mrg      jm += 1    ih += 1     let (_, rslt) = h[ih - 1]    yield rslt var cnt = 1for h in log_nodups_hamming():  if cnt > 20: break  write stdout, h.convertTrival2BigInt, " "; cnt += 1echo ""cnt = 1for h in log_nodups_hamming():  if cnt < 1691: cnt += 1; continue  else: echo h.convertTrival2BigInt; break let strt = epochTime()var rslt: (uint32, uint32, uint32)cnt = 1for h in log_nodups_hamming():  if cnt < 1000000: cnt += 1; continue  else: rslt = h; break # """let stop = epochTime()  let (x2, x3, x5) = rsltwriteLine stdout, "2^", x2, " + 3^", x3, " + 5^", x5let lgrslt = (x2.float64 + x3.float64 * 3.0f64.log2 +               x5.float64 * 5.0f64.log2) * 2.0f64.log10let (whl, frac) = lgrslt.splitDecimalecho "Approximately:  ", 10.0f64.pow(frac), "E+", whl.uint64let brslt = rslt.convertTrival2BigInt()let s = brslt.to_stringlet ls = s.lenecho "Number of digits:  ", lsif ls <= 2000:  for i in countup(0, ls - 1, 100):    if i + 100 < ls: echo s[i .. i + 99]    else: echo s[i .. ls - 1]echo "This last took ", (stop - strt)*1000, " milliseconds."`
Output:
```1 2 3 4 5 6 8 9 10 12 15 16 18 20 24 25 27 30 32 36
2125764000

2^55 + 3^47 + 5^64
Approximately:  5.193127804483804E+83
Number of digits:  84
519312780448388736089589843750000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
This last took 15.62285423278809 milliseconds.```

The output is about the same except that it only takes about 15.6 milliseconds to calculate the millionth Hamming number; the billionth can be calculated in about 15 seconds.

### Extremely fast version inserting logarithms into the top error band

The above code is about as fast as one can go generating sequences; however, if one is willing to forego sequences and just calculate the nth Hamming number (again), then some reading on the relationship between the size of numbers to the sequence numbers is helpful (Wikipedia: regular number). One finds that there is a very distinct relationship and that it quite quickly reduces to quite a small error band proportional to the log of the output value for larger ranges. Thus, the following code just scans for logarithmic representations to insert into a sequence for this top error band and extracts the correct nth representation from that band. It reduces time complexity to O(n^(2/3)) from O(n) for the sequence versions, but even more amazingly, reduces memory requirements to O(n^(1/3)) from O(n^(2/3)) and thus makes it possible to calculate very large values in the sequence on common personal computers. The code is as follows:

Translation of: Rust
`import bigints, math, sequtils, algorithm, times proc convertTrival2BigInt(tpl: (uint32, uint32, uint32)): BigInt =  result = initBigInt 1  let (x, y, z) = tpl  for _ in 1 .. x: result *= 2  for _ in 1 .. y: result *= 3  for _ in 1 .. z: result *= 5 proc nth_hamming(n: uint64): (uint32, uint32, uint32) =  doAssert n > 0u64  if n < 2: return (0u32, 0u32, 0u32) # trivial case for 1   type Logrep = (float64, (uint32, uint32, uint32))   let    lb3 = 3.0f64.log2    lb5 = 5.0f64.log2    fctr = 6.0f64 * lb3 * lb5    crctn = 30.0f64.sqrt().log2 # log base 2 of sqrt 30    lgest = (fctr * n.float64).pow(1.0f64/3.0f64) - crctn # from WP formula    frctn = if n < 1000000000: 0.509f64 else: 0.105f64    lghi = (fctr * (n.float64 + frctn * lgest)).pow(1.0f64/3.0f64) - crctn    lglo = 2.0f64 * lgest - lghi # and a lower limit of the upper "band"  var count = 0u64 # need to use extended precision, might go over  var bnd = newSeq[Logrep](1) # give itone value so doubling size works  let klmt = uint32(lghi / lb5) + 1  for k in 0 .. < klmt: # i, j, k values can be just u32 values    let p = k.float64 * lb5    let jlmt = uint32((lghi - p) / lb3) + 1    for j in 0 .. < jlmt:      let q = p + j.float64 * lb3      let ir = lghi - q      let lg = q + ir.floor # current log value (estimated)      count += ir.uint64 + 1;      if lg >= lglo:        bnd.add((lg, (ir.uint32, j, k)))  if n > count: raise newException(Exception, "nth_hamming: band high estimate is too low!")  let ndx = (count - n).int  if ndx >= bnd.len: raise newException(Exception, "nth_hamming: band low estimate is too high!")  bnd.sort((proc (a, b: Logrep): int = # sort decreasing order    let (la, _) = a; let (lb, _) = b    la.cmp lb), SortOrder.Descending)   let (_, rslt) = bnd[ndx]  rslt for _ in 1 .. 20:  write stdout, nth_hamming(i.uint64).convertTrival2BigInt, " "echo ""echo nth_hamming(1691).convertTrival2BigInt let strt = epochTime()let rslt = nth_hamming(1_000_000u64)let stop = epochTime()  let (x2, x3, x5) = rsltwriteLine stdout, "2^", x2, " + 3^", x3, " + 5^", x5let lgrslt = (x2.float64 + x3.float64 * 3.0f64.log2 +               x5.float64 * 5.0f64.log2) * 2.0f64.log10let (whl, frac) = lgrslt.splitDecimalecho "Approximately:  ", 10.0f64.pow(frac), "E+", whl.uint64let brslt = rslt.convertTrival2BigInt()let s = brslt.to_stringlet ls = s.lenecho "Number of digits:  ", lsif ls <= 2000:  for i in countup(0, ls - 1, 100):    if i + 100 < ls: echo s[i .. i + 99]    else: echo s[i .. ls - 1] echo "This last took ", (stop - strt)*1000, " milliseconds."`

The output is the same as above except that the time is too small to be measured. The billionth number in the sequence can be calculated in just about 15 milliseconds, the trillionth in about 1.5 seconds, the thousand trillionth in about 150 seconds, and it should be possible to calculate the 10^19th value in less than a day (untested) on common personal computers. The (2^64 - 1)th value (18446744073709551615) cannot be calculated due to a slight overflow problem as it approaches that limit.

## OCaml

A simple implementation using an integer Set as a priority queue. The semantics of the standard library Set provide a minimum element and prevent duplicate entries. min_elt and add are O(log N).

`module ISet = Set.Make(struct type t = int let compare=compare end) let pq = ref (ISet.singleton 1) let next () =  let m = ISet.min_elt !pq in  pq := ISet.(remove m !pq  |> add (2*m) |> add (3*m) |> add (5*m));  m let () =   print_string "The first 20 are: ";   for i = 1 to 20  do    Printf.printf "%d " (next ())  done;   for i = 21 to 1690  do    ignore (next ())  done;   Printf.printf "\nThe 1691st is %d\n" (next ());`

Output:

The first 20 are: 1 2 3 4 5 6 8 9 10 12 15 16 18 20 24 25 27 30 32 36

The 1691st is 2125764000

### Arbitrary precision

An arbitrary precision version for the one millionth number. Compile with eg: ocamlopt -o hamming.exe nums.cmxa hamming.ml

`open Big_int module APSet = Set.Make(  struct    type t = big_int    let compare = compare_big_int  end) let pq = ref (APSet.singleton (big_int_of_int 1)) let next () =  let m = APSet.min_elt !pq in  let ( * ) = mult_int_big_int in  pq := APSet.(remove m !pq  |> add (2*m) |> add (3*m) |> add (5*m));  m let () =  let n = 1_000_000 in   for i = 1 to (n-1)  do    ignore (next ())  done;   Printf.printf "\nThe %dth is %s\n" n (string_of_big_int (next ()));`

Output:

The 1000000th is 519312780448388736089589843750000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000

## Oz

### Lazy Version

`declare  fun lazy {HammingFun}     1|{FoldL1 [{MultHamming 2} {MultHamming 3} {MultHamming 5}] LMerge}  end   Hamming = {HammingFun}   fun {MultHamming N}     {LMap Hamming fun {\$ X} N*X end}  end   fun lazy {LMap Xs F}     case Xs     of nil  then nil     [] X|Xr then {F X}|{LMap Xr F}     end  end   fun lazy {LMerge Xs=X|Xr Ys=Y|Yr}     if     X < Y then X|{LMerge Xr Ys}     elseif X > Y then Y|{LMerge Xs Yr}     else              X|{LMerge Xr Yr}     end  end   fun {FoldL1 X|Xr F}     {FoldL Xr F X}  endin  {ForAll {List.take Hamming 20} System.showInfo}  {System.showInfo {Nth Hamming 1690}}  {System.showInfo {Nth Hamming 1000000}}`

### Strict Version

The strict version uses iterators and a priority queue. Note that it can calculate other variations of the hamming numbers too. By changing K, it will calculate the p(K)-smooth numbers. (E.g. K = 3, it will use the first three primes 2,3 and 5, thus resulting in the 5-smooth numbers, see [2])

` functorimport	Application	Systemdefine class Multiplier	attr 	lst		factor		current 	meth init(Factor Lst)		lst	:= Lst		factor	:= Factor		{self next}	end	meth next		local 			A			AS		in			A|AS = @lst			current := A*@factor			lst := AS		end	end	meth peek(?X)		X = @current	end 	meth dump		{System.showInfo "DUMP"}		{System.showInfo "Factor: "#@factor}		{System.showInfo "current: "#@current}	endend % a priority queue of multipliers. The one which currently holds the smallest value is put on frontclass PriorityQueue	attr	mults			current	% for duplicate detection 	meth init(Mults)		mults	:= Mults		current	:= 0	end 	meth insert(Mult)		local			fun {Insert M Lst}				local					Av					Mv				in					case Lst of						nil	then M|Lst					[] A|AS	then 	{A peek(Av)}										{M peek(Mv)}										if	Av < Mv then											A|{Insert M AS}										else	M|A|AS										end					end				end			end		in			mults	:= {Insert Mult @mults}		end	end 	meth next(Tail NextTail)		local			M			Ms			X			Curr		in			M|Ms	= @mults			{M peek(X)}	% gets value of lowest iterator			Curr	= @current			if Curr == X then				skip			else				Tail	= X|NextTail	% if we found a new value: append			end			{M next}			mults	:= Ms			{self insert(M)}			if Curr == X then				{self next(Tail NextTail)}			else				current := X			end		end	end end		  local 	% Sieve of erasthothenes, adapted from http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Sieve_of_Eratosthenes#Oz	fun {Sieve N}		 S = {Array.new 2 N true}		 M = {Float.toInt {Sqrt {Int.toFloat N}}}	in		 for I in 2..M do	if S.I then		 for J in I*I..N;I do				S.J := false		 end	end		 end		 S	end 	fun {Primes N}		 S = {Sieve N}	in		 for I in 2..N collect:C do	if S.I then {C I} end		 end	end  	% help method to extract args	proc {GetNK ArgList N K}		case ArgList of		A|B|_ then			N={StringToInt A}			K={StringToInt B}		end	end  	proc {Generate N PriorQ Tail}	local		NewTail	in		if N == 0 then			Tail = nil		else			{PriorQ next(Tail NewTail)}			{Generate (N-1) PriorQ NewTail}		end	end	end 	K = 3	PrimeFactors	Lst	Tailin	ArgList = {Application.getArgs plain}	Lst	= 1|Tail	PrimeFactors	= {List.take {Primes K*K} K}	Mults	= {List.map PrimeFactors fun {\$ A} {New Multiplier init(A Lst) } end}	PriorQ	= {New PriorityQueue init(Mults)}	{Generate 20 PriorQ Tail}	{ForAll Lst System.showInfo}	{Application.exit 0}endend `

Strict version made by pietervdvn; do what you want with the code.

## PARI/GP

This is a basic implementation; finding the millionth term requires 1 second and 54 MB. Much better algorithms exist.

`Hupto(n)={  my(v=vector(n),x2=2,x3=3,x5=5,i=1,j=1,k=1,t);  v[1]=1;  for(m=2,n,    v[m]=t=min(x2,min(x3,x5));    if(x2 == t, x2 = v[i++] << 1);    if(x3 == t, x3 = 3 * v[j++]);    if(x5 == t, x5 = 5 * v[k++]);  );  v};H(n)=Hupto(n)[n]; Hupto(20)H(1691)H(10^6)`
Output:
```%1 = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 12, 15, 16, 18, 20, 24, 25, 27, 30, 32, 36]
%2 = 2125764000
%3 = 519312780448388736089589843750000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000```

## Pascal

Simple brute force til 2^32-1.I was astonished by the speed.The inner loop is taken 2^32 -1 times.DIV by constant is optimized to Mul and shift. Using FPC_64 3.1.1, i4330 3.5 Ghz

` program HammNumb;{\$IFDEF FPC}  {\$MODE DELPHI}  {\$OPTIMIZATION ON}{\$ELSE}  {\$APPTYPE CONSOLE}{\$ENDIF}{type  NativeUInt = longWord;}var  pot   : array[0..2] of NativeUInt; function NextHammNumb(n:NativeUInt):NativeUInt;var  q,p,nr : NativeUInt;begin  repeat    nr := n+1;    n := nr;     p := 0;    while NOT(ODD(nr)) do    begin      inc(p);      nr := nr div 2;    end;    Pot[0]:= p;     p := 0;    q := nr div 3;    while q*3=nr do    Begin      inc(P);      nr := q;      q := nr div 3;    end;    Pot[1] := p;     p := 0;    q := nr div 5;    while q*5=nr do    Begin      inc(P);      nr := q;      q := nr div 5;    end;    Pot[2] := p;   until nr = 1;  result:= n;end; procedure Check;var  i,n: NativeUint;begin  n := 1;  for i := 1 to 20 do  begin    n := NextHammNumb(n);    write(n,' ');  end;  writeln;  writeln;  n := 1;  for i := 1 to 1690 do    n := NextHammNumb(n);  writeln('No ',i:4,' | ',n,' = 2^',Pot[0],' 3^',Pot[1],' 5^',Pot[2]);end; Begin  Check;End.`

Output

```2 3 4 5 6 8 9 10 12 15 16 18 20 24 25 27 30 32 36 40

No 1690 | 2125764000 = 2^5 3^12 5^3

real    0m17.328s
user    0m17.310s```

### a fast alternative

The Pascal code above is by far slower.Easily to use for smooth-3 .. smooth-37.

Big(O) is nearly linear to sub-linear . 1E7-> 0.028s => x10 =>1e8 ->0.273s => x1000 => 100'200'300'400 ~ 1e11 35.907s // estimated 270 s! This depends extreme on sorting speed.

http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Hamming_numbers#Direct_calculation_through_triples_enumeration is head to head, but still faster for very big numbers >1e8 (10^8: 4 MB 0.27 sec)

100'200'300'400 calculates in 8.33 s

For fpc 3.1.1_64 linux on 3.5 Ghz i4330, depends on 64-Bit by a factor of 4 slower on 32-Bit

/* For 12 primes "smooth-37" 1e8 it takes 02.807 s */

I collect only the factors between p^n and p^(n+1), in a recursive way in different lists

5 is a list consisting only 5^? = 1 factor

3 is a sorted list 3^?..3^?+1 and inserted values of 5

2 is a sorted list 2^?..2^?+1 and inserted values of list 3

Changing sizeOf(tElem) to 32 {maxPrimFakCnt = 3+8} instead of 16 ( x2) {maxPrimFakCnt = 3} results in increasing the runtime by x4 ( 2^2 )

`program hammNumb;{\$IFDEF FPC}   {\$MODE DELPHI}   {\$OPTIMIZATION ON,ASMCSE,CSE,PEEPHOLE}   {\$ALIGN 16}{\$ELSE}  {\$APPTYPE CONSOLE}{\$ENDIF}uses  sysutils;const  maxPrimFakCnt = 3;//3 or 3+8 if tNumber= double, else -1 for extended to keep data aligned  minElemCnt = 10;type  tPrimList = array of NativeUint;  tnumber = double;  tpNumber= ^tnumber;  tElem = record             n   : tnumber;//ln(prime[0]^Pots[0]*...             Pots: array[0..maxPrimFakCnt] of word;           end;  tpElem  = ^tElem;  tElems  = array of tElem;  tElemArr  = array [0..0] of tElem;  tpElemArr  = ^tElemArr;   tpFaktorRec = ^tFaktorRec;  tFaktorRec = record                 frElems  : tElems;                 frInsElems: tElems;                 frAktIdx : NativeUint;                 frMaxIdx : NativeUint;                 frPotNo  : NativeUint;                 frActPot : NativeUint;                 frNextFr : tpFaktorRec;                 frActNumb: tElem;                 frLnPrime: tnumber;               end;  tArrFR = array of tFaktorRec; var  Pl : tPrimList;  ActIndex  : NativeUint;  ArrInsert : tElems; procedure PlInit(n: integer);const cPl : array[0..11] of byte=(2,3,5,7,11,13,17,19,23,29,31,37);var  i : integer;Begin  IF n>High(cPl)+1 then     n := High(cPl)  else      IF n < 0 then         n := 1;  setlength(Pl,n);  dec(n);  For i := 0 to n do    Pl[i] := cPl[i];end; procedure AusgabeElem(pElem: tElem);var  i : integer;Begin  with pElem do  Begin    IF n < 23 then      write(round(exp(n)):16)    else      write('ln ',n:13:7);    For i := 0 to maxPrimFakCnt do      write(' ',PL[i]:2,'^',Pots[i]);  end;  writelnend; //LoE == List of Elementsfunction LoEGetNextNumber(pFR :tpFaktorRec):tElem;forward; procedure LoECreate(const Pl: tPrimList;var FA:tArrFR);var  i : integer;Begin  setlength(ArrInsert,100);  setlength(FA,Length(PL));  For i := 0 to High(PL) do    with FA[i] do    Begin      //automatic zeroing      IF i < High(PL) then      Begin        setlength(frElems,minElemCnt);        setlength(frInsElems,minElemCnt);        frNextFr := @FA[i+1]      end      else      Begin        setlength(frElems,2);        setlength(frInsElems,0);        frNextFr := NIL;      end;      frPotNo  := i;      frLnPrime:= ln(PL[i]);      frMaxIdx := 0;      frAktIdx := 0;      frActPot := 1;      With frElems[0] do      Begin        n := frLnPrime;        Pots[i]:= 1;      end;      frActNumb := frElems[0];  end;end;  procedure LoEFree(var FA:tArrFR);var  i : integer;Begin  For i := High(FA) downto Low(FA) do    setlength(FA[i].frElems,0);  setLength(FA,0);end; function LoEGetActElem(pFr:tpFaktorRec):tElem;Begin  with pFr^ do    result := frElems[frAktIdx];end; function LoEGetActLstNumber(pFr:tpFaktorRec):tpNumber;Begin  with pFr^ do    result := @frElems[frAktIdx].n;end; procedure LoEIncInsArr(var a:tElems);Begin  setlength(a,Length(a)*8 div 5);end; procedure LoEIncreaseElems(pFr:tpFaktorRec;minCnt:NativeUint);var  newLen: NativeUint;Begin  with pFR^ do  begin    newLen := Length(frElems);    minCnt := minCnt+frMaxIdx;    repeat      newLen := newLen*8 div 5 +1;    until newLen > minCnt;    setlength(frElems,newLen);  end;end; procedure LoEInsertNext(pFr:tpFaktorRec;Limit:tnumber);var  pNum : tpNumber;  pElems : tpElemArr;  cnt,i,u : NativeInt;begin  with pFr^ do  Begin    //collect numbers of heigher primes    cnt := 0;    pNum := LoEGetActLstNumber(frNextFr);    while Limit > pNum^ do    Begin      frInsElems[cnt] := LoEGetNextNumber(frNextFr);//   writeln( 'Ins ',frInsElems[cnt].n:10:8,' < ',pNum^:10:8);       inc(cnt);      IF cnt > High(frInsElems) then        LoEIncInsArr(frInsElems);      pNum := LoEGetActLstNumber(frNextFr);    end;     if cnt = 0 then     EXIT;     i := frMaxIdx;    u := frMaxIdx+cnt+1;     IF u > High(frElems) then      LoEIncreaseElems(pFr,cnt);     IF frPotNo =  0 then      inc(ActIndex,u);    //Merge    pElems := @frElems[0];    dec(cnt);    dec(u);    frMaxIdx:= u;    repeat// writeln(i:10,cnt:10,u:10); writeln( pElems^[i].n:10:8,' < ',frInsElems[cnt].n:10:8);      IF pElems^[i].n < frInsElems[cnt].n then      Begin        pElems^[u] := frInsElems[cnt];        dec(cnt);      end      else      Begin        pElems^[u] := pElems^[i];        dec(i);      end;      dec(u);    until (i<0) or (cnt<0);    IF i < 0 then      For u := cnt downto 0 do        pElems^[u] := frInsElems[u];   end;end; procedure LoEAppendNext(pFr:tpFaktorRec;Limit:tnumber);var  pNum : tpNumber;  pElems : tpElemArr;  i : NativeInt;begin  with pFr^ do  Begin    i := frMaxIdx+1;    pElems := @frElems[0];    pNum := LoEGetActLstNumber(frNextFr);    while Limit > pNum^ do    Begin      IF i > High(frElems) then      Begin        LoEIncreaseElems(pFr,10);        pElems := @frElems[0];      end;      pElems^[i] := LoEGetNextNumber(frNextFr);      inc(i);      pNum := LoEGetActLstNumber(frNextFr);    end;    inc(ActIndex,i);    frMaxIdx:= i-1;  end;end; procedure LoENextList(pFr:tpFaktorRec);var  pElems : tpElemArr;  j : NativeUint;begin  with pFR^ do  Begin    //increase Elements by factor    pElems := @frElems[0];    for j := frMaxIdx Downto 0 do      with pElems^[j] do      Begin        n := n+frLnPrime;        inc(Pots[frPotNo]);      end;    //x^j -> x^(j+1)    j := frActPot+1;    with frActNumb do    begin      n:= j*frLnPrime;      Pots[frPotNo]:= j;    end;    frActPot := j;    //if something follows    IF frNextFr <> NIL then      LoEInsertNext(pFR,frActNumb.n);    frAktIdx := 0;  end;end; function LoEGetNextNumber(pFR :tpFaktorRec):tElem;Begin  with pFr^ do  Begin    result := frElems[frAktIdx];    inc(frAktIdx);    IF frMaxIdx < frAktIdx then      LoENextList(pFr);  end;end; procedure LoEGetNumber(pFR :tpFaktorRec;no:NativeUint);Begin  dec(no);  while ActIndex < no do    LoENextList(pFR);  with pFr^ do    frAktIdx := (no-(ActIndex-frMaxIdx)-1); end; var  T1,T0: tDateTime;  FA: tArrFR;  i : integer;Begin  PlInit(3);// 3 -> 2,3,5  LoECreate(Pl,FA);  i := 1;  i := 1;  T0 := time;   For i := 1 to 20 do    AusgabeElem(LoEGetNextNumber(@FA[0]));   LoEGetNumber(@FA[0],1691);  AusgabeElem(LoEGetNextNumber(@FA[0]));    LoEGetNumber(@FA[0],1000*1000);  AusgabeElem(LoEGetNextNumber(@FA[0]));  LoEGetNumber(@FA[0],100*1000*1000);  T1 := time;  AusgabeElem(LoEGetNextNumber(@FA[0]));  Writeln('Timed 100*1000*1000 in ',FormatDateTime('HH:NN:SS.ZZZ',T1-T0));    Writeln('Actual Index ',ActIndex );  AusgabeElem(LoEGetNextNumber(@FA[0]));  For i := 0 to High(FA) do    writeln(pL[i]:2,     ' elemcount  ',FA[i].frMaxIdx+1:7,' out of',length(FA[i].frElems):7);  LoEFree(FA);End.`

Output

```2,3,4,5....,36,40 ... shortened

2125764000  2^5  3^12  5^3  0^0
ln   192.7618989  2^55  3^47  5^64  0^0
ln   900.9063136  2^2  3^454  5^249  0^0
Timed 100*1000*1000 in 00:00:00.276
Actual Index 100061507
ln   900.9063159  2^142  3^80  5^444  0^0
2 elemcount   230300 out of 348159
3 elemcount      561 out of    772
5 elemcount        1 out of      2

real    0m0.278s
user    0m0.273s
sys     0m0.003s

2125764000  2^5  3^12  5^3  0^0
ln   192.7618989  2^55  3^47  5^64  0^0
ln   417.2530468  2^80  3^92  5^162  0^0
00:00:00.028

Actual Index 10201068944--> hamming Nr: 100200300400 see http://ideone.com/q3fma
ln  4215.6152353  2^942  3^2276  5^660  0^0
2 elemcount  5028911 out of 5841156
3 elemcount    2620 out of     3165
5 elemcount       1 out of        2

real    0m35.963s
user    0m35.907s
sys     0m0.023s

...
change zu use 12 primes [2..37] ( 32 bit ) -> 2.2x runtime  over using 3 primes
Begin
PlInit(12)

ln    40.8834947  2^14  3^0  5^6  7^4 11^2 13^1 17^0 19^1 23^0 29^0 31^1 37^0
Actual Index  100269652
Timed 100000000 in 00:00:02.807

2 elemcount   14322779 out of 14953361
3 elemcount    3387290 out of  3650722
5 elemcount     891236 out of   891289
7 elemcount     289599 out of   348159
11 elemcount      92240 out of   135999
13 elemcount      28272 out of    33202
17 elemcount       9394 out of    12969
19 elemcount       2639 out of     3165
23 elemcount        676 out of      772
29 elemcount        119 out of      188
31 elemcount         15 out of       17
37 elemcount          1 out of        2
```

## Perl

`use List::Util 'min';# If you want the large output, uncomment either the one line# marked (1) or the two lines marked (2)#use Math::GMP qw/:constant/;        # (1) uncomment this to use Math::GMP#use Math::GMPz;                     # (2) uncomment this plus later line for Math::GMPz sub ham_gen {	my @s = ([1], [1], [1]);	my @m = (2, 3, 5);	[email protected]/* <![CDATA[ */!function(t,e,r,n,c,a,p){try{t=document.currentScript||function(){for(t=document.getElementsByTagName('script'),e=t.length;e--;)if(t[e].getAttribute('data-cfhash'))return t[e]}();if(t&&(c=t.previousSibling)){p=t.parentNode;if(a=c.getAttribute('data-cfemail')){for(e='',r='0x'+a.substr(0,2)|0,n=2;a.length-n;n+=2)e+='%'+('0'+('0x'+a.substr(n,2)^r).toString(16)).slice(-2);p.replaceChild(document.createTextNode(decodeURIComponent(e)),c)}p.removeChild(t)}}catch(u){}}()/* ]]> */ = map { Math::GMPz->new(\$_) } @m;     # (2) uncomment for Math::GMPz 	return sub {		my \$n = min(\$s[0][0], \$s[1][0], \$s[2][0]);		for (0 .. 2) {			shift @{\$s[\$_]} if \$s[\$_][0] == \$n;			push @{\$s[\$_]}, \$n * \$m[\$_]		} 		return \$n	}} my (\$h, \$i) = ham_gen; ++\$i, print \$h->(), " " until \$i > 20;print "...\n"; ++\$i, \$h->() until \$i == 1690;print ++\$i, "-th: ", \$h->(), "\n"; # You will need to pick one of the bigint choices#++\$i, \$h->() until \$i == 999999;#print ++\$i, "-th: ", \$h->(), "\n"; `
Output:
```1 2 3 4 5 6 8 9 10 12 15 16 18 20 24 25 27 30 32 36 40 ...
1691-th: 2125764000
1000000-th: 519312780448388736089589843750000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000```

The core module bigint (Math::BigInt) is very slow, even with the GMP backend. There are some common alternatives. Math::GMP is handy and takes about 15 seconds. Math::GMPz takes slightly more work but finishes in about 5 seconds.

## Perl 6

Works with: rakudo version 2015-11-04

The limit scaling is not required, but it cuts down on a bunch of unnecessary calculation.

`my \$limit = 32; sub powers_of (\$radix) { 1, |[\*] \$radix xx * } my @hammings =   (   powers_of(2)[^ \$limit ]       X*      powers_of(3)[^(\$limit * 2/3)] X*       powers_of(5)[^(\$limit * 1/2)]   ).sort; say @hammings[^20];say @hammings[1690]; # zero indexed`
Output:
```(1 2 3 4 5 6 8 9 10 12 15 16 18 20 24 25 27 30 32 36)
2125764000```

## Phix

Translation of: AWK

standard and bigatom versions

`function hamming(integer N)sequence h = repeat(1,N)atom x2 = 2, x3 = 3, x5 = 5, hninteger i = 1, j = 1, k = 1    for n=2 to N do        hn = min(x2,min(x3,x5))        h[n] = hn        if hn=x2 then i += 1 x2 = 2*h[i] end if        if hn=x3 then j += 1 x3 = 3*h[j] end if        if hn=x5 then k += 1 x5 = 5*h[k] end if    end for    return h[N]end function include builtins\bigatom.e function ba_min(bigatom a, bigatom b)    return iff(ba_compare(a,b)<0?a:b)end function function ba_hamming(integer N)sequence h = repeat(ba_new(1),N)bigatom x2 = ba_new(2), x3 = ba_new(3), x5 = ba_new(5), hninteger i = 1, j = 1, k = 1    for n=2 to N do        hn = ba_min(x2,ba_min(x3,x5))        h[n] = hn        if ba_compare(hn,x2)=0 then i += 1 x2 = ba_multiply(2,h[i]) end if        if ba_compare(hn,x3)=0 then j += 1 x3 = ba_multiply(3,h[j]) end if        if ba_compare(hn,x5)=0 then k += 1 x5 = ba_multiply(5,h[k]) end if    end for    return h[N]end function sequence s = {}for i=1 to 20 do    s = append(s,hamming(i))end for?s?hamming(1691)?{hamming(1000000),"wrong!"} ?ba_sprintf("%B\n",ba_hamming(1691))?ba_sprintf("%B\n",ba_hamming(1000000))`
Output:
```{1,2,3,4,5,6,8,9,10,12,15,16,18,20,24,25,27,30,32,36}
2125764000.0
{2.461927256e+29,"wrong!"}
"2125764000\n"
"519312780448388736089589843750000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000\n"
```

### A much faster logarithmic version

This proved much easier to implement that scanning the other entries suggested [not copied, they all frighten me].
At some point, comparing logs will no doubt get it wrong, but I have no idea when that might happen.

`-- numbers kept as {log,{pow2,pow3,pow5}},--  value is ~= exp(log), == (2^pow2)*(3^pow3)*(5^pow5)enum LOG, POWSenum POW2, POW3, POW5 function lnmin(sequence a, sequence b)    return iff(a[LOG]<b[LOG]?a:b)end function constant ln1 = log(1), ln2 = log(2), ln3 = log(3), ln5 = log(5) function hamming(integer N)sequence h = repeat(0,N)sequence x2 = {ln2,{1,0,0}},          x3 = {ln3,{0,1,0}},         x5 = {ln5,{0,0,1}}integer i = 1, j = 1, k = 1    h[1] = {ln1,{0,0,0}}    for n=2 to N do        h[n] = lnmin(x2,lnmin(x3,x5))        sequence p = h[n][POWS]        if p=x2[POWS] then i += 1 x2 = h[i] x2[LOG] += ln2 x2[POWS][POW2] += 1 end if        if p=x3[POWS] then j += 1 x3 = h[j] x3[LOG] += ln3 x3[POWS][POW3] += 1 end if        if p=x5[POWS] then k += 1 x5 = h[k] x5[LOG] += ln5 x5[POWS][POW5] += 1 end if    end for    return h[N]end function function hint(sequence hm)-- (obviously not accurate above 53 bits on a 32-bit system, or 64 bits on a 64 bit system)    sequence p = hm[POWS]    return power(2,p[POW2])*power(3,p[POW3])*power(5,p[POW5])end function sequence s = {}for i=1 to 20 do    s = append(s,hint(hamming(i)))end for?s?hint(hamming(1691))?hint(hamming(1000000))printf(1," %d\n",hint(hamming(1000000))) include builtins\bigatom.e function ba_hint(sequence hm)-- (as accurate as you like)    sequence p = hm[POWS]    return ba_multiply(ba_power(2,p[POW2]),ba_multiply(ba_power(3,p[POW3]),ba_power(5,p[POW5])))end function ?ba_sprintf("%B",ba_hint(hamming(1000000)))`
Output:
```{1,2,3,4,5,6,8,9,10,12,15,16,18,20,24,25,27,30,32,36}
2125764000.0
5.193127805e+83
519312780448389068266824288284848486280402222226888608420684482660084484246042460000
"519312780448388736089589843750000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000"
```

## PicoLisp

`(de hamming (N)   (let (L (1)  H)      (do N         (for (X L X (cadr X))      # Find smallest result            (setq H (car X)) )         (idx 'L H NIL)             # Remove it         (for I (2 3 5)             # Generate next results            (idx 'L (* I H) T) ) )      H ) ) (println (make (for N 20 (link (hamming N)))))(println (hamming 1691))(println (hamming 1000000))`
Output:
```(1 2 3 4 5 6 8 9 10 12 15 16 18 20 24 25 27 30 32 36)
2125764000
519312780448388736089589843750000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000```

## PL/I

`(subscriptrange):Hamming: procedure options (main); /* 14 November 2013 */   declare (H(3000), t) fixed (15);   declare (i, j, k, m, n) fixed binary;   declare swaps bit (1);    on underflow ;    m = 0; n = 12;   do k = 0 to n;      do j = 0 to n;         do i = 0 to n;            m = m + 1;            H(m) = 2**i * 3**j * 5**k;         end;      end;   end;   /* sort */   swaps = '1'b;   do while (swaps); /* Cocktail-shaker sort is adequate, because values are largely sorted */      swaps = '0'b;      do i = 1 to m-1, i-1 to 1 by -1;         if H(i) > H(i+1) then /* swap */            do; t = H(i); H(i) = H(i+1); H(i+1) = t; swaps = '1'b; end;      end;   end;   do i = 1 to m;      put skip data (H(i));   end;   put skip data (H(1653));end Hamming;`

Results:

```H(1)=                 1;
H(2)=                 2;
H(3)=                 3;
H(4)=                 4;
H(5)=                 5;
H(6)=                 6;
H(7)=                 8;
H(8)=                 9;
H(9)=                10;
H(10)=                12;
H(11)=                15;
H(12)=                16;
H(13)=                18;
H(14)=                20;
H(15)=                24;
H(16)=                25;
H(17)=                27;
H(18)=                30;
H(19)=                32;
H(20)=                36;```

## Prolog

### Generator idiom

`%% collect N elements produced by a generator in a row take( 0, Next, Z-Z, Next).take( N, Next, [A|B]-Z, NZ):- N>0, !, next(Next,A,Next1),  N1 is N-1,  take(N1,Next1,B-Z,NZ). %% a generator provides specific {next} implementation next( hamm( A2,B,C3,D,E5,F,[H|G] ), H, hamm(X,U,Y,V,Z,W,G) ):-   H is min(A2, min(C3,E5)),  (   A2 =:= H -> B=[N2|U],X is N2*2 ; (X,U)=(A2,B) ),  (   C3 =:= H -> D=[N3|V],Y is N3*3 ; (Y,V)=(C3,D) ),  (   E5 =:= H -> F=[N5|W],Z is N5*5 ; (Z,W)=(E5,F) ). mkHamm( hamm(1,X,1,X,1,X,X) ).       % Hamming numbers generator init state main(N) :-     mkHamm(G),take(20,G,A-[],_),           write(A), nl,     take(1691-1,G,_,G2),take(2,G2,B-[],_),     write(B), nl,      take(  N  -1,G,_,G3),take(2,G3,[C1|_]-_,_),   write(C1), nl.`

SWI Prolog 6.2.6 produces (in about 7 ideone seconds):

``` ?- time( main(1000000) ).
[1,2,3,4,5,6,8,9,10,12,15,16,18,20,24,25,27,30,32,36]
[2125764000,2147483648]
519312780448388736089589843750000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
% 10,017,142 inferences
```

### Laziness flavor

Works with SWI-Prolog. Laziness is simulate with freeze/2 and ground/2.
Took inspiration from this code : http://chr.informatik.uni-ulm.de/~webchr (click on hamming.pl: Solves Hamming Problem).

`hamming(N) :-     % to stop cleanly     nb_setval(go, 1),      % display list     (	 N = 20 -> watch_20(20, L); watch(1,N,L)),      % go     L=[1|L235],     multlist(L,2,L2),     multlist(L,3,L3),     multlist(L,5,L5),     merge_(L2,L3,L23),     merge_(L5,L23,L235).  %% multlist(L,N,LN)%% multiply each element of list L with N, resulting in list LN%% here only do multiplication for 1st element, then use multlist recursivelymultlist([X|L],N,XLN) :-	% the trick to stop	nb_getval(go, 1) -> 	% laziness flavor		when(ground(X),	     (	 XN is X*N,		 XLN=[XN|LN],		 multlist(L,N,LN))); 	true. merge_([X|In1],[Y|In2],XYOut) :-	% the trick to stop	nb_getval(go, 1) -> 	% laziness flavor	(   X < Y -> XYOut = [X|Out], In11 = In1, In12 = [Y|In2]	;   X = Y -> XYOut = [X|Out], In11 = In1, In12 = In2	;            XYOut = [Y|Out], In11 = [X | In1], In12 = In2),	freeze(In11,freeze(In12, merge_(In11,In12,Out))); 	true. %% display nth elementwatch(Max, Max, [X|_]) :-	% laziness flavor	when(ground(X),	     (format('~w~n', [X]), 	      % the trick to stop	      nb_linkval(go, 0))).  watch(N, Max, [_X|L]):-	 N1 is N + 1,	 watch(N1, Max, L).  %% display nth elementwatch_20(1, [X|_]) :-	% laziness flavor	when(ground(X),	     (format('~w~n', [X]), 	      % the trick to stop	      nb_linkval(go, 0))).  watch_20(N, [X|L]):-	% laziness flavor	when(ground(X),	     (format('~w ', [X]),	      N1 is N - 1,	      watch_20(N1, L))).`
Output:
```?- hamming(20).
1 2 3 4 5 6 8 9 10 12 15 16 18 20 24 25 27 30 32 36
true .

?- hamming(1691).
2125764000
true .

?- hamming(1000000).
519312780448388736089589843750000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
true .
```

## PureBasic

`#X2 = 2#X3 = 3#X5 = 5 Macro Ham(w)  PrintN("H("+Str(w)+") = "+Str(Hamming(w)))EndMacro Procedure.i Hamming(l.i)  Define.i i,j,k,n,m,x=#X2,y=#X3,z=#X5  Dim h.i(l) : h(0)=1  For n=1 To l-1    m=x    If m>y : m=y : EndIf    If m>z : m=z : EndIf    h(n)=m    If m=x : i+1 : x=#X2*h(i) : EndIf    If m=y : j+1 : y=#X3*h(j) : EndIf    If m=z : k+1 : z=#X5*h(k) : EndIf      Next  ProcedureReturn h(l-1)EndProcedure OpenConsole("Hamming numbers")For h.i=1 To 20  Ham(h)  NextHam(1691)Input()`
Output:
```H(1) = 1
H(2) = 2
H(3) = 3
H(4) = 4
H(5) = 5
H(6) = 6
H(7) = 8
H(8) = 9
H(9) = 10
H(10) = 12
H(11) = 15
H(12) = 16
H(13) = 18
H(14) = 20
H(15) = 24
H(16) = 25
H(17) = 27
H(18) = 30
H(19) = 32
H(20) = 36

H(1691) = 2125764000```

## Python

### Version based on example from Dr. Dobb's CodeTalk

`from itertools import islice def hamming2():    '''\    This version is based on a snippet from:        http://dobbscodetalk.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=913&Itemid=85         When expressed in some imaginary pseudo-C with automatic        unlimited storage allocation and BIGNUM arithmetics, it can be        expressed as:            hamming = h where              array h;              n=0; h[0]=1; i=0; j=0; k=0;              x2=2*h[ i ]; x3=3*h[j]; x5=5*h[k];              repeat:                h[++n] = min(x2,x3,x5);                if (x2==h[n]) { x2=2*h[++i]; }                if (x3==h[n]) { x3=3*h[++j]; }                if (x5==h[n]) { x5=5*h[++k]; }     '''    h = 1    _h=[h]    # memoized    multipliers  = (2, 3, 5)    multindeces  = [0 for i in multipliers] # index into _h for multipliers    multvalues   = [x * _h[i] for x,i in zip(multipliers, multindeces)]    yield h    while True:        h = min(multvalues)        _h.append(h)        for (n,(v,x,i)) in enumerate(zip(multvalues, multipliers, multindeces)):            if v == h:                i += 1                multindeces[n] = i                multvalues[n]  = x * _h[i]        # cap the memoization        mini = min(multindeces)        if mini >= 1000:            del _h[:mini]            multindeces = [i - mini for i in multindeces]        #        yield h`
Output:
```>>> list(islice(hamming2(), 20))
[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 12, 15, 16, 18, 20, 24, 25, 27, 30, 32, 36]
>>> list(islice(hamming2(), 1690, 1691))
[2125764000]
>>> list(islice(hamming2(), 999999, 1000000))
[519312780448388736089589843750000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000]
```

### Another implementation of same approach

This version uses a lot of memory, it doesn't try to limit memory usage.

`import psyco def hamming(limit):    h = [1] * limit    x2, x3, x5 = 2, 3, 5    i = j = k = 0     for n in xrange(1, limit):        h[n] = min(x2, x3, x5)        if x2 == h[n]:            i += 1            x2 = 2 * h[i]        if x3 == h[n]:            j += 1            x3 = 3 * h[j]        if x5 == h[n]:            k += 1            x5 = 5 * h[k]     return h[-1] psyco.bind(hamming)print [hamming(i) for i in xrange(1, 21)]print hamming(1691)print hamming(1000000)`

### "Cyclical Iterators"

The original author is Raymond Hettinger and the code was first published here under the MIT license. Uses iterators dubbed "cyclical" in a sense that they are referring back (explicitly, with `p2, p3, p5` iterators) to the previously produced values, same as the above versions (through indecies into shared storage) and the classic Haskell version (implicitly timed by lazy evaluation).

Memory is efficiently maintained automatically by the `tee` function for each of the three generator expressions, i.e. only that much is maintained as needed to produce the next value (although it looks like the storage is not shared so three copies are maintained implicitly there).

`from itertools import tee, chain, groupby, islicefrom heapq import merge def raymonds_hamming():    # Generate "5-smooth" numbers, also called "Hamming numbers"    # or "Regular numbers".  See: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regular_number    # Finds solutions to 2**i * 3**j * 5**k  for some integers i, j, and k.     def deferred_output():        for i in output:            yield i     result, p2, p3, p5 = tee(deferred_output(), 4)    m2 = (2*x for x in p2)                          # multiples of 2    m3 = (3*x for x in p3)                          # multiples of 3    m5 = (5*x for x in p5)                          # multiples of 5    merged = merge(m2, m3, m5)    combined = chain([1], merged)                   # prepend a starting point    output = (k for k,g in groupby(combined))       # eliminate duplicates     return result print list(islice(raymonds_hamming(), 20))print islice(raymonds_hamming(), 1689, 1690).next()print islice(raymonds_hamming(), 999999, 1000000).next()`

Results are the same as before.

#### Non-sharing recursive generator

Another formulation along the same lines, but greatly simplified, found here. Lacks data sharing, i.e. calls self recursively thus creating a separate copy of the data stream fed to the tee() call, again and again, instead of using its own output. This gravely impacts the efficiency. Not to be used.

`from heapq import mergefrom itertools import tee def hamming_numbers():    last = 1    yield last     a,b,c = tee(hamming_numbers(), 3)     for n in merge((2*i for i in a), (3*i for i in b), (5*i for i in c)):        if n != last:            yield n            last = n`

#### Cyclic generator method #2.

Cyclic generator method #2. Considerably faster due to early elimination (before merge) of duplicates. Currently the faster Python version. Direct copy of Haskell code.

`from itertools import islice, chain, tee def merge(r, s):    # This is faster than heapq.merge.    rr = r.next()    ss = s.next()    while True:        if rr < ss:            yield rr            rr = r.next()        else:            yield ss            ss = s.next() def p(n):    def gen():        x = n        while True:            yield x            x *= n    return gen() def pp(n, s):    def gen():        for x in (merge(s, chain([n], (n * y for y in fb)))):            yield x    r, fb = tee(gen())    return r def hamming(a, b = None):    if not b:        b = a + 1    seq = (chain([1], pp(5, pp(3, p(2)))))    return list(islice(seq, a - 1, b - 1)) print hamming(1, 21)print hamming(1691)[0]print hamming(1000000)[0]`

## Qi

 This example is incomplete. Parts 2 & 3 of task missing. Please ensure that it meets all task requirements and remove this message.
Translation of: Clojure
`(define smerge  [X|Xs] [Y|Ys] -> [X | (freeze (smerge (thaw Xs) [Y|Ys]))] where (< X Y)  [X|Xs] [Y|Ys] -> [Y | (freeze (smerge [X|Xs] (thaw Ys)))] where (> X Y)  [X|Xs] [_|Ys] -> [X | (freeze (smerge (thaw Xs) (thaw Ys)))]) (define smerge3  Xs Ys Zs -> (smerge Xs (smerge Ys Zs))) (define smap  F [S|Ss] -> [(F S)|(freeze (smap F (thaw Ss)))]) (set hamming [1 | (freeze (smerge3 (smap (* 2) (value hamming))                                   (smap (* 3) (value hamming))                                   (smap (* 5) (value hamming))))]) (define stake  _      0 -> []  [S|Ss] N -> [S|(stake (thaw Ss) (1- N))]) (stake (value hamming) 20)`
Output:
```[1 2 3 4 5 6 8 9 10 12 15 16 18 20 24 25 27 30 32 36]
```

## R

Recursively find the Hamming numbers below ${\displaystyle 2^{31}}$. Shown are results for tasks 1 and 2. Arbitrary precision integers are not supported natively.

`hamming=function(hamms,limit) {  tmp=hamms  for(h in c(2,3,5)) {    tmp=c(tmp,h*hamms)  }  tmp=unique(tmp[tmp<=limit])  if(length(tmp)>length(hamms)) {    hamms=hamming(tmp,limit)  }  hamms}h <- sort(hamming(1,limit=2^31-1))print(h[1:20])print(h[length(h)])`
Output:
```[1]  1  2  3  4  5  6  8  9 10 12 15 16 18 20 24 25 27 30 32 36
[1] 2125764000
```

## Racket

`#lang racket(require racket/stream)(define first stream-first)(define rest  stream-rest) (define (merge s1 s2)  (define x1 (first s1))  (define x2 (first s2))  (cond [(= x1 x2) (merge s1 (rest s2))]        [(< x1 x2) (stream-cons x1 (merge (rest s1) s2))]        [else      (stream-cons x2 (merge s1 (rest s2)))])) (define (mult k) (λ(x) (* x k))) (define hamming  (stream-cons    1 (merge (stream-map (mult 2) hamming)            (merge (stream-map (mult 3) hamming)                   (stream-map (mult 5) hamming))))) (for/list ([i 20] [x hamming]) x)(stream-ref hamming 1690)(stream-ref hamming 999999)`
Output:
```'(1 2 3 4 5 6 8 9 10 12 15 16 18 20 24 25 27 30 32 36)
2125764000
519312780448388736089589843750000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000```

Translation of Haskell code avoiding duplicates

The above version consumes quite a lot of memory as streams are retained since the head of the stream is a global defined binding "hamming". The following code implements (hamming) as a function and all heads of streams are locally defined so that they can be garbage collected as they are consumed; as well it is formulated so that no duplicate values are generated so as to simplify the calculation and minimize the number of values in the streams, to further the last it also evaluates the least dense stream first. The following code is about three times faster than the above code:

`#lang racket(require racket/stream)(define first stream-first)(define rest  stream-rest) (define (hamming)  (define (merge s1 s2)    (let ([x1 (first s1)]          [x2 (first s2)])      (if (< x1 x2) ; don't have to handle duplicate case          (stream-cons x1 (merge (rest s1) s2))          (stream-cons x2 (merge s1 (rest s2))))))  (define (smult m s) ; faster than using map (* m)    (define (smlt ss)      (stream-cons (* m (first ss)) (smlt (rest ss))))    (smlt s))  (define (u s n)    (if (stream-empty? s) ; checking here more efficient than in merge        (letrec ([r (smult n (stream-cons 1 r))])          r)        (letrec ([r (merge s (smult n (stream-cons 1 r)))])          r)))  (stream-cons 1 (stream-fold u empty-stream '(5 3 2)))) (for/list ([i 20] [x (hamming)]) x) (newline)(stream-ref (hamming) 1690) (newline)(stream-ref (hamming) 999999) (newline)`

The output of the above code is the same as that of the earlier code.

## Raven

Translation of: Liberty Basic
`define hamming use \$limit    [ ] as \$h    1 \$h 0 set    2 as \$x2   3 as \$x3    5 as \$x5    0 as \$i    0 as \$j     0 as \$k    1 \$limit 1 + 1 range each as \$n        \$x3 \$x5 min \$x2 min    \$h \$n   set        \$h \$n get   \$x2 =  if            \$i  1 +   as \$i            \$h \$i get    2 *     as \$x2        \$h \$n get   \$x3 =  if            \$j  1 +   as \$j            \$h \$j get    3 *     as \$x3        \$h \$n get   \$x5 =  if            \$k  1 +   as \$k            \$h \$k get    5 *     as \$x5    \$h   \$limit 1 -   get 1 21 1 range each as \$lim    \$lim hamming print " " print"\n" print "Hamming(1691) is: " print    1691 hamming print    "\n" print # Raven can't handle > 2^31 using integers##"Hamming(1000000) is: " print   1000000 hamming print    "\n" print`
Output:
```1 2 3 4 5 6 8 9 10 12 15 16 18 20 24 25 27 30 32 36
Hamming(1691) is: 2125764000```

## REXX

Both REXX versions compute and produce the Hamming numbers in numerical order.

### idiomatic

This REXX program was a direct translation from my old REXX subroutine to compute   UGLY   numbers,
it computes   just enough   Hamming numbers   (one Hamming number after the current number).

`/*REXX program computes  Hamming numbers:  1 ──► 20,  # 1691,  and  the  one millionth. */numeric digits 100                               /*ensure enough decimal digits.        */call hamming 1, 20                               /*show the 1st ──► twentieth Hamming #s*/call hamming 1691                                /*show the 1,691st Hamming number.     */call hamming 1000000                             /*show the  1 millionth Hamming number.*/exit                                             /*stick a fork in it,  we're all done. *//*──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────*/hamming:  procedure;   parse arg x,y;    if y==''  then y=x;        w=length(y)                               #2=1;     #3=1;     #5=1;     @.=0;        @.1=1               do n=2  for y-1               @.n = min(2*@.#2, 3*@.#3, 5*@.#5)   /*pick the minimum of 3 (Hamming) #s.*/               if 2*@.#2 == @.n   then #2 = #2+1   /*number already defined?  Use next #*/               if 3*@.#3 == @.n   then #3 = #3+1   /*   "      "       "       "    "  "*/               if 5*@.#5 == @.n   then #5 = #5+1   /*   "      "       "       "    "  "*/               end   /*n*/                         /* [↑]  maybe assign next 3 Hamming#s*/                              do j=x  to y                              say 'Hamming('right(j,w)") ="  @.j                              end   /*j*/           say right( 'length of last Hamming number ='     length(@.y),  70);        say          return`

output   when using the default input(s):

```Hamming( 1) = 1
Hamming( 2) = 2
Hamming( 3) = 3
Hamming( 4) = 4
Hamming( 5) = 5
Hamming( 6) = 6
Hamming( 7) = 8
Hamming( 8) = 9
Hamming( 9) = 10
Hamming(10) = 12
Hamming(11) = 15
Hamming(12) = 16
Hamming(13) = 18
Hamming(14) = 20
Hamming(15) = 24
Hamming(16) = 25
Hamming(17) = 27
Hamming(18) = 30
Hamming(19) = 32
Hamming(20) = 36
length of last Hamming number = 2

Hamming(1691) = 2125764000
length of last Hamming number = 10

Hamming(1000000) = 519312780448388736089589843750000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
length of last Hamming number = 84
```

### unrolled

This REXX version is roughly twice as fast as the 1st REXX version.

`/*REXX program computes  Hamming numbers:  1 ──► 20,   # 1691,   and  the one millionth.*/numeric digits 100                               /*ensure enough decimal digits.        */call hamming       1, 20                         /*show the 1st ──► twentieth Hamming #s*/call hamming    1691                             /*show the 1,691st Hamming number.     */call hamming 1000000                             /*show the  1 millionth Hamming number.*/exit                                             /*stick a fork in it,  we're all done. *//*──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────*/hamming: procedure;  parse arg x,y;    if y==''  then y=x;              w=length(y)                                       #2=1;     #3=1;      #5=1;       @.=0;        @.1=1             do n=2  for y-1             _2 = @.#2 + @.#2                    /*this is faster than:      @.#2 * 2   */             _3 = @.#3 * 3             _5 = @.#5 * 5                               m  = _2           /*assume a minimum (of the 3 Hammings).*/             if _3  < m   then m  = _3           /*is this number less than the minimum?*/             if _5  < m   then m  = _5           /* "   "     "     "    "   "     "    */                @.n = m                          /*now,  assign the next Hamming number.*/             if _2 == m   then #2 = #2 + 1       /*number already defined?   Use next #.*/             if _3 == m   then #3 = #3 + 1       /*   "      "       "        "    "  " */             if _5 == m   then #5 = #5 + 1       /*   "      "       "        "    "  " */             end   /*n*/                         /* [↑]  maybe assign next Hamming #'s. */                               do j=x  to y                               say 'Hamming('right(j, w)") ="    @.j                               end   /*j*/          say right( 'length of last Hamming number ='     length(@.y),  70);           say         return`

output   is identical to the 1st REXX version.

## Ring

` see "h(1) = 1" + nlfor nr = 1 to 19     see "h(" + (nr+1) + ") = " + hamming(nr) + nlnextsee "h(1691) = " + hamming(1690) + nlsee nl func hamming limit     h = list(1690)     h[1] =1     x2 = 2 x3 = 3 x5 =5     i  = 0 j  = 0 k  =0        for n =1 to limit         h[n]  = min(x2, min(x3, x5))         if x2 = h[n]  i = i +1  x2 =2 *h[i] ok         if x3 = h[n]  j = j +1  x3 =3 *h[j] ok         if x5 = h[n]  k = k +1  x5 =5 *h[k] ok     next     hamming = h[limit]     return hamming `

Output:

```h(1) = 1
h(2) = 2
h(3) = 3
h(4) = 4
h(5) = 5
h(6) = 6
h(7) = 8
h(8) = 9
h(9) = 10
h(10) = 12
h(11) = 15
h(12) = 16
h(13) = 18
h(14) = 20
h(15) = 24
h(16) = 25
h(17) = 27
h(18) = 30
h(19) = 32
h(20) = 36
h(1691) = 2125764000
```

## Ruby

Translation of: Scala
Works with: Ruby version 1.9.3
`hamming = Enumerator.new do |yielder|  next_ham = 1  queues = [[ 2, []], [3, []], [5, []] ]   loop do    yielder << next_ham   # or: yielder.yield(next_ham)     queues.each {|m,queue| queue << next_ham * m}    next_ham = queues.collect{|m,queue| queue.first}.min    queues.each {|m,queue| queue.shift if queue.first==next_ham}  endend`

And the "main" part of the task

`start = Time.now hamming.each.with_index(1) do |ham, idx|  case idx  when (1..20), 1691    puts "#{idx} => #{ham}"  when 1_000_000    puts "#{idx} => #{ham}"    break  endend puts "elapsed: #{Time.now - start} seconds"`
Output:
```1 => 1
2 => 2
3 => 3
4 => 4
5 => 5
6 => 6
7 => 8
8 => 9
9 => 10
10 => 12
11 => 15
12 => 16
13 => 18
14 => 20
15 => 24
16 => 25
17 => 27
18 => 30
19 => 32
20 => 36
1691 => 2125764000
[1000000, 519312780448388736089589843750000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000]
elapsed: 6.522811 seconds
```

## Run BASIC

` dim h(1000000)for i =1 to 20    print hamming(i);" ";next i printprint "Hamming List First(1691)   =";chr\$(9);hamming(1691)print "Hamming List Last(1000000) =";chr\$(9);hamming(1000000) end function hamming(limit)    h(0) =1    x2 = 2: x3 = 3: x5 =5    i  = 0: j  = 0: k  =0    for n =1 to limit        h(n)  = min(x2, min(x3, x5))        if x2 = h(n) then i = i +1: x2 =2 *h(i)        if x3 = h(n) then j = j +1: x3 =3 *h(j)        if x5 = h(n) then k = k +1: x5 =5 *h(k)    next n    hamming = h(limit -1)end function`
```1 2 3 4 5 6 8 9 10 12 15 16 18 20 24 25 27 30 32 36
Hamming List First(1691)   =	2125764000
Hamming List Last(1000000) =	519312780448388736089589843750000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000```

## Rust

Library: num

### Basic version

Translation of: D

Improved by minimizing the number of BigUint comparisons:

`extern crate num;num::bigint::BigUint; use std::time::Instant; fn basic_hamming(n: usize) -> BigUint {    let two = BigUint::from(2u8);    let three = BigUint::from(3u8);    let five = BigUint::from(5u8);    let mut h = vec![BigUint::from(0u8); n];    h[0] = BigUint::from(1u8);    let mut x2 = BigUint::from(2u8);    let mut x3 = BigUint::from(3u8);    let mut x5 = BigUint::from(5u8);    let mut i = 0usize; let mut j = 0usize; let mut k = 0usize;     // BigUint comparisons are expensive, so do it only as necessary...    fn min3(x: &BigUint, y: &BigUint, z: &BigUint) -> (usize, BigUint) {        let (cs, r1) = if y == z { (0x6, y) }                         else if y < z { (2, y) } else { (4, z) };        if x == r1 { (cs | 1, x.clone()) }        else if x < r1 { (1, x.clone()) } else { (cs, r1.clone()) }    }     let mut c = 1;    while c < n { // satisfy borrow checker with extra blocks: {  }        let (cs, e1) = { min3(&x2, &x3, &x5) };        h[c] = e1; // vector now owns the generated value        if (cs & 1) != 0 { i += 1; x2 = &two * &h[i] }        if (cs & 2) != 0 { j += 1; x3 = &three * &h[j] }	        if (cs & 4) != 0 { k += 1; x5 = &five * &h[k] }        c += 1;    }     match h.pop() {        Some(v) => v,        _ => panic!("basic_hamming: arg is zero; no elements")    }} fn main() {    print!("[");    for (i, h) in (1..21).map(basic_hamming).enumerate() {        if i != 0 { print!(",") }        print!(" {}", h)    }    println!(" ]");    println!("{}", basic_hamming(1691));     let strt = Instant::now();     let rslt = basic_hamming(1000000);     let elpsd = strt.elapsed();    let secs = elpsd.as_secs();    let millis = (elpsd.subsec_nanos() / 1000000)as u64;    let dur = secs * 1000 + millis;     let rs = rslt.to_str_radix(10);    let mut s = rs.as_str();    println!("{} digits:", s.len());        while s.len() > 100 {            let (f, r) = s.split_at(100);            s = r;            println!("{}", f);        }        println!("{}", s);     println!("This last took {} milliseconds", dur);}`
Output:
```[ 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 12, 15, 16, 18, 20, 24, 25, 27, 30, 32, 36 ]
2125764000
84 digits:
519312780448388736089589843750000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
This last took 677 milliseconds.```

### Eliminating duplicate calculations

Much of the time above is wasted doing big integer multiplications that are duplicated elsewhere as in 2 times 3 and 3 times 2, etc. The following code eliminates such duplicate multiplications and reduces the number of comparisons, as follows:

`fn nodups_hamming(n: usize) -> BigUint {    let two = BigUint::from(2u8);    let three = BigUint::from(3u8);    let five = BigUint::from(5u8);    let mut m = vec![BigUint::from(0u8); 1];    m[0] = BigUint::from(1u8);    let mut h = vec![BigUint::from(0u8); n];    h[0] = BigUint::from(1u8);    if n > 1 {        m.push(BigUint::from(3u8)); // for initial x53 advance        h[1] = BigUint::from(2u8); // for initial x532 advance    }    let mut x5 = BigUint::from(5u8);    let mut x53 = BigUint::from(9u8); // 3 times 3 because already merged one step    let mut mrg = BigUint::from(3u8);    let mut x532 = BigUint::from(2u8);     let mut i = 0usize; let mut j = 1usize;    let mut c = 1usize;    while c < n { // satisfy borrow checker with extra blocks: {  }        if &x532 < &mrg { h[c] = x532; i += 1; x532 = &two * &h[i]; }        else {	h[c] = mrg;                if &x53 < &x5 { mrg = x53; j += 1; x53 = &three * &m[j]; }                else { mrg = x5.clone(); x5 = &five * &x5; };                m.push(mrg.clone()); };        c += 1;    }    match h.pop() {        Some(v) => v,        _ => panic!("nodups_hamming: arg is zero; no elements")    }}`

Substitute the calls to the above code for the calls to "basic_hamming" (three places) in the "main" function above. The output is the same except that the time expended is less (249 milliseconds), for over two and a half times faster.

### Much faster logarithmic version with low memory use

The above versions spend much of their time doing BigUint calculations. The below version eliminates much of that time by using integer powers of 2, 3, and 5 representations and all normal integer calculations except for the final conversion to a BitUint for the final result for about a 30 times speed-up.

Another problem is that the above versions use so much memory that they can't compute even the billionth hamming number without running out of memory on a 16 Gigabyte machine. This version greatly reduces the memory use to about O(n^(2/3)) by eliminating no longer required back values in batches so that with about 9 Gigabytes it will calculate the hamming numbers to 1.2e13 (it's limit due to the ranges of the exponents) in a day or so. The code is as follows:

`fn log_nodups_hamming(n: u64) -> BigUint {    if n <= 0 { panic!("nodups_hamming: arg is zero; no elements") }    if n < 2 { return BigUint::from(1u8) } // trivial case for n == 1    if n > 1.2e13 as u64 { panic!("log_nodups_hamming: argument too large to guarantee results!") }     // constants as expanded integers to minimize round-off errors, and    // reduce execution time using integer operations not float...    const LAA2: u64 = 35184372088832; // 2.0f64.powi(45)).round() as u64;    const LBA2: u64 = 55765910372219; // 3.0f64.log2() * 2.0f64.powi(45)).round() as u64;    const LCA2: u64 = 81695582054030; // 5.0f64.log2() * 2.0f64.powi(45)).round() as u64;     #[derive(Clone, Copy)]    struct Logelm { // log representation of an element with only allowable powers        exp2: u16,        exp3: u16,        exp5: u16,        logr: u64 // log representation used for comparison only - not exact    }     impl Logelm {        fn lte(&self, othr: &Logelm) -> bool {            if self.logr <= othr.logr { true } else { false }        }        fn mul2(&self) -> Logelm {            Logelm { exp2: self.exp2 + 1, logr: self.logr + LAA2, .. *self }        }        fn mul3(&self) -> Logelm {            Logelm { exp3: self.exp3 + 1, logr: self.logr + LBA2, .. *self }        }        fn mul5(&self) -> Logelm {            Logelm { exp5: self.exp5 + 1, logr: self.logr + LCA2, .. *self }        }    }     let one = Logelm { exp2: 0, exp3: 0, exp5: 0, logr: 0 };    let mut x532 = one.mul2();    let mut mrg = one.mul3();    let mut x53 = one.mul3().mul3(); // advance as mrg has the former value...    let mut x5 = one.mul5();     let mut h = Vec::with_capacity(65536); // vec!(one.clone(); 0);    let mut m = Vec::<Logelm>::with_capacity(65536); // vec!(one.clone(); 0);     let mut i = 0usize; let mut j = 0usize;    for _ in 1 .. n {        let cph = h.capacity();        if i > cph / 2 { // drain extra unneeded values...            h.drain(0 .. i);            i = 0;        }        if x532.lte(&mrg) {            h.push(x532);            x532 = h[i].mul2();            i += 1;        } else {            h.push(mrg);            if x53.lte(&x5) {                mrg = x53;                x53 = m[j].mul3();                j += 1;            } else {                mrg = x5;                x5 = x5.mul5();            }            let cpm = m.capacity();            if j > cpm / 2 { // drain extra unneeded values...                m.drain(0 .. j);                j = 0;            }            m.push(mrg);        }    }     let o = &h[&h.len() - 1];    let two = BigUint::from(2u8);    let three = BigUint::from(3u8);    let five = BigUint::from(5u8);    let mut ob = BigUint::from(1u8); // convert to BigUint at the end    for _ in 0 .. o.exp2 { ob = ob * &two }    for _ in 0 .. o.exp3 { ob = ob * &three }    for _ in 0 .. o.exp5 { ob = ob * &five }    ob}`

Again, this function can be used with the same "main" as above and the outputs are the same except that the execution time is only 7 milliseconds. It calculates the hamming number to a billion and just over a second and to one hundred billion in just over 100 seconds - O(n) time complexity. As well as eliminating duplicate calculations and calculating using exponents rather than BitUint operations, it also reduces the time required as compared to other similar algorithms by scaling the logarithms of two, three, and five into 64-bit integers so no floating point operations are required. The scaling is such that round-off errors will not affect the order of results for well past the usable range.

Memory used is greatly reduced to O(n^(2/3)) by draining the arrays of back values no longer required in batches (rather than one by one) so that less time is used. It also saves time by not requiring as many allocations and de-allocations as the draining is done in place, thus making the current capacity of arrays longer usable.

### Sequence version

As the task actually asks for a sequence of Hamming numbers, any of the above three solutions can easily be adapted to output an Iterator sequence; in this case the last fastest one is converted as follows:

`extern crate num; // requires dependency on the num libraryuse num::bigint::BigUint; use std::time::Instant; fn log_nodups_hamming_iter() -> Box<Iterator<Item = (u16, u16, u16)>> {    // constants as expanded integers to minimize round-off errors, and    // reduce execution time using integer operations not float...    const LAA2: u64 = 35184372088832; // 2.0f64.powi(45)).round() as u64;    const LBA2: u64 = 55765910372219; // 3.0f64.log2() * 2.0f64.powi(45)).round() as u64;    const LCA2: u64 = 81695582054030; // 5.0f64.log2() * 2.0f64.powi(45)).round() as u64;     #[derive(Clone, Copy)]    struct Logelm { // log representation of an element with only allowable powers        exp2: u16,        exp3: u16,        exp5: u16,        logr: u64 // log representation used for comparison only - not exact    }    impl Logelm {        fn lte(&self, othr: &Logelm) -> bool {            if self.logr <= othr.logr { true } else { false }        }        fn mul2(&self) -> Logelm {            Logelm { exp2: self.exp2 + 1, logr: self.logr + LAA2, .. *self }        }        fn mul3(&self) -> Logelm {            Logelm { exp3: self.exp3 + 1, logr: self.logr + LBA2, .. *self }        }        fn mul5(&self) -> Logelm {            Logelm { exp5: self.exp5 + 1, logr: self.logr + LCA2, .. *self }        }    }     let one = Logelm { exp2: 0, exp3: 0, exp5: 0, logr: 0 };    let mut x532 = one.mul2();    let mut mrg = one.mul3();    let mut x53 = one.mul3().mul3(); // advance as mrg has the former value...    let mut x5 = one.mul5();     let mut h = Vec::with_capacity(65536);    let mut m = Vec::<Logelm>::with_capacity(65536);     let mut i = 0usize; let mut j = 0usize;    Box::new((0u64 .. ).map(move |it| if it < 1 { (0, 0, 0) } else {        let cph = h.capacity();        if i > cph / 2 {            h.drain(0 .. i);            i = 0;        }        if x532.lte(&mrg) {            h.push(x532);            x532 = h[i].mul2();            i += 1;        } else {            h.push(mrg);            if x53.lte(&x5) {                mrg = x53;                x53 = m[j].mul3();                j += 1;            } else {                mrg = x5;                x5 = x5.mul5();            }            let cpm = m.capacity();            if j > cpm / 2 {                m.drain(0 .. j);                j = 0;            }            m.push(mrg);        }        let o = &h[&h.len() - 1];        (o.exp2, o.exp3, o.exp5)    }))} fn convert_log2big(o: (u16, u16, u16)) -> BigUint {    let two = BigUint::from(2u8);    let three = BigUint::from(3u8);    let five = BigUint::from(5u8);    let (x2, x3, x5) = o;    let mut ob = BigUint::from(1u8); // convert to BigUint at the end    for _ in 0 .. x2 { ob = ob * &two }    for _ in 0 .. x3 { ob = ob * &three }    for _ in 0 .. x5 { ob = ob * &five }    ob} fn main() {    print!("[");    for (i, h) in log_nodups_hamming_iter().take(20).map(convert_log2big).enumerate() {        if i != 0 { print!(",") }        print!(" {}", h)    }    println!(" ]");    println!("{}", convert_log2big(log_nodups_hamming_iter().take(1691).last().unwrap()));     let strt = Instant::now(); //  let rslt = convert_log2big(log_nodups_hamming_iter().take(1000000000).last().unwrap());    let mut it = log_nodups_hamming_iter().into_iter();    for _ in 0 .. 100-1 { // a little faster; less one level of iteration        let _ = it.next();    }    let rslt = convert_log2big(it.next().unwrap());     let elpsd = strt.elapsed();    let secs = elpsd.as_secs();    let millis = (elpsd.subsec_nanos() / 1000000)as u64;    let dur = secs * 1000 + millis;     println!("2^{} times 3^{} times 5^{}", rslt.0, rslt.1, rslt.2);    let rs = convert_log2big(rslt).to_str_radix(10);    let mut s = rs.as_str();    println!("{} digits:", s.len());    let lg3 = 3.0f64.log2();    let lg5 = 5.0f64.log2();    let lg = (rslt.0 as f64 + rslt.1 as f64 * lg3	         + rslt.2 as f64 * lg5) * 2.0f64.log10();    println!("Approximately {}E+{}", 10.0f64.powf(lg.fract()), lg.trunc());    if s.len() <= 10000 {        while s.len() > 100 {            let (f, r) = s.split_at(100);            s = r;            println!("{}", f);        }        println!("{}", s);    }     println!("This last took {} milliseconds.", dur);}`
Output:
```[ 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 12, 15, 16, 18, 20, 24, 25, 27, 30, 32, 36 ]
2125764000
2^55 times 3^47 times 5^64
84 digits:
Approximately 5.193127804483804E+83
519312780448388736089589843750000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
This last took 17 milliseconds.```

The above final output is the same as the last one, but the function is called differently; also note that it is somewhat slower than the last version due to the extra function calls required to enumerate over an Iterator. It can enumerate the Hamming numbers up to a billion in about 20 seconds instead of the about ten seconds for the last version - about O(n) time complexity, and has the same O(n^(2/3)) space complexity as the last version.

### Functional sequence version avoiding duplicates

It has been said by some that Rust is basically a functional language; however that isn't quite true in several respects, at least as per the following:

``` 1) I does not guaranty tail call optimization for functions, thus sometimes requiring imperative forms of code to produce that effect.
2) It does not have currying or partial application of function arguments without using kludges of nested function/closure calls.
3) move closures cannot using recursive shared values without using interior mutability inside a reference counted value (required here)
4) Closures are not recursive without using a trick involving shared state reference counted values (demonstrated here).
5) It currently does not have a standard library implementation of a lazily computer value (required to implement a Lazy List, and
6) It accordingly is not as easy as in most other languages to implement Co-Inductive Streams or (also memoized) Lazy Lists (a form of Lazy List is required here).
```

Many of these come about due to the Rust memory model where pieces of programs "own" data and its disposal but can assign references to other pieces of code (with limits if mutability is required), instead of the Garbage Collected model used by most other functional languages where variables are owned by the system and program code just uses references to that data other than for primitives which are owned by whoever uses them.

The lack of the Lazy type and thus the Lazy List time is partly due to Rust's still being relatively unstable, as Lazy requires a "thunk" (a zero argument move closure acting on owned data - FnOnce in Rust), and in Rust these must be boxed (allocated on the heap) to be usable; however "Box<FnOnce() -> T>" does not currently work, the stopgap measure of "FnBox" is marked as unstable and thus can only be used in (unstable) "nightly" version of the compiler, and the "thunk" standard library which implemented the "Invoke" trait boilerplate code that made it possible was removed from current version in anticipation of something better. In this code I have accordingly resurrected just enough of the old standard library code to make this work.

Jeremy Reems had implemented Lazy and [http:/https://github.com/reem/rust-lazylist/blob/master/src/lib.rs also LazyList], but they haven't been maintained for two years and don't compile (likely waiting for stable features). According, I have implemented enough of this functionality as required by this algorithm, as per the following code (tested on Rust version 1.13):

`extern crate num;use num::bigint::BigUint; use std::rc::Rc;use std::iter::FromIterator;use std::cell::{UnsafeCell, RefCell};use std::mem; use std::time::Instant; // since Box<FnOnce() -> T + 'a> doesn't currently work and// FnBox, which does work, (version 1.13) is UnStable;// use the boilerplate Invoke trait and Thunk// from the old removed thunk standard library...  pub trait Invoke<R = ()> {    fn invoke(self: Box<Self>) -> R;} impl<R, F: FnOnce() -> R> Invoke<R> for F {    #[inline(always)]    fn invoke(self: Box<F>) -> R { (*self)() }} pub struct Thunk<'a, R>(Box<Invoke<R> + 'a>); impl<'a, R: 'a> Thunk<'a, R> {    #[inline(always)]    fn new<F: 'a + FnOnce() -> R>(func: F) -> Thunk<'a, R> {        Thunk(Box::new(func))    }    #[inline(always)]    fn invoke(self) -> R { self.0.invoke() }} // actual Lazy implementation starts here... use self::LazyState::*; pub struct Lazy<'a, T: 'a>(UnsafeCell<LazyState<'a, T>>); enum LazyState<'a, T: 'a> {    Unevaluated(Thunk<'a, T>),    EvaluationInProgress,    Evaluated(T)} impl<'a, T: 'a> Lazy<'a, T>{    #[inline]    pub fn new<'b, F>(thunk: F) -> Lazy<'b, T>            where F: 'b + FnOnce() -> T {        Lazy(UnsafeCell::new(Unevaluated(Thunk::new(thunk))))    }    #[inline]    pub fn evaluated(val: T) -> Lazy<'a, T> {        Lazy(UnsafeCell::new(Evaluated(val)))    }    #[inline]    fn force<'b>(&'b self) { // not thread-safe        unsafe {            match *self.0.get() {                Evaluated(_) => return, // nothing required; already Evaluated                EvaluationInProgress => panic!("Lazy::force called recursively!!!"),                _ => () // need to do following something else if Unevaluated...            } // following eliminates recursive race; drops neither on replace...            match mem::replace(&mut *self.0.get(), EvaluationInProgress) {                Unevaluated(thnk) => { // thnk can't call force on the same Lazy                    *self.0.get() = Evaluated(thnk.invoke());                },                _ => unreachable!() // already took care of other cases in above match.            }        }    }    #[inline]    pub fn value<'b>(&'b self) -> &'b T {        self.force(); // evaluatate if not evealutated        match unsafe { &*self.0.get() } {            &Evaluated(ref v) => v, // return value            _ => { unreachable!() } // previous force guarantees never not Evaluated        }    }    #[inline]    pub fn unwrap<'b>(self) -> T where T: 'b { // consumes the object to produce the value        self.force(); // evaluatate if not evealutated        match unsafe { self.0.into_inner() } {            Evaluated(v) => v,            _ => unreachable!() // previous code guarantees never not Evaluated        }    }} // now for immutable persistent (memoized) LazyList via Lazy above type RcLazyListNode<'a, T: 'a> = Rc<Lazy<'a, LazyList<'a, T>>>; use self::LazyList::*; #[derive(Clone)]enum LazyList<'a, T: 'a + Clone> {    /// The Empty List    Empty,    /// A list with one member and possibly another list.    Cons(T, RcLazyListNode<'a, T>)} impl<'a, T: 'a + Clone> LazyList<'a, T> {    #[inline]    pub fn cons<F>(v: T, cntf: F) -> LazyList<'a, T>            where F: 'a + FnOnce() -> LazyList<'a, T> {        Cons(v, Rc::new(Lazy::new(cntf)))    }    #[inline]    pub fn head<'b>(&'b self) -> &'b T {        if let Cons(ref hd, _) = *self { return hd }        panic!("LazyList::head called on an Empty LazyList!!!")    }    #[inline]    pub fn tail<'b>(&'b self) -> &'b Lazy<'a, LazyList<'a, T>> {        if let Cons(_, ref rlln) = *self { return &*rlln }        panic!("LazyList::tail called on an Empty LazyList!!!")    }    #[inline]    pub fn unwrap(self) -> (T, RcLazyListNode<'a, T>) { // consumes the object        if let Cons(hd, rlln) = self {            return (hd, rlln) }        panic!("LazyList::unwrap called on an Empty LazyList!!!")    }} impl<'a, T: 'a + Clone> Iterator for LazyList<'a, T> {    type Item = T;    #[inline]    fn next(&mut self) -> Option<Self::Item> {        if let Empty = *self { return None }        let oldll = mem::replace(self, Empty);        let (hd, rlln) = oldll.unwrap();        let mut newll = rlln.value().clone();        mem::swap(self, &mut newll); // self now contains tail, newll contains the Empty        Some(hd)    }} // implements worker wrapper recursion closures using shared RcMFn variable... type RcMFn<'a, T: 'a> = Rc<UnsafeCell<Box<FnMut(T) -> T + 'a>>>; //#[derive(Clone)]//struct RcMFn<'a, T: 'a>(Rc<UnsafeCell<Box<FnMut() -> T + 'a>>>); trait RcMFnMethods<'a, T> {    fn create<F: FnMut(T) -> T + 'a>(v: F) -> RcMFn<'a, T>;    fn invoke(&self, v: T) -> T;    fn set<F: FnMut(T) -> T + 'a>(&self, v: F);} impl<'a, T: 'a> RcMFnMethods<'a, T> for RcMFn<'a, T> {    fn create<F: FnMut(T) -> T + 'a>(v: F) -> RcMFn<'a, T> { // creates new value wrapper        Rc::new(UnsafeCell::new(Box::new(v)))    }    #[inline(always)] // needs to be faster to be worth it    fn invoke(&self, v: T) -> T {        unsafe { (*(*(*self).get()))(v) }    }    fn set<F: FnMut(T) -> T + 'a>(&self, v: F) {        unsafe { *self.get() = Box::new(v); }    }} // implementation for a reference-counted, interior-mutable variable// necessary for such things as sharing data and recursive variables type RcMVar<T> = Rc<RefCell<T>>; //#[derive(Clone)]//struct RcMVar<T>(Rc<RefCell<T>>); trait RcMVarMethods<T> {    fn create(v: T) -> Self;    fn get(self: &Self) -> T;    fn set(self: &Self, v: T);} impl<T: Clone> RcMVarMethods<T> for RcMVar<T> {    fn create(v: T) -> RcMVar<T> { // creates new value wrapped in RcMVar        Rc::new(RefCell::new(v))    }    #[inline]    fn get(&self) -> T {        self.borrow().clone()    }    fn set(&self, v: T) {        *self.borrow_mut() = v;    }} fn hammings() -> Box<Iterator<Item = Rc<BigUint>>> {    type LL<'a> = LazyList<'a, Rc<BigUint>>;    fn merge<'a>(x: LL<'a>, y: LL<'a>) -> LL<'a> {        let lte = { x.head() <= y.head() }; // private context for borrow        if lte {            let (hdx, tlx) = x.unwrap();            LL::cons(hdx, move || merge(tlx.value().clone(), y))        } else {            let (hdy, tly) = y.unwrap();            LL::cons(hdy, move || merge(x, tly.value().clone()))        }    }    fn smult<'a>(m: BigUint, s: LL<'a>) -> LL<'a> { // like map m * but faster...        let smlt = RcMFn::create(move |ss: LL<'a>| ss);        let csmlt = smlt.clone();        smlt.set(move |ss: LL<'a>| {            let (hd, tl) = ss.unwrap();            let ccsmlt = csmlt.clone();            LL::cons(Rc::new(&m * &*hd), move || ccsmlt.invoke(tl.value().clone()))        });        smlt.invoke(s)    }    fn u<'a>(s: LL<'a>, n: usize) -> LL<'a> {        let nb = BigUint::from(n);        let rslt = RcMVar::create(Empty);        let crslt = rslt.clone(); // same interior data...        let cll = LL::cons(Rc::new(BigUint::from(1u8)), move || crslt.get()); // gets future value        // below sets future value for above closure...        rslt.set(if let Empty = s { smult(nb, cll) } else { merge(s, smult(nb, cll)) });        rslt.get()    }    fn rll<'a>() -> LL<'a> { [5, 3, 2].into_iter()                                .fold(Empty, |ll, n| u(ll, *n) ) }    let hmng = LL::cons(Rc::new(BigUint::from(1u8)), move || rll());    Box::new(hmng.into_iter())} fn main() {    print!("[");    for (i, h) in hammings().take(20).enumerate() {        if i != 0 { print!(",") }        print!(" {}", h)    }    println!(" ]");     println!("{}", hammings().take(1691).last().unwrap());     let strt = Instant::now();     let rslt = hammings().take(1000000).last().unwrap();     let elpsd = strt.elapsed();    let secs = elpsd.as_secs();    let millis = (elpsd.subsec_nanos() / 1000000)as u64;    let dur = secs * 1000 + millis;     println!("{}", rslt);     println!("This last took {} milliseconds.", dur);}`

As can be seen, there is little code necessary for the "hammings" and "main" functions if the rest were available in libraries, as they really should be once Rust is more stable.

Output:
```[ 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 12, 15, 16, 18, 20, 24, 25, 27, 30, 32, 36 ]
2125764000
519312780448388736089589843750000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
This last took 408 milliseconds.```

In order to run this fast. the BigUint LazyList values are wrapped in a reference counted heap wrapper to make it more efficient for cloning operations as necessary to extract interior values from the nested RcLazyListNode structure.

This is reasonably fast, with it a little slower than some languages as the BigUint library isn't as fast as some, but about 75% of the time is spent on LazyList processing. This is likely due to the many heap allocations and de-allocations required as well as the time required to process all of the reference counting. At that, on the same machine (Intel Sky Lake i5-6500) it is still about four times faster than F# and two times faster than C# running the same functional algorithm. However, it is about three times slower than Java JVM based languages (Scala, Kotlin, Clojure, etc.) and about four times slower than Haskell, likely due to those languages having very efficient memory management for many frequent allocations/collections as for this algorithm, and as well not requiring reference counting due to garbage collection.

So Rust can be used to implement purely functional algorithms, but it isn't the best at it neither for conciseness of code nor for performance.

### Extremely fast non-sequence version by calculation of top band of Hamming numbers

One might ask "What could possibly be done to further speed up finding Hamming numbers?": the answer is quite a lot, but one has to dump the ability to iterate a sequence as that depends on being able to refer to past calculated values by back pointers to the memorized O(n^(2/3)) arrays or lists and thus quite large amounts of memory. If one just wants to find very large Hamming numbers individually, one looks to the [mathematical analysis of Hamming/regular numbers on Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regular_number) and finds there is quite an exact relationship between 'n', the sequence number, and the logarithmic magnitude of the resulting Hamming number, and that the error term is directly proportional to the logarithm of that output number. This means that only the band of Hamming values as wide of this error and including the estimated value need to be generated, and that we need only iterate over two of the three prime exponents, thus O(n^(2/3)) time complexity and O(n^(1/3)) space complexity. The following code was adapted from [an article in DDJ](http://www.drdobbs.com/architecture-and-design/hamming-problem/228700538) and the Haskell code with the further refinements to decrease the memory requirements as described above:

`extern crate num; // requires dependency on the num libraryuse num::bigint::BigUint; use std::time::Instant; fn nth_hamming(n: u64) -> (u32, u32, u32) {    if n < 2 {        if n <= 0 { panic!("nth_hamming: argument is zero; no elements") }        return (0, 0, 0) // trivial case for n == 1    }     let lg3 = 3.0f64.ln() / 2.0f64.ln(); // log base 2 of 3    let lg5 = 5.0f64.ln() / 2.0f64.ln(); // log base 2 of 5    let fctr = 6.0f64 * lg3 * lg5;    let crctn = 30.0f64.sqrt().ln() / 2.0f64.ln(); // log base 2 of sqrt 30    let lgest = (fctr * n as f64).powf(1.0f64/3.0f64)                    - crctn; // from WP formula    let frctn = if n < 1000000000 { 0.509f64 } else { 0.105f64 };    let lghi = (fctr * (n as f64 + frctn * lgest)).powf(1.0f64/3.0f64)                    - crctn; // calculate hi log limit based on log(N) - WP article    let lglo = 2.0f64 * lgest - lghi; // and a lower limit of the upper "band"    let mut count = 0; // need to use extended precision, might go over    let mut bnd = Vec::with_capacity(0);    let klmt = (lghi / lg5) as u32 + 1;    for k in 0 .. klmt { // i, j, k values can be just u32 values        let p = k as f64 * lg5;        let jlmt = ((lghi - p) / lg3) as u32 + 1;        for j in 0 .. jlmt {            let q = p + j as f64 * lg3;            let ir = lghi - q;            let lg = q + (ir as u32) as f64; // current log value (estimated)            count += ir as u64 + 1;            if lg >= lglo {                bnd.push((lg, (ir as u32, j, k)))            }        }    }    if n > count { panic!("nth_hamming: band high estimate is too low!") };    let ndx = (count - n) as usize;    if ndx >= bnd.len() { panic!("nth_hamming: band low estimate is too high!") };    bnd.sort_by(|a, b| b.0.partial_cmp(&a.0).unwrap()); // sort decreasing order     bnd[ndx].1} fn convert_log2big(o: (u32, u32, u32)) -> BigUint {    let two = BigUint::from(2u8);    let three = BigUint::from(3u8);    let five = BigUint::from(5u8);    let (x2, x3, x5) = o;    let mut ob = BigUint::from(1u8); // convert to BigUint at the end    for _ in 0 .. x2 { ob = ob * &two }    for _ in 0 .. x3 { ob = ob * &three }    for _ in 0 .. x5 { ob = ob * &five }    ob} fn main() {    print!("[");    for (i, h) in (1 .. 21).map(nth_hamming).enumerate() {        if i != 0 { print!(",") }        print!(" {}", convert_log2big(h))    }    println!(" ]");    println!("{}", convert_log2big(nth_hamming(1691)));     let strt = Instant::now();     let rslt = nth_hamming(1000000);     let elpsd = strt.elapsed();    let secs = elpsd.as_secs();    let millis = (elpsd.subsec_nanos() / 1000000)as u64;    let dur = secs * 1000 + millis;     println!("2^{} times 3^{} times 5^{}", rslt.0, rslt.1, rslt.2);    let rs = convert_log2big(rslt).to_str_radix(10);    let mut s = rs.as_str();    println!("{} digits:", s.len());    let lg3 = 3.0f64.log2();    let lg5 = 5.0f64.log2();    let lg = (rslt.0 as f64 + rslt.1 as f64 * lg3            + rslt.2 as f64 * lg5) * 2.0f64.log10();    println!("Approximately {}E+{}", 10.0f64.powf(lg.fract()), lg.trunc());    if s.len() <= 10000 {        while s.len() > 100 {            let (f, r) = s.split_at(100);            s = r;            println!("{}", f);        }        println!("{}", s);    }     println!("This last took {} milliseconds.", dur);}`
```[ 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 12, 15, 16, 18, 20, 24, 25, 27, 30, 32, 36 ]
2125764000
2^55 times 3^47 times 5^64
84 digits:
Approximately 5.193127804483804E+83
519312780448388736089589843750000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
This last took 0 milliseconds.```

The above code takes too little time to calculate the millionth Hamming numbers to be measured (as seen above), calculates the billionth number in under 10 milliseconds, calculates the trillionth in less than a second, and the thousand trillionth (10^15) in just over a minute (72 seconds). However, the program needs to be tuned for correctness for ranges of about the 100 trillionth value and above as the precision of the log approximation is not sufficient above about that level to maintain the proper sort order, and thus the answers will start to be out by one value or more. The answers are likely correct up to that point as they are the same to a trillion as the equivalent Haskell program, although this version is much faster due to no garbage collection (the Haskell version spends about half its time garbage collecting) and doing the calculations using loops and array/vector accesses rather than the lazy list processing used in the Haskell version. The program should be able to determine the 10^19th hamming number in a few hours and can't quite find the 2^64th (18446744073709551615th) Hamming number due to a slight overflow near the limit.

The above code uses the library vector sort capabilities; custom sorting versions could be written but with the reduced array size, sorting is a very small percentage of the execution time and maximum space requirements are only a few 10's of Megabytes so that neither the time nor the space used for sorting are a concern.

Note that I'm not knocking Haskell, just that (as here) many Haskell programmers like to use lazy list processing which has its costs; the Haskell version could be re-written to use arrays and functional loops and likely be about the same speed although perhaps not as concise. By simply converting the Haskell program to force strictness and to use this same method of determining the width of the upper band, the Haskell program would have the same time and space complexity as here, but would still be a constant factor of almost eight times slower due to the list processing (with a constant factor for extra space as well). Use of a mutable array or vector would solve that, but unfortunately not as easily as here as there would be the question of "unboxed" versus "boxed" arrays/vectors, and the complexities of implementing the (faster) unboxed type in which to sort the band - in short, not as easy as here in Rust.

## Scala

`class Hamming extends Iterator[BigInt] {  import scala.collection.mutable.Queue  val qs = Seq.fill(3)(new Queue[BigInt])  def enqueue(n: BigInt) = qs zip Seq(2, 3, 5) foreach { case (q, m) => q enqueue n * m }  def next = {    val n = qs map (_.head) min;    qs foreach { q => if (q.head == n) q.dequeue }    enqueue(n)    n  }  def hasNext = true  qs foreach (_ enqueue 1)}`

However, the usage of closures adds a significant amount of time. The code below, though a bit uglier because of the repetitions, is twice as fast:

`class Hamming extends Iterator[BigInt] {  import scala.collection.mutable.Queue  val q2 = new Queue[BigInt]  val q3 = new Queue[BigInt]  val q5 = new Queue[BigInt]  def enqueue(n: BigInt) = {    q2 enqueue n * 2    q3 enqueue n * 3    q5 enqueue n * 5  }  def next = {    val n = q2.head min q3.head min q5.head    if (q2.head == n) q2.dequeue    if (q3.head == n) q3.dequeue    if (q5.head == n) q5.dequeue    enqueue(n)    n  }  def hasNext = true  List(q2, q3, q5) foreach (_ enqueue 1)}`

Usage:

```scala> new Hamming take 20 toList
res87: List[BigInt] = List(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 12, 15, 16, 18, 20, 24, 25, 27, 30, 32, 36)

scala> new Hamming drop 1690 next
res88: BigInt = 2125764000

scala> new Hamming drop 999999 next
res89: BigInt = 519312780448388736089589843750000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
```

There's also a fairly mechanical translation from Haskell using purely functional lazy streams

`val hamming : Stream[BigInt] = {   def merge(inx : Stream[BigInt], iny : Stream[BigInt]) : Stream[BigInt] = {      if (inx.head < iny.head) inx.head #:: merge(inx.tail, iny) else       if (iny.head < inx.head) iny.head #:: merge(inx, iny.tail) else      merge(inx, iny.tail)   }    1 #:: merge(hamming map (_ * 2), merge(hamming map (_ * 3), hamming map (_ * 5)))}`

Use of "force" ensures that the stream is computed before being printed, otherwise it would just be left suspended and you'd see "Stream(1, ?)"

```scala> (hamming take 20).force
res0: scala.collection.immutable.Stream[BigInt] = Stream(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 12, 15, 16, 18, 20, 24, 25, 27, 30, 32, 36)
```

To get the nth code find the n-1th element because indexes are 0 based

```scala> hamming(1690)
res1: BigInt = 2125764000
```

To calculate the 1000000th code I had to increase the JVM heap from the default

```scala> hamming(999999)
res2: BigInt = 519312780448388736089589843750000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
```

Translation of Haskell code avoiding duplicates

One can fix the problems of the memory use of the above code resulting from the entire stream being held in memory due to the use a "val hamming: Stream[BigInt]" by using a function "def hamming(): Stream[BigInt]" and making temporary local variables for intermediate streams so that the beginnings of the streams are garbage collected as the output stream is consumed; one can also implement the other Haskell algorithm to avoid factor duplication by building each stream on successive streams, again with memory conserved by building the least dense first:

`  def hamming(): Stream[BigInt] = {    def merge(a: Stream[BigInt], b: Stream[BigInt]): Stream[BigInt] = {      if (a.isEmpty) b else {        val av = a.head; val bv = b.head        if (av < bv) av #:: merge(a.tail, b)        else bv #:: merge(a, b.tail) } }    def smult(m:Int, s: Stream[BigInt]): Stream[BigInt] =      (m * s.head) #:: smult(m, s.tail) // equiv to map (m *) s; faster    def u(s: Stream[BigInt], n: Int): Stream[BigInt] = {      lazy val r: Stream[BigInt] = merge(s, smult(n, 1 #:: r))      r }    1 #:: List(5, 3, 2).foldLeft(Stream.empty[BigInt]) { u } }`

Usage:

```scala> hamming() take 20 force
res0: scala.collection.immutable.Stream[BigInt] = Stream(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 12, 15, 16, 18, 20, 24, 25, 27, 30, 32, 36)

res1: BigInt = 2125764000

res2: BigInt = 519312780448388736089589843750000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
```

It only takes under a half second to find the millionth number in the sequence in the last output.

## Scheme

`(define-syntax lons  (syntax-rules ()    ((_ lar ldr) (delay (cons lar (delay ldr)))))) (define (lar lons)  (car (force lons))) (define (ldr lons)  (force (cdr (force lons)))) (define (lap proc . llists)  (lons (apply proc (map lar llists)) (apply lap proc (map ldr llists)))) (define (take n llist)  (if (zero? n)      (list)      (cons (lar llist) (take (- n 1) (ldr llist))))) (define (llist-ref n llist)  (if (= n 1)      (lar llist)      (llist-ref (- n 1) (ldr llist)))) (define (merge llist-1 . llists)  (define (merge-2 llist-1 llist-2)    (cond ((null? llist-1) llist-2)          ((null? llist-2) llist-1)          ((< (lar llist-1) (lar llist-2))           (lons (lar llist-1) (merge-2 (ldr llist-1) llist-2)))          ((> (lar llist-1) (lar llist-2))           (lons (lar llist-2) (merge-2 llist-1 (ldr llist-2))))          (else (lons (lar llist-1) (merge-2 (ldr llist-1) (ldr llist-2))))))  (if (null? llists)      llist-1      (apply merge (cons (merge-2 llist-1 (car llists)) (cdr llists))))) (define hamming  (lons 1        (merge (lap (lambda (x) (* x 2)) hamming)               (lap (lambda (x) (* x 3)) hamming)               (lap (lambda (x) (* x 5)) hamming)))) (display (take 20 hamming))(newline)(display (llist-ref 1691 hamming))(newline)(display (llist-ref 1000000 hamming))(newline)`
Output:
```(1 2 3 4 5 6 8 9 10 12 15 16 18 20 24 25 27 30 32 36)
2125764000
out of memory```

### Avoiding Generation of Duplicates, including reduced memory use

Although the algorithm above is true to the classic Dijkstra version and although the algorithm does require a form of lazy list/stream processing in order to utilize memoization and avoid repeated recalculations/comparisons, the stream implementation can be simplified, and the modified algorithm as per the Haskell code avoids duplicate generations of factors. As well, the following code implements the algorithm as a procedure/function so that it restarts the calculation from the beginning on every new call and so that internal stream variables are not top level so that the garbage collector can collect the beginning of all intermediate and final streams when they are no longer referenced; in this way total memory used (after interspersed garbage collections) is almost zero for a sequence of the first million numbers. Note that Scheme R5RS does not define "map" or "foldl" functions, so these are provided (a simplified "smult" which is faster than using map for this one purpose):

`(define (hamming)  (define (foldl f z l)    (define (foldls zs ls)      (if (null? ls) zs (foldls (f zs (car ls)) (cdr ls))))    (foldls z l))  (define (merge a b)    (if (null? a) b      (let ((x (car a)) (y (car b)))        (if (< x y) (cons x (delay (merge (force (cdr a)) b)))                    (cons y (delay (merge a (force (cdr b)))))))))  (define (smult m s) (cons (* m (car s)) ;; equiv to map (* m) s; faster             (delay (smult m (force (cdr s))))))  (define (u s n) (letrec ((a (merge s (smult n (cons 1 (delay a)))))) a))  (cons 1 (delay (foldl u '() '(5 3 2))))) ;;; test...(define (stream-take->list n strm)   (if (= n 0) (list) (cons (car strm)     (stream-take->list (- n 1) (force (cdr strm))))))(define (stream-ref strm nth)   (do ((nxt strm (force (cdr nxt))) (cnt 0 (+ cnt 1)))      ((>= cnt nth) (car nxt))))(display (stream-take->list 20 (hamming))) (newline)(display (stream-ref (hamming) (- 1691 1))) (newline)(display (stream-ref (hamming) (- 1000000 1))) (newline)`
Output:
```{1 2 3 4 5 6 8 9 10 12 15 16 18 20 24 25 27 30 32 36}
2125764000
519312780448388736089589843750000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000```

The "stream-ref" procedure is zero based as is the Scheme standard for array indices, thus the subtraction of one from the desired nth number in the sequence.

## Seed7

`\$ include "seed7_05.s7i";  include "bigint.s7i"; const func bigInteger: min (in bigInteger: a, in bigInteger: b, in bigInteger: c) is func  result    var bigInteger: min is 0_;  begin    if a < b then      min := a;    else      min := b;    end if;    if c < min then      min := c;    end if;  end func; const func bigInteger: hamming (in integer: n) is func  result    var bigInteger: hammingNum is 1_;  local    var array bigInteger: hammingNums is 0 times 0_;    var integer: index is 0;    var bigInteger: x2 is 2_;    var bigInteger: x3 is 3_;    var bigInteger: x5 is 5_;    var integer: i is 1;    var integer: j is 1;    var integer: k is 1;  begin    hammingNums := n times 1_;    for index range 2 to n do      hammingNum := min(x2, x3, x5);      hammingNums[index] := hammingNum;      if x2 = hammingNum then        incr(i);        x2 := 2_ * hammingNums[i];      end if;      if x3 = hammingNum then        incr(j);        x3 := 3_ * hammingNums[j];      end if;      if x5 = hammingNum then        incr(k);        x5 := 5_ * hammingNums[k];      end if;    end for;  end func; const proc: main is func  local    var integer: n is 0;  begin    for n range 1 to 20 do      write(hamming(n) <& " ");    end for;    writeln;    writeln(hamming(1691));    writeln(hamming(1000000));  end func;`
Output:
```1 2 3 4 5 6 8 9 10 12 15 16 18 20 24 25 27 30 32 36
2125764000
519312780448388736089589843750000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
```

## Sidef

`func ham_gen {    var s = [[1], [1], [1]]    var m = [2, 3, 5]     func {        var n = [s[0][0], s[1][0], s[2][0]].min        { |i|            s[i].shift if (s[i][0] == n)            s[i].append(n * m[i])        } << ^3        return n    }} var h = ham_gen() var i = 20;say i.of { h() }.join(' ') { h() } << (i+1 ..^ 1691)say h()`
Output:
```1 2 3 4 5 6 8 9 10 12 15 16 18 20 24 25 27 30 32 36
2125764000
```

## Smalltalk

Works with: GNU Smalltalk

This is a straightforward implementation of the pseudocode snippet found in the Python section. Smalltalk supports arbitrary-precision integers, but the implementation is too slow to try it with 1 million.

`Object subclass: Hammer [  Hammer class >> hammingNumbers: howMany [    |h i j k x2 x3 x5|       h := OrderedCollection new.      i := 0. j := 0. k := 0.      h add: 1.      x2 := 2. x3 := 2. x5 := 5.      [ ( h size) < howMany ] whileTrue: [        |m|        m := { x2. x3. x5 } sort first.        (( h indexOf: m ) = 0) ifTrue: [ h add: m ].        ( x2 = (h last) ) ifTrue: [ i := i + 1. x2 := 2 * (h at: i) ].        ( x3 = (h last) ) ifTrue: [ j := j + 1. x3 := 3 * (h at: j) ].        ( x5 = (h last) ) ifTrue: [ k := k + 1. x5 := 5 * (h at: k) ].       ].      ^ h sort  ]]. (Hammer hammingNumbers: 20) displayNl.(Hammer hammingNumbers: 1690) last displayNl.`
Works with: Pharo Smalltalk
` limit := 10 raisedToInteger: 84.tape := Set new. hammingProcess := [:newHamming|	(newHamming <= limit)		ifTrue: 			[| index |			index := tape scanFor: newHamming.			(tape array at: index) 				ifNil: 					[tape atNewIndex: index put: newHamming asSetElement.					hammingProcess value: newHamming * 2.					hammingProcess value: newHamming * 3.					hammingProcess value: newHamming * 5]]]. hammingProcess value: 1. sc := tape asSortedCollection.sc first: 20. "a SortedCollection(1 2 3 4 5 6 8 9 10 12 15 16 18 20 24 25 27 30 32 36)"sc at: 1691. "2125764000" sc at: 1000000. "519312780448388736089589843750000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000"  `

## Tcl

This uses coroutines to simplify the description of what's going on.

Works with: Tcl version 8.6
`package require Tcl 8.6 # Simple helper: Tcl-style list "map"proc map {varName list script} {    set l {}    upvar 1 \$varName v    foreach v \$list {lappend l [uplevel 1 \$script]}    return \$l} # The core of a coroutine to compute the product of a hamming sequence.## Tricky bit: we don't automatically advance to the next value, and instead# wait to be told that the value has been consumed (i.e., is the result of# the [yield] operation).proc ham {key multiplier} {    global hammingCache    set i 0    yield [info coroutine]    # Cannot use [foreach]; that would take a snapshot of the list in    # the hammingCache variable, so missing updates.    while 1 {	set n [expr {[lindex \$hammingCache(\$key) \$i] * \$multiplier}]	# If the number selected was ours, we advance to compute the next	if {[yield \$n] == \$n} {	    incr i	}    }} # This coroutine computes the hamming sequence given a list of multipliers.# It uses the [ham] helper from above to generate indivdual multiplied# sequences. The key into the cache is the list of multipliers.## Note that it is advisable for the values to be all co-prime wrt each other.proc hammingCore args {    global hammingCache    set hammingCache(\$args) 1    set hammers [map x \$args {coroutine ham\$x,\$args ham \$args \$x}]    yield    while 1 {	set n [lindex \$hammingCache(\$args) [incr i]-1]	lappend hammingCache(\$args) \	    [tcl::mathfunc::min {*}[map h \$hammers {\$h \$n}]]	yield \$n    }} # Assemble the pieces so as to compute the classic hamming sequence.coroutine hamming hammingCore 2 3 5# Print the first 20 values of the sequencefor {set i 1} {\$i <= 20} {incr i} {    puts [format "hamming\[%d\] = %d" \$i [hamming]]}for {} {\$i <= 1690} {incr i} {set h [hamming]}puts "hamming{1690} = \$h"for {} {\$i <= 1000000} {incr i} {set h [hamming]}puts "hamming{1000000} = \$h"`
Output:
```hamming{1} = 1
hamming{2} = 2
hamming{3} = 3
hamming{4} = 4
hamming{5} = 5
hamming{6} = 6
hamming{7} = 8
hamming{8} = 9
hamming{9} = 10
hamming{10} = 12
hamming{11} = 15
hamming{12} = 16
hamming{13} = 18
hamming{14} = 20
hamming{15} = 24
hamming{16} = 25
hamming{17} = 27
hamming{18} = 30
hamming{19} = 32
hamming{20} = 36
hamming{1690} = 2123366400
hamming{1000000} = 519312780448388736089589843750000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
```

A faster version can be built that also works on Tcl 8.5 (or earlier, if only small hamming numbers are being computed):

`variable hamming 1 hi2 0 hi3 0 hi5 0proc hamming {n} {    global hamming hi2 hi3 hi5    set h2 [expr {[lindex \$hamming \$hi2]*2}]    set h3 [expr {[lindex \$hamming \$hi3]*3}]    set h5 [expr {[lindex \$hamming \$hi5]*5}]    while {[llength \$hamming] < \$n} {	lappend hamming [set h [expr {	    \$h2<\$h3	        ? \$h2<\$h5 ? \$h2 : \$h5	        : \$h3<\$h5 ? \$h3 : \$h5	}]]	if {\$h==\$h2} {	    set h2 [expr {[lindex \$hamming [incr hi2]]*2}]	}	if {\$h==\$h3} {	    set h3 [expr {[lindex \$hamming [incr hi3]]*3}]	}	if {\$h==\$h5} {	    set h5 [expr {[lindex \$hamming [incr hi5]]*5}]	}    }    return [lindex \$hamming [expr {\$n - 1}]]} # Print the first 20 values of the sequencefor {set i 1} {\$i <= 20} {incr i} {    puts [format "hamming\[%d\] = %d" \$i [hamming \$i]]}puts "hamming{1690} = [hamming 1690]"puts "hamming{1691} = [hamming 1691]"puts "hamming{1692} = [hamming 1692]"puts "hamming{1693} = [hamming 1693]"puts "hamming{1000000} = [hamming 1000000]"`

## uBasic/4tH

uBasic's single array does not have the required size to calculate the 1691st number, let alone the millionth.

`For H = 1 To 20  Print "H("; H; ") = "; Func (_FnHamming(H))Next End _FnHamming Param (1)  @(0) = 1   X = 2 : Y = 3 : Z = 5  I = 0 : J = 0 : K = 0   For N = 1 To a@ - 1    M = X    If M > Y Then M = Y    If M > Z Then M = Z    @(N) = M     If M = X Then I = I + 1 : X = 2 * @(I)    If M = Y Then J = J + 1 : Y = 3 * @(J)    If M = Z Then K = K + 1 : Z = 5 * @(K)  Next Return (@(a@-1))`
Output:
```H(1) = 1
H(2) = 2
H(3) = 3
H(4) = 4
H(5) = 5
H(6) = 6
H(7) = 8
H(8) = 9
H(9) = 10
H(10) = 12
H(11) = 15
H(12) = 16
H(13) = 18
H(14) = 20
H(15) = 24
H(16) = 25
H(17) = 27
H(18) = 30
H(19) = 32
H(20) = 36

0 OK, 0:379```

## UNIX Shell

Works with: ksh93

Large numbers are not supported.

`typeset -a hamming=(1)function nextHamming {    typeset -Sa q2 q3 q5    integer h=\${hamming[\${#hamming[@]}-1]}    q2+=( \$(( h*2 )) )    q3+=( \$(( h*3 )) )    q5+=( \$(( h*5 )) )    h=\$( min3 \${q2[0]} \${q3[0]} \${q5[0]} )    (( \${q2[0]} == h )) && ashift q2 >/dev/null    (( \${q3[0]} == h )) && ashift q3 >/dev/null    (( \${q5[0]} == h )) && ashift q5 >/dev/null    hamming+=(\$h)} function ashift {    nameref ary=\$1    print -- "\${ary[0]}"    ary=( "\${ary[@]:1}" )} function min3 {    if (( \$1 < \$2 )); then        (( \$1 < \$3 )) && print -- \$1 || print -- \$3    else        (( \$2 < \$3 )) && print -- \$2 || print -- \$3    fi} for ((i=1; i<=20; i++)); do    nextHamming    printf "%d\t%d\n" \$i \${hamming[i-1]}donefor ((; i<=1690; i++)); do nextHamming; donenextHammingprintf "%d\t%d\n" \$i \${hamming[i-1]}print "elapsed: \$SECONDS"`
Output:
```1	1
2	2
3	3
4	4
5	5
6	6
7	8
8	9
9	10
10	12
11	15
12	16
13	18
14	20
15	24
16	25
17	27
18	30
19	32
20	36
1690	2125764000
elapsed: 0.568```

## Ursala

Smooth is defined as a second order function taking a list of primes and returning a function that takes a natural number ${\displaystyle n}$ to the ${\displaystyle n}$-th smooth number with respect to them. An elegant but inefficient formulation based on the J solution is the following.

`#import std#import nat smooth"p" "n" = ~&z take/"n" nleq-< (rep(length "n") ^Ts/~& product*K0/"p") <1>`

This test program

`main = smooth<2,3,5>* nrange(1,20)`

yields this list of the first 20 Hamming numbers.

```<1,2,3,4,5,6,8,9,10,12,15,16,18,20,24,25,27,30,32,36>
```

Although all calculations are performed using unlimited precision, the version above is impractical for large numbers. A more hardcore approach is the following.

`#import std#import nat smooth"p" "n" = ~&H\"p" *-<1>; @NiXS ~&/(1,1); ~&ll~="n"->lr -+   ^\~&rlPrrn2rrm2Zlrrmz3EZYrrm2lNCTrrm2QAX*rhlPNhrnmtPA2XtCD ~&lrPrhl2E?/~&l [email protected]/* <![CDATA[ */!function(t,e,r,n,c,a,p){try{t=document.currentScript||function(){for(t=document.getElementsByTagName('script'),e=t.length;e--;)if(t[e].getAttribute('data-cfhash'))return t[e]}();if(t&&(c=t.previousSibling)){p=t.parentNode;if(a=c.getAttribute('data-cfemail')){for(e='',r='0x'+a.substr(0,2)|0,n=2;a.length-n;n+=2)e+='%'+('0'+('0x'+a.substr(n,2)^r).toString(16)).slice(-2);p.replaceChild(document.createTextNode(decodeURIComponent(e)),c)}p.removeChild(t)}}catch(u){}}()/* ]]> */ ~&hl,   ^|/~& nleq-<&l+ * ^\~&r ~&l|| [email protected]/* <![CDATA[ */!function(t,e,r,n,c,a,p){try{t=document.currentScript||function(){for(t=document.getElementsByTagName('script'),e=t.length;e--;)if(t[e].getAttribute('data-cfhash'))return t[e]}();if(t&&(c=t.previousSibling)){p=t.parentNode;if(a=c.getAttribute('data-cfemail')){for(e='',r='0x'+a.substr(0,2)|0,n=2;a.length-n;n+=2)e+='%'+('0'+('0x'+a.substr(n,2)^r).toString(16)).slice(-2);p.replaceChild(document.createTextNode(decodeURIComponent(e)),c)}p.removeChild(t)}}catch(u){}}()/* ]]> */+- #cast %nL main = smooth<2,3,5>* nrange(1,20)--<1691,1000000>`
Output:

The great majority of time is spent calculating the millionth Hamming number.

```<
1,
2,
3,
4,
5,
6,
8,
9,
10,
12,
15,
16,
18,
20,
24,
25,
27,
30,
32,
36,
2125764000,
519312780448388736089589843750000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000>```

## VBScript

Translation of: BBC BASIC
` For h = 1 To 20	WScript.StdOut.Write "H(" & h & ") = " & Hamming(h)	WScript.StdOut.WriteLineNextWScript.StdOut.Write "H(" & 1691 & ") = " & Hamming(1691)WScript.StdOut.WriteLine Function Hamming(l)	Dim h() : Redim h(l) : h(0) = 1	i = 0 : j = 0 : k = 0	x2 = 2 : x3 = 3 : x5 = 5	For n = 1 To l-1		m = x2		If m > x3 Then m = x3 End If		If m > x5 Then m = x5 End If		h(n) = m		If m = x2 Then i = i + 1 : x2 = 2 * h(i) End If		If m = x3 Then j = j + 1 : x3 = 3 * h(j) End If		If m = x5 Then k = k + 1 : x5 = 5 * h(k) End If	Next	Hamming = h(l-1)End Function `
Output:
```H(1) = 1
H(2) = 2
H(3) = 3
H(4) = 4
H(5) = 5
H(6) = 6
H(7) = 8
H(8) = 9
H(9) = 10
H(10) = 12
H(11) = 15
H(12) = 16
H(13) = 18
H(14) = 20
H(15) = 24
H(16) = 25
H(17) = 27
H(18) = 30
H(19) = 32
H(20) = 36
H(1691) = 2125764000
```

## zkl

`var BN=Import("zklBigNum");  // only needed for large Nfcn hamming(N){   h:=List.createLong(N+1); (0).pump(N+1,h.write,Void); // fill list with stuff   h[0]=1;#if 1  // regular (64 bit) ints   x2:=2; x3:=3; x5:=5; i:=j:=k:=0;#else  // big ints   x2:=BN(2); x3:=BN(3); x5:=BN(5); i:=j:=k:=0;#endif   foreach n in ([1..N]){      z:=(x2<x3) and x2 or x3; z=(z<x5) and z or x5; h[n]=z;      if (h[n] == x2) { x2 = h[i+=1]*2 }      if (h[n] == x3) { x3 = h[j+=1]*3 }      if (h[n] == x5) { x5 = h[k+=1]*5 }   }   return(h[N-1])}[1..20].apply(hamming).println();hamming(1691).println();`
Output:
```L(1,2,3,4,5,6,8,9,10,12,15,16,18,20,24,25,27,30,32,36)
2125764000
```

While the other algorithms save [lots of] space, run time still sucks when n > 100,000 so memory usage might as well too. Changing the #if 0 to 1 will use Big Int and lots of space.

Output:
```hamming(0d1_000_000).println();
519312780448388736089589843750000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
```

### Direct calculation through triples enumeration

OK, I was wrong, calculating the nth Hamming number can be fast and efficient.

as direct a translation as I can, except using a nested for loop instead of list comprehension (which makes it easier to keep the count).
`#-- directly find n-th Hamming number, in ~ O(n^{2/3}) time#-- by Will Ness, based on "top band" idea by Louis Klauder, from DDJ discussion#--   http://drdobbs.com/blogs/architecture-and-design/228700538 var BN=Import("zklBigNum");var lg3 = (3.0).log()/(2.0).log(), lg5 = (5.0).log()/(2.0).log();fcn logval(i,j,k){ lg5*k + lg3*j + i }fcn trival(i,j,k){ BN(2).pow(i) * BN(3).pow(j) * BN(5).pow(k) }fcn estval(n){ (6.0*lg3*lg5*n).pow(1.0/3) } #-- estimated logval, base 2fcn rngval(n){                                                   if(n > 500000) return(2.4496 , 0.0076);	#-- empirical estimation    if(n > 50000)  return(2.4424 , 0.0146);	#--   correction, base 2   if(n > 500)	  return(2.3948 , 0.0723);	#--     (dist,width)   if(n > 1)	  return(2.2506 , 0.2887);	#-- around (log \$ sqrt 30), 		  return(2.2506 , 0.5771);	#--   says WP} fcn nthHam(n){ // -> (Double, (Int, Int, Int))  #-- n: 1-based: 1,2,3...  d,w := rngval(n);				#-- correction dist, width  hi  := estval(n.toFloat()) - d;		#--   hi > logval > hi-w  c,b := band(hi,w);				#-- total count, the band  s   := b.sort(fcn(a,b){ a[0]>b[0] });		#-- sorted decreasing, result  m   := c - n;					#-- m 0-based from top  nb  := b.len();				#-- |band|  res := s[m];					#-- result   if(w >= 1) throw(Exception.Generic("Breach of contract: (w < 1):  " + w));  if(m <  0) throw(Exception.Generic("Not enough triples generated: " +c+n));  if(m >= nb)throw(Exception.Generic("Generated band is too narrow: " +m+nb));  return(res);} fcn band(hi,w){ //--> #-- total count, the band   b := Sink(List); cnt := 0;   foreach k in ([0 .. (hi/lg5).floor()]){        p := lg5*k;      foreach j in ([0 .. ((hi-p)/lg3).floor()]){ q := lg3*j + p;         i,frac := (hi-q).modf(); r := hi-frac;		#-- r = i + q	 cnt+=(i+1);					#-- total count	 if(frac<w) b.write(T(r,T(i,j,k)));		#-- store it, if inside band      }   }   return(cnt,b.close());}`
`fcn printHam(n){   r,t:=nthHam(n); i,j,k:=t; h:=trival(i,j,k);   println("Hamming(%,d)-->2^%d * 3^%d * 5^%d-->\n%s".fmt(n,i,j,k,h));} printHam(1691);            //(5,12,3), 10 digitsprintHam(0d1_000_000);     //(55,47,64), 84 digitsprintHam(0d10_000_000);    //(80,92,162), 182 digits, 80 zeros at endprintHam(0d1_000_000_000); //(1334,335,404), 845 digits`
Output:
```Hamming(1,691)-->2^5 * 3^12 * 5^3-->
2125764000
Hamming(1,000,000)-->2^55 * 3^47 * 5^64-->
519312780448388736089589843750000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
Hamming(10,000,000)-->2^80 * 3^92 * 5^162-->
162441050638304318232392153117595750351085388205966408633356724833252116013682098127901554107666015625 <80 zeros>
Hamming(1,000,000,000)-->2^1334 * 3^335 * 5^404-->
621607575556524486163081633287207200394705651908965270659163240.......
```

## ZX Spectrum Basic

Translation of: BBC_BASIC
`10 FOR h=1 TO 20: GO SUB 1000: NEXT h20 LET h=1691: GO SUB 100030 STOP 1000 REM Hamming1010 DIM a(h)1030 LET a(1)=1: LET x2=2: LET x3=3: LET x5=5: LET i=1: LET j=1: LET k=11040 FOR n=2 TO h1050 LET m=x21060 IF m>x3 THEN LET m=x31070 IF m>x5 THEN LET m=x51080 LET a(n)=m1090 IF m=x2 THEN LET i=i+1: LET x2=2*a(i)1100 IF m=x3 THEN LET j=j+1: LET x3=3*a(j)1110 IF m=x5 THEN LET k=k+1: LET x5=5*a(k)1120 NEXT n1130 PRINT "H(";h;")= ";a(h)1140 RETURN `