String case

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String case is a programming task. Visitors like you are encouraged to solve it according to the task description, using any language they may happen to know.
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Take the string "alphaBETA", and demonstrate how to convert it to UPPER-CASE and lower-case. Use the default encoding of a string literal or plain ASCII if there is no string literal in your language. Show any additional case conversion functions (e.g. swapping case, capitalizing the first letter, etc.) that may be included in the library of your language.

Contents

[edit] 4D

$string:="alphaBETA"
$uppercase:=Uppercase($string)
$lowercase:=Lowercase($string)

[edit] ActionScript

var string:String = 'alphaBETA';
var upper:String = string.toUpperCase();
var lower:String = string.toLowerCase();

[edit] Ada

with Ada.Characters.Handling; use Ada.Characters.Handling;
with Ada.Text_Io; use Ada.Text_Io;
 
procedure Upper_Case_String is
   S : String := "alphaBETA";
begin
   Put_Line(To_Upper(S));
   Put_Line(To_Lower(S));
end Upper_Case_String;

[edit] ALGOL 68

# Demonstrate toupper and tolower for standard ALGOL 68 
strings.  This does not work for multibyte character sets. #
 
PROC to upper = ( CHAR c )CHAR:
(
  IF ABS "a" <= ABS c & ABS c <= ABS "z" THEN
     REPR ( ABS c - ABS "a" + ABS "A" )
  ELSE
     c
  FI
);
 
PROC to lower = ( CHAR c )CHAR:
(
  IF ABS "A" <= ABS c & ABS c <= ABS "Z" THEN
     REPR ( ABS c - ABS "A" + ABS "a" )
  ELSE
     c
  FI
);
 
# upper-cases s in place #
PROC str to upper = (REF STRING s)VOID :
(
    FOR i FROM LWB s TO UPB s DO
        s[i] := toupper(s[i])
    OD
);
 
# lower-cases s in place #
PROC str to lower = (REF STRING s)VOID :
(
    FOR i FROM LWB s TO UPB s DO
        s[i] := tolower(s[i])
    OD
);
 
main: (
    STRING t := "alphaBETA";
    str to upper(t);
    printf(($"uppercase: "gl$, t));
    str to lower(t);
    printf(($"lowercase: "gl$, t))
)

[edit] APL

Works with: APL2 

      a←'abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz'
      A←'ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ'
      
      X←'alphaBETA'
      
      (a,⎕AV)[(A,⎕AV)⍳'alphaBETA']
alphabeta
      (A,⎕AV)[(a,⎕AV)⍳'alphaBETA']
ALPHABETA

[edit] AutoHotkey

a := "alphaBETA"
StringLower, b, a ; alphabeta
StringUpper, c, a ; ALPHABETA
 
StringUpper, d, a, T ; Alphabeta (T = title case) eg "alpha beta gamma" would become "Alpha Beta Gamma"

[edit] AWK

BEGIN {
  a = "alphaBETA";
  print toupper(a), tolower(a)
}

[edit] BASIC

Works with: QuickBasic version 4.5 

s$ = "alphaBETA"
PRINT UCASE$(s$)
PRINT LCASE$(s$)

[edit] C

The tolower and toupper functions are locale-aware. 

/* Demonstrate toupper and tolower for 
   standard C strings.
   This does not work for multibyte character sets. */
#include <ctype.h>
#include <stdio.h>
 
/* upper-cases s in place */
void str_toupper(char *s)
{
    while(*s)
    {
        *s=toupper(*s);
        s++;
    }
}
 
 
/* lower-cases s in place */
void str_tolower(char *s)
{
    while(*s)
    {
        *s=tolower(*s);
        s++;
    }
}
 
int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
    char t[255]="alphaBETA";
    str_toupper(t);
    printf("uppercase: %s\n", t);
    str_tolower(t);
    printf("lowercase: %s\n", t);
    return 0;
}

[edit] C++

Works with: g++ version 3.4.4 (cygming special)

Library: STL

This method does the transform in-place. Alternate methods might return a new copy or use a stream manipulator. 

#include <algorithm>
#include <string>
#include <cctype>
 
/// \brief in-place convert string to upper case
/// \return ref to transformed string
void str_toupper(std::string &str) {
  std::transform(str.begin(), 
                 str.end(), 
                 str.begin(),
                 (int(*)(int)) std::toupper);
}
 
/// \brief in-place convert string to lower case
/// \return ref to transformed string
void str_tolower(std::string &str) {
  std::transform(str.begin(), 
                 str.end(), 
                 str.begin(),
                 (int(*)(int)) std::tolower);
}

Here is sample usage code: 

#include <iostream>
#include <string>
 
using namespace std;
int main() {
  string foo("_upperCas3Me!!");
  str_toupper(foo);
  cout << foo << endl;
  str_tolower(foo);
  cout << foo << endl;
  return 0;
}

[edit] C#

string array = "alphaBETA";
System.Console.WriteLine(array.ToUpper());
System.Console.WriteLine(array.ToLower());

[edit] Clojure

(def string "alphaBETA")
(println (.toUpperCase string))
(println (.toLowerCase string))

[edit] ColdFusion

converting a string literal 

<cfset upper = UCase("alphaBETA")>
<cfset lower = LCase("alphaBETA")>

converting the value of a variable 

<cfset string = "alphaBETA">
<cfset upper = UCase(string)>
<cfset lower = LCase(string)>

[edit] Common Lisp

You can use the string-upcase function to perform upper casing: 

CL-USER> (string-upcase "alphaBETA")
"ALPHABETA"

and you can do lower casing by using string-downcase: 

CL-USER> (string-downcase "alphaBETA")
"alphabeta"

[edit] D

import tango.text.Unicode : toUpper, toLower;
import tango.io.Stdout;
 
void main() {
    auto str = "alphaBETA";
    Stdout(str.toUpper()).newline;
    Stdout(str.toLower()).newline;
}

[edit] Delphi

writeln(uppercase('alphaBETA'));
writeln(lowercase('alphaBETA'));

[edit] E

["alphaBETA".toUpperCase(),
"alphaBETA".toLowerCase()]

[edit] Erlang

string:to_upper("alphaBETA").
string:to_lower("alphaBETA").

[edit] F#

 
let s = "alphaBETA"
let upper = s.ToUpper()
let lower = s.ToLower()
 

[edit] Factor

"alphaBETA" >lower  ! "alphabeta"
"alphaBETA" >upper  ! "ALPHABETA"
"alphaBETA" >title  ! "Alphabeta"
"ß" >case-fold      ! "ss"

[edit] Forth

ANS Forth does not have words to convert case for either strings or characters. For known alpha-numeric ASCII characters, the following can be used: 

: tolower ( C -- c ) 32 or ;
: toupper ( c -- C ) 32 invert and ;
: lower ( addr len -- ) over + swap  do i c@ tolower i c!  loop ;
: upper ( addr len -- ) over + swap  do i c@ toupper i c!  loop ;

If the character range is unknown, these definitions are better: 

: tolower ( C -- c ) dup [char] A [char] Z 1+ within if 32 + then ;
: toupper ( c -- C ) dup [char] a [char] z 1+ within if 32 - then ;

Works with: Win32Forth version 4.2 

create s ," alphaBETA"
s count type
s count 2dup upper type
s count 2dup lower type

Output: 

alphaBETA
ALPHABETA
alphabeta

[edit] Fortran

Works with: Fortran version 90 and later 

 program example
 
   implicit none
 
   character(9) :: teststring = "alphaBETA"
 
   call To_upper(teststring)
   write(*,*) teststring
   call To_lower(teststring)
   write(*,*) teststring
 
 contains
 
   subroutine To_upper(str)
     character(*), intent(in out) :: str
     integer :: i
 
     do i = 1, len(str)
       select case(str(i:i))
         case("a":"z")
           str(i:i) = achar(iachar(str(i:i))-32)
       end select
     end do 
   end subroutine To_upper
 
   subroutine To_lower(str)
     character(*), intent(in out) :: str
     integer :: i
 
     do i = 1, len(str)
       select case(str(i:i))
         case("A":"Z")
           str(i:i) = achar(iachar(str(i:i))+32)
       end select
     end do  
   end subroutine To_Lower
 
 end program example

[edit] Groovy

def str = 'alphaBETA'
 
println str.toUpperCase()
println str.toLowerCase()

Output: 

ALPHABETA
alphabeta

[edit] Haskell

import Data.Char
 
s = "alphaBETA"
 
lower = map toLower s
upper = map toUpper s

[edit] IDL

str = "alphaBETA"
print, str
print, strupcase(str) 
print, strlowcase(str)

[edit] J

Use standard utilities: 

   toupper 'alphaBETA'
ALPHABETA
   tolower 'alphaBETA'
alphabeta

or alternative definitions: 

upper=: (a.,~a.{~65+i.26) {~ (a.,~a.{~97+i.26) i. ]
lower=: (a.,~a.{~97+i.26) {~ (a.,~a.{~65+i.26) i. ]
 

For example: 

   upper 'alphaBETA'
ALPHABETA
   lower 'alphaBETA'
alphabeta

[edit] Java

String str = "alphaBETA";
System.out.println(str.toUpperCase());
System.out.println(str.toLowerCase());

You could also easily create a swapCase method using Character.isLowerCase(), Character.isUpperCase(), and Character.isLetter().

[edit] JavaScript

alert( "alphaBETA".toUpperCase() );
alert( "alphaBETA".toLowerCase() );

Output: 

ALPHABETA
alphabeta

Works with: NJS version 0.2.5 

var string = "alphaBETA";
var uppercase = string.toUpperCase();
var lowercase = string.toLowerCase();

[edit] Logo

print uppercase "alphaBETA  ; ALPHABETA
print lowercase "alphaBETA  ; alphabeta

[edit] M4

define(`upcase', `translit(`$*', `a-z', `A-Z')')
define(`downcase', `translit(`$*', `A-Z', `a-z')')
 
define(`x',`alphaBETA')
upcase(x)
downcase(x)

[edit] Mathematica

str="alphaBETA";
ToUpperCase[str]
ToLowerCase[str]

gives: 

 ALPHABETA
 alphabeta

[edit] MAXScript

Requires MAX 2008 

str = "alphaBETA"
print (toUpper str)
print (toLower str)

[edit] Metafont

We need to implement it, since it is not already given; the following code works only for ASCII or ASCII based encodings. (It could work anyway also for single byte encodings where letters are contiguous). 

vardef isbetween(expr a, i, f) =
  if string a:
    if (ASCII(a) >= ASCII(i)) and (ASCII(a) <= ASCII(f)):
      true
    else:
      false
    fi
  else:
    false
  fi enddef;
 
vardef toupper(expr s) =
  save ?; string ?; ? := ""; d := ASCII"A" - ASCII"a";
  for i = 0 upto length(s)-1:
    if isbetween(substring(i, i+1) of s, "a", "z"):
      ? := ? & char(ASCII(substring(i,i+1) of s) + d)
    else:
      ? := ? & substring(i, i+1) of s
    fi;
  endfor
  ?
enddef;
 
vardef tolower(expr s) =
  save ?; string ?; ? := ""; d := ASCII"a" - ASCII"A";
  for i = 0 upto length(s)-1:
    if isbetween(substring(i, i+1) of s, "A", "Z"):
      ? := ? & char(ASCII(substring(i,i+1) of s) + d)
    else:
      ? := ? & substring(i, i+1) of s
    fi;
  endfor
  ?
enddef;
message toupper("alphaBETA");
message tolower("alphaBETA");
 
end

[edit] Modula-3

MODULE TextCase EXPORTS Main;
 
IMPORT IO, Text, ASCII;
 
PROCEDURE Upper(txt: TEXT): TEXT =
  VAR
    len := Text.Length(txt);
    res := "";
  BEGIN
    FOR i := 0 TO len - 1 DO
      res := Text.Cat(res, Text.FromChar(ASCII.Upper[Text.GetChar(txt, i)]));
    END;
    RETURN res;
  END Upper;
 
PROCEDURE Lower(txt: TEXT): TEXT =
  VAR
    len := Text.Length(txt);
    res := "";
  BEGIN
    FOR i := 0 TO len - 1 DO
      res := Text.Cat(res, Text.FromChar(ASCII.Lower[Text.GetChar(txt, i)]));
    END;
    RETURN res;
  END Lower;
 
BEGIN
  IO.Put(Upper("alphaBETA\n"));
  IO.Put(Lower("alphaBETA\n"));
END TextCase.

Output: 

ALPHABETA
alphabeta

[edit] Nial

toupper 'alphaBETA'
=ALPHABETA
tolower 'alphaBETA'
=alphabeta

[edit] Objective-C

Works with: GNUstep Works with: Cocoa 

NSLog(@"%@", [@"alphaBETA" uppercaseString]);
NSLog(@"%@", [@"alphaBETA" lowercaseString]);
 
NSLog(@"%@", [@"foO BAr" capitalizedString]); // "Foo Bar"

[edit] OCaml

let () =
  let str = "alphaBETA" in
  print_endline (String.uppercase str); (* ALPHABETA *)
  print_endline (String.lowercase str); (* alphabeta *)
 
  print_endline (String.capitalize str); (* AlphaBETA *)
;;

[edit] Octave

s = "alphaBETA";
slc = tolower(s);
suc = toupper(s);
disp(slc);
disp(suc);

[edit] Oz

declare
  fun {SwapCase Ch}
    if {Char.isUpper Ch} then {Char.toLower Ch}
    elseif {Char.isLower Ch} then {Char.toUpper Ch}
    else Ch end
  end
 
  Str = "alphaBETA"
in
  {System.showInfo {Map Str Char.toLower}}
  {System.showInfo {Map Str Char.toUpper}}
  {System.showInfo {Map Str SwapCase}}

[edit] OpenEdge/Progress

   caps("alphaBETA") 
   lc("alphaBETA")

[edit] Perl

Works with: Perl version 5.x 

my $string = "alphaBETA";
print uc($string), "\n"; # => "ALPHABETA"
print lc($string), "\n"; # => "alphabeta"
$string =~ tr/[a-z][A-Z]/[A-Z][a-z]/; print "$string\n"; # => ALPHAbeta 
 
print ucfirst($string), "\n"; # => "AlphaBETA"
print lcfirst("FOObar"), "\n"; # => "fOObar"

Also works in Perl 4 if the my is removed.

Works with: Perl version 6 

my $string = "alphaBETA";
say $string.uc
say $string.lc

[edit] PHP

$str = "alphaBETA";
echo strtoupper($str), "\n"; // ALPHABETA
echo strtolower($str), "\n"; // alphabeta
 
echo ucfirst($str), "\n"; // AlphaBETA
echo lcfirst("FOObar"), "\n"; // fOObar
echo ucwords("foO baR baZ"), "\n"; // FoO BaR BaZ
echo lcwords("FOo BAr BAz"), "\n"; // fOo bAr bAz

[edit] PL/SQL

DECLARE
    vc  VARCHAR2(40) := 'alphaBETA';
    ivc VARCHAR2(40);
    lvc VARCHAR2(40);
    uvc VARCHAR2(40);
BEGIN
    ivc := INITCAP(vc); -- 'Alphabeta'
    lvc := LOWER(vc);   -- 'alphabeta'
    uvc := UPPER(vc);   -- 'ALPHABETA'
END;

[edit] Pop11

lvars str = 'alphaBETA';
lowertoupper(str) =>
uppertolower(str) =>

[edit] PowerShell

$string = 'alphaBETA'
$lower  = $string.ToLower()
$upper  = $string.ToUpper()

[edit] Python

s = "alphaBETA"
print s.upper() # => "ALPHABETA"
print s.lower() # => "alphabeta"
 
print s.swapcase() # => "ALPHAbeta"
print s.capitalize() # => "Alphabeta"
 
import string
print string.capwords("fOo bAR") # => "Foo Bar"

[edit] R

 str <- "alphaBETA"
 toupper(str)
 tolower(str)

[edit] Raven

'alphaBETA' upper
'alhpaBETA' lower

[edit] REBOL

print ["Original: " original: "alphaBETA"]
print ["Uppercase:" uppercase original]
print ["Lowercase:" lowercase original]

Output: 

Original:  alphaBETA
Uppercase: ALPHABETA
Lowercase: alphabeta

[edit] Ruby

Works with: Ruby version 1.8 

"alphaBETA".downcase # => "alphabeta"
"alphaBETA".upcase # => "ALPHABETA"
 
"alphaBETA".swapcase # => "ALPHAbeta"
"alphaBETA".capitalize # => "Alphabeta"

[edit] Scheme

(define s "alphaBETA")
(list->string (map char-upcase (string->list s)))
(list->string (map char-downcase (string->list s)))

[edit] Seed7

writeln(upper("alphaBETA"));
writeln(lower("alphaBETA"));

[edit] Slate

'alphaBETA' toLowercase.
'alphaBETA' toUppercase.

[edit] Smalltalk

'ALPHAbeta' asUppercase.
'ALPHAbeta' asLowercase.

[edit] Standard ML

val strupr = String.map Char.toUpper;
val strlwr = String.map Char.toLower;

Test 

- strupr "alphaBETA";
val it = "ALPHABETA" : string
- strlwr "alphaBETA";
val it = "alphabeta" : string

[edit] SQL

Works with: MS SQL version 2005 

declare @s varchar(10)
SET @s = 'alphaBETA'
print upper(@s)
print lower(@s)

[edit] Tcl

set string alphaBETA
 
# three built-in case conversion commands
string toupper $string  ;# ==> ALPHABETA
string tolower $string  ;# ==> alphabeta
string totitle $string  ;# ==> Alphabeta
 
# not built-in
proc swapcase {s} {
    foreach char [split $s ""] {
        if {$char eq [set CHAR [string toupper $char]]} {
            append new [string tolower $char]
        } else {
            append new $CHAR
        }
    }
    return $new
}
swapcase $string  ;# ==> ALPHAbeta
 
# better performance, but English alphabet only
proc swapcase_en {s} {
    string map {
        a A b B c C d D e E f F g G h H i I j J k K l L m M n N o O p P q Q r R s S t T u U v V w W x X y Y z Z
        A a B b C c D d E e F f G g H h I i J j K k L l M m N n O o P p Q q R r S s T t U u V v W w X x Y y Z z
    } $s
}
 
swapcase Père     ;# ==> pÈRE
swapcase_en Père  ;# ==> pèRE

[edit] Toka

 needs ctype
 
 [ i 1 - ] is i
 [ string.getLength 0 [ dup i + c@ toupper over i + c! ] countedLoop ] is string.toUpper
 [ string.getLength 0 [ dup i + c@ tolower over i + c! ] countedLoop ] is string.toLower
 
 " alphaBETA" string.toUpper type cr
 " alphaBETA" string.toLower type cr

[edit] UnixPipes

echo "alphaBETA" |tr '[a-z]' '[A-Z]'
echo "alphaBETA" |tr '[A-Z]' '[a-z]'

[edit] Ursala

Case conversion functions aren't built in but can be defined using the reification operator (-:) to construct a function from a list of pairs. 

#import std
 
to_upper = * -:~& ~=`A-~p letters
to_lower = * -:~& ~=`A-~rlp letters
 
#show+
 
examples = <to_upper 'alphaBETA',to_lower 'alphaBETA'>

output: 

ALPHABETA
alphabeta

[edit] VBScript

Dim MyWord
MyWord = UCase("alphaBETA")   ' Returns "ALPHABETA"
MyWord = LCase("alphaBETA")   ' Returns "alphabeta"

[edit] Vedit macro language

#1 = CP
IT("alphaBETA")
Case_Upper_Block(#1, CP)
Case_Lower_Block(#1, CP)

[edit] Visual Basic .NET

Works with: Visual Basic version 2008 

' Define 's'
Dim s AS String = "alphaBETA"
 
' Change 's' to Upper Case.
s =  s.ToUpper()
 
' Change 's' to Lower Case.
s = s.ToLower()
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